DC
MOTOR
Introduction
• The Dc machines are of two types namely DC
generators and DC motors.
• A DC generators converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy whereas a DC motor converts
the electrical energy into mechanical energy.
• In order to understand the operating principle of a
DC motor, it is necessary to understand how does
a current carrying conductor experience a force,
when kept in a magnetic field.
• Force on current carrying conductor:
If a straight conductor is placed in the
magnetic field produced by a permanent
magnet, the current flowing through a
conductor in anti clockwise direction.
Due to the presence of two magnetic fields
simultaneously, an interaction between them
will take place as shown in fig.(1).
Fig.1(a): Interaction of the fields Fig.1(b):Resultant field
As shown in fig.(1), the flux lines produced by
the magnet and the conductor are in opposite
direction to each other at left side and hence
cancel each other. Therefore the no of flux
lines at left side will reduced.
At the right side, the individual fields are in the
same direction, hence will add or strengthen
each other. Therefore the no. of flux lines at
right side will increase.
• Magnitude of Force:
The magnitude of the force experienced by the
current carrying conductor placed in the
magnetic field is given by,
F = BIl Newton
Where B = Flux density produced by Magnet
I = current flowing through conductor
l = Length of the conductor
• Direction of force:
The direction of rotation of a motor depends on the
direction of force exerted on the the armature winding and
the direction of force experienced by a current carrying
conductor is given by Fleming’s left hand rule.
Statement of Fleming’s left hand rule:
It states that if the first three fingers of the left hand are held
mutually at right angles to each other and if index finger
indicates the direction of the magnetic field, and if middle
finger indicates the direction of current flowing through the
conductor, then thumb indicates the direction of force
exerted on the conductor. This is shown in fig (2).
Fig.(2):Fleming’s left hand rule thumb
Windings in DC Machine
• In any dc machines, there are two windings:
[Link] winding 2. Armature winding
• Out of these, the field winding is stationary
which does not move at all and armature
winding is mounted on a shaft. So it can
rotate freely.
• Connection of windings for operation as
motor:
To operate the dc machine as a motor, the
field winding and armature winding is
connected across a dc power supply.
DC Motor
• Principle of operation:
When current carrying conductor is placed in
a magnetic field, it experienced a force.
In case of DC motor, the magnetic field us
developed by the field current i.e. current
flowing in field winding and armature winding
plays the role of current carrying conductor
So armature winding experienced a force and
start rotating.
Construction of DC Motor
Fig.(1): construction of DC motor
• Important parts of DC motor:
1. Yoke 4. Armature
2. Field winding 5. Commutator, brushes & gear
3. poles 6. Brushes
1. Yoke:
It acts as the outer support of a DC motor.
It provides mechanical support for the poles.
2. Poles:
pole of a dc motor is an electromagnet.
The field winding is wound over the poles.
Poles produces magnetic flux when the filed winding is
excited.
3. Field winding:
The coils wound around the pole are called field coils and
they are connected in series with each other to form field
winding.
When current passing through the field winding, magnetic
flux produced in the air gap between pole and armature.
4. Armature:
Armature is a cylindrical drum mounted on shaft in
which number of slots are provided.
Armature conductors are placed in these slots.
Theses armature conductors are interconnected to form
the armature winding.
5. Commutator:
A commutator is a cylindrical drum mounted on the
shaft alonwith the armature core.
It collects the current from the armature conductors and
passed it to the external load via brushes.
6. Brushes:
Commutator is rotating. So it is not possible to
connect the load directly to it.
Hence current is conducted from the armature
to the external load by the carbon brushes
which are held against the surface of
commutator by springs.
Back EMF
• When the armature winding of a dc motor starts
rotating in the magnetic flux produced by the field
winding, it cuts the lines of magnetic flux.
• Hence according to the faraday’s laws of
electromagnetic induction, there will be an
induced emf in the armature winding.
• As per the Lenz’s law, this induced emf acts in
opposite direction to the armature supply voltage.
Hence this emf is called as the back emf and
denoted by Eb.
• Significance of back emf:
The presence of back e.m.f. makes the d.c. motor
a self -regulating machine i.e., it makes the motor
to draw as much armature current as is just
sufficient to develop the torque required by the
load.
1. When the motor is running on no load, small
torque is required to overcome the friction and
windage losses. Therefore, the armature current
Ia is small and the back e.m.f. is nearly equal to
the applied voltage.
2. If the motor is suddenly loaded, the first effect is
to cause the armature to slow down. Therefore,
the speed at which the armature conductors move
through the field is reduced and hence the back
e.m.f. Eb falls. The decreased back e.m.f. allows a
larger current to flow through the armature and
larger current means increased driving torque.
Thus, the driving torque increases as the motor
slows down. The motor will stop slowing down
when the armature current is just sufficient to
produce the increased torque required by the load.
3. If the load on the motor is decreased, the driving
torque is momentarily in excess of the
requirement so that armature is accelerated. As
the armature speed increases, the back e.m.f. Eb
also increases and causes the armature current Ia
to decrease. The motor will stop accelerating
when the armature current is just sufficient to
produce the reduced torque required by the load.
It follows, therefore, that back e.m.f. in a d.c.
motor regulates the flow of armature current i.e.,
it automatically changes the armature current to
meet the Load requirement.
Induction Motors
Induction Motors
Introduction
• Three-phase induction motors are the most common and
frequently encountered machines in industry
– simple design, rugged, low-price, easy maintenance
– wide range of power ratings: fractional horsepower to
10 MW
– run essentially as constant speed from zero to full
load
– speed is power source frequency dependent
• not easy to have variable speed control
• requires a variable-frequency power-electronic
drive for optimal speed control
Construction
• An induction motor has two main parts
– a stationary stator
• consisting of a steel frame that supports a hollow,
cylindrical core
• core, constructed from stacked laminations (why?),
having a number of evenly spaced slots, providing
the space for the stator winding
Stator of IM
Construction
– a revolving rotor
• composed of punched laminations, stacked to create a series of
rotor slots, providing space for the rotor winding
• one of two types of rotor windings
• conventional 3-phase windings made of insulated wire (wound-
rotor) » similar to the winding on the stator
• aluminum bus bars shorted together at the ends by two aluminum
rings, forming a squirrel-cage shaped circuit (squirrel-cage)
• Two basic design types depending on the rotor design
– squirrel-cage
– wound-rotor
Construction
Squirrel cage rotor
Wound rotor
Notice the
slip rings
Construction
Slip rings
Cutaway in a
typical wound-
rotor IM.
Notice the
brushes and
the slip rings
Brushe
s
Rotating Magnetic Field
• Balanced three phase windings, i.e.
mechanically displaced 120 degrees form
each other, fed by balanced three phase
source
• A rotating magnetic field with constant
magnitude is produced, rotating with a
speed 120 f
nsync e
rpm
P
Where fe is the supply frequency and P is
the no. of poles and nsync is called the
synchronous speed in rpm (revolutions
per minute)
Rotating Magnetic Field
Synchronous Motor
Synchronous Motors
• Construction
– Stator identical to that of a three-phase
induction motor – now called the “armature”
– Energize from a three-phase supply and
develop the rotating magnetic field
– Rotor has a DC voltage applied (excitation)
– Rotor could be a permanent-magnet type
Synchronous Motors (continued)
• Operation
– Magnetic field of the rotor “locks” with the
rotating magnetic field – rotor turns at
synchronous speed
Salient-Pole Rotor
Excitation Windings
Salient-Pole Rotor with brushless excitation
Synchronous Motor Starting
• Get motor to
maximum speed
(usually with no load)
• Energize the rotor
with a DC voltage
Salient-Pole Motor operating at
both no-load and loaded conditions
Angle δ is the power angle, load angle, or torque angle
Rotating Field Flux and Counter-emf
• Rotating field flux f due to magnetic field in the
rotor. A “speed” voltage, “counter-emf”, or
“excitation” voltage Ef is generated and acts in
opposition to the applied voltage.
• Ef = nsfkf