ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS – MODULE 1
Full Course Notes (Algebra, Trigonometry, Hyperbolic Functions, Differentiation,
Integration)
Prepared: Detailed textbook-style notes with long step-by-step worked examples.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Algebra .................................................................. 2
Trigonometry .................................................................. 7
Hyperbolic .................................................................. 12
Differentiation .................................................................. 15
Integration .................................................................. 19
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - MODULE 1
ALGEBRA (DETAILED)
1. Laws of Indices (Exponents)
Definition and basic laws: a^m × a^n = a^{m+n}, a^m / a^n = a^{m-n}, (a^m)^n = a^{mn}. Negative and
fractional indices explained.
Worked Example: Simplify (2^{3} × 2^{-5} × 2^{1/2}) / (2^{-2} × 2^{1/4}).
Step 1: Combine numerator exponents: 3 + (-5) + 1/2 = -3/2.
Step 2: Combine denominator exponents: -2 + 1/4 = -7/4.
Step 3: Subtract exponents: (-3/2) - (-7/4) = 1/4. Result = 2^{1/4}.
2. Surds and Simplification
Simplifying surds: extract perfect squares/cubes. Rationalizing denominators methods.
Worked Example: Simplify (3√8 + 2√18) / √2. Step-by-step: √8=2√2, √18=3√2 => Numerator=12√2 =>
divide by √2 => 12.
3. Logarithms
Definition and laws: log_a(xy)=log_a x + log_a y, change of base, domain considerations.
Worked Example: Solve log_2(x^2 - x - 2) = 3. Convert: x^2 - x - 2 = 8 => x^2 - x - 10 = 0 => x = [1 ±
√41]/2. Only positive argument root kept.
4. Partial Fractions
Method for decomposing rational expressions. Ensure proper fraction first; factor denominator.
Worked Example: Decompose (3x^2 + 5x + 2)/((x+1)(x^2+1)). Set A/(x+1) + (Bx+C)/(x^2+1). Matching
coefficients gives A=0, B=3, C=2.
5. Binomial Theorem
Statement and combinatorial coefficients. General term and examples.
Worked Example: Coefficient of x^3 in (2+x)^6 is C(6,3)*2^3 = 20*8 = 160.
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - MODULE 1
TRIGONOMETRY (DETAILED)
1. Fundamental identities
Pythagorean identity: sin^2 x + cos^2 x = 1. Derived from unit circle.
Worked Example: Prove 1 + tan^2 x = sec^2 x. Divide sin^2+cos^2=1 by cos^2.
2. Compound angles
Formulas: sin(A±B)=sinAcosB±cosAsinB; cos(A±B)=cosAcosB■sinAsinB;
tan(A±B)=(tanA±tanB)/(1■tanAtanB).
Worked Example: If sinA=3/5 and cosB=-4/5 with A in QI, B in QII, find sin(A-B). Steps compute cosA
and sinB then apply formula.
3. Multiple angles
Double angle: sin2x=2sinxcosx; cos2x=cos^2x - sin^2x; triple-angle formulae.
Worked Example: sin x=4/5 -> sin2x=24/25, cos2x=-7/25 (show steps).
4. Transformations
Product-to-sum and sum-to-product identities; useful for integrals.
Worked Example: cos75 cos15 + sin75 sin15 = cos(75-15)=cos60=1/2 (use cosine addition).
5. Trig equations
General solutions for sin, cos, tan and solving polynomial trig equations.
Worked Example: Solve 2cos^2x-3cosx+1=0 on [0,2π). Let y=cos x; get cos x=1 or 1/2 -> x=0, π/3,
5π/3.
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - MODULE 1
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS (DETAILED)
1. Definitions and properties
sinh x=(e^x - e^{-x})/2, cosh x=(e^x+e^{-x})/2, tanh x = sinh x / cosh x. Identity: cosh^2 x - sinh^2 x = 1.
Worked Example: Differentiate sinh x. d/dx sinh x = (e^x + e^{-x})/2 = cosh x (show steps).
2. Inverse hyperbolic functions
arsinh x = ln(x + √(x^2 + 1)). Principal values and usage.
Worked Example: Solve sinh x = 3 -> x = arsinh(3) = ln(3 + √10).
3. Integrals with hyperbolic functions
Standard integrals: ∫ sinh x dx = cosh x, ∫ cosh x dx = sinh x. Derivatives and integrals of tanh, sech, etc.
Worked Example: ∫ sech^2 x dx = tanh x + C (since derivative of tanh is sech^2).
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - MODULE 1
DIFFERENTIATION (DETAILED)
1. Limits and continuity
Basics of limits and continuity; common limits such as lim_{x->0} sin x / x = 1.
Worked Example: Evaluate lim_{x->0} (sin x)/x = 1 (provide reasoning).
2. Derivative rules
Power, product, quotient, chain rules with examples.
Worked Example: Differentiate y=(3x^2+2x)^5. Use chain rule: dy/dx = 5(3x^2+2x)^4*(6x+2). Show
steps.
3. Implicit differentiation
Differentiate relations where y not isolated; solve for dy/dx.
Worked Example: For x^2+xy+y^2=7, differentiate both sides to get dy/dx = -(2x+y)/(x+2y).
4. Maxima and minima
First and second derivative tests; find critical points and classify.
Worked Example: For f(x)=x^3-3x^2+4, find stationary points and classify using f''(x).
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - MODULE 1
INTEGRATION (DETAILED)
1. Standard integrals and substitution
List of standard integrals and substitution method.
Worked Example: ∫ 2x (x^2+1)^4 dx. Let u=x^2+1 -> du=2x dx -> integral=(x^2+1)^5/5 + C.
2. Integration by parts
Formula ∫ u dv = uv - ∫ v du. Choose u and dv wisely.
Worked Example: ∫ x e^x dx. Let u=x, dv=e^x dx => result e^x(x-1)+C.
3. Partial fractions in integration
Use decomposition to integrate rational functions.
Worked Example: ∫ (3x+5)/((x+1)(x^2+1)) dx -> decompose -> integrate parts -> (3/2)ln(x^2+1) + 2
arctan x + C.
4. Definite integrals and applications
Definite integrals for area and other applications.
Worked Example: Area between y=x and y=x^2 on [0,1] -> ∫_0^1 (x-x^2) dx = 1/6.