SEMI(ON DULTORS AND |PPNSPDRT HYSS

1 Tntrinsu Sentcortcucor
* A semicortcuctor n extremely une
verteor as urtrinste semitotdctr s
hom s
electrical ceductaity chaged onty by dtermdl
exctation

* The nwmber c elctrens u unit

Volume en tortduction band ker :tutt Volura, of cte
matind scalled as cledtien Cortertratiort tny

or uitt Volune of cthe matilal s called the

hole toreentaiu
Densd ob Ekinons wn farduction band:
* The nunber ob eletrons ler untt Volume
n Corduc tion laand for enngg latuscen E and
ln zE)FE)E >0

z(E) dE - Dersty ob utes u engy

E and EtdE
FE) -
 too.

JinnzOFO ZE) FE) LE o)

Er
Ev

kand intrnsu Seualorclutor

betieeen dia enengy rang EE and E+de

41 C2m

thus Equ oelaud fE-t)

Z(e) dE 4
(omtoE-t)E )
the yrekaly
fnebalthy oh elatin tbrupaliin is
F(E)
I4eEEr)
 untgval abae evalut To
. (e-E 43
(2m n
4
lTde jts-,(G ham
J
e)
411
E-)lTdE (e-Eama
n=
ele-Er)t. (2rn)
dE
(E-E) 4t
ompared dornenator the yrom Hene "
bT, than
gTetir és
-EF) (Eand small Veg s btSnu
’(b) dE (E-EF)| l4e
n
CE-Ey2 32 41T
too
CE-Ep)/Et l+e
(E-E)"x (m'y
dE
411
(0) tmls) and too
cqnsc tating Bubstt
E-E= tohen
E- E+ E-Ec
dE -da E-E =n. too- Ec =

Substitadin aboe Values en equ t)

Ve-CELtz) [kTde
h= (2m -|T,

dthe
Ckr)A
de

(a)
h= (2mtjp (-E) lbT
2

h 43 (omte(br)e, lFe-E)ler.
(2mte) (2)Ep -E) (tT
n=
 h
L2

Eualieh (t) s the exness tÓn tor lontenhrats

unaing t
o olecony n the (ondution band oh
stni tonductor
Derity holes

* Lot dP be the numbr d hela er unit

Volume ín valene lbanel botween cthe energy
Eand E tdE
dP-z(E) (1-FLE) de t).
un tihe engy ong
z(bdE > donsity ob stats en
E and E+dE
Sina FlE) s the molabaily o eletron
Ccunali
|-FLE)=l
|+e(E-EleT.
1+elE-EF)/bT
|te (E-E)|T
p (E-F)/bT
(0).
|-Fre) |4e(E-EF)|bT
 ompard do E da
Usmall ohenn lon
Valune band (e-Eg) ds a negahie quantit
le;.. |4eE-EFlT
(E-Ep) kT
Densiby ob tstats ua Valbae band,
ZE)dE 4
(2mth) dE
Here mass o the hol
Valenee lo

*hEE)ce -Ee)kT clE6)

dp- 4t (omt)

The numker ob chaes uh Valen loand tor the

equ l6). betueen - to Ey.
4T 3le
AP-P=

(9m (-Erlkr) (EuE)liAE

 (
lEv
|br -Fr) (er'e (2mth)
(bT (E-Er) (amtiy(br)
pV2 P
2 h3
4T P=
-’l6).. br)" 2 ( -a/bT
Jamma
43
lEv-Ep))
eT (2m*h) 4T P-
(-Er|br) (2mt)sh
4T
t)eau inWales thesealstduling
=o
--da dE
-X -Ev E ty--)=
-Ey E
when Ey-E
unbgal )
the eualiat To
 Deusty
coruclistn
and Uaelo
mst tottam the cto naltnCornesne
g Energ4 - Ee
kT| mte 2T7 n=2
e
loy givou landCondusn
Volure
as unit ner elairons Densityo
ustn' ane Carrer
ernlconsto Lupure
L. Orifoal the todonoe are shich atons
ampurity dyom ignaz Cansens are change dhe
*Ina
2Eatins
Useneconcuctoy etintinsee
ennsstön the us
equalion
() The
[T Er) (E- 2P=
32 kT *m2T
 Sine ,F (E) Ús the molbabty dor ticling
dlotron un donar engy ouel, dtheaefone (- (E)
tie nolalilet yr ncling upnsed donvd .
Cordudior bandl Free eleton

Ey Posdive uoiad
donor

alorz
Valene and

El eroeserta cthe donor deuwl

denss cloner Concontaiaw and Nd

(telEd-E.
|lte (Et-Ee) b
LI+e (4-Er)lk
(E-E;)[kT
Ne
|te (EA-EF)T. )
 doye
eCErt-EaE-)/k |log,
sdes both On
N tEF)|T p(Ep-E-E
32 l(ElET -G) -E)lkT,- (Gp
(E-E)
lT
emchavea dems the
). )lkT. eE-te Ni dor=n? ucnisad Densiyo
(EA-E)/kT Ite
Et-E-EAtEF lje 2nm bT

25- (Gt). kr dye

2Tmte T |36

Ed1Ec N
2

2T1mT)2
2

tAtE-2Ec
 n-22mte bT Ea-Eu
2T

2nm*s6
e
n=2
e ge 2nn hT|%)9

bT elEa-t)loT
2nmeT|4

|Rearung g the Pxneson ().

2T| mhT]32

3l4

2 Tm TB2
h & 2

2TTm T (EA-C) lnT,

n-2 N
2rTm* hT - AE ebT
h- (ona
Whene AE -Ec-Ed es the cousalinn enengg of t dono
 Concenbali Heles ia Valeye bend PIyne
Seconductos.

Just alee alene laand

(ondeeiont band

Uoned

Valene tan d

Denstty cb uhoes er uit Voun un Valenee bnd

Tn T
P e (E-te) T

(escejenig tt top most dauet ob Valea

hnd

Denaty d uonisok F( E ) )
 The, equ t0 loeeones dousb,
’(0).
(En Er)lh7

Na
Rla F(Ea (Ea -Er) T .

Dersty ol wonised atoplens ).

n n alenu band luónised auenls

312
rearvagng ta)
Na
3/2

(Ev-Ee)lbT

ple.- -Et-F)le Na
32 ’(s)

Cuts).
elEv-Ep-Er tE)[T Na
2TimkT 3h

E 2 Er tE nla
kT. doy e 2im*h T 2

Na
Eat Ev-9 Er
2TM T12
2Ep - Ea+E - kT o e Na

EatEv
dege 2m m ] )
2

E
312
2
P=2
2nmT
kT.
Kla
2nm
Jenp

2nm 2E,-EEa
2T

9TIm T Ev-E
2T 2k m,kT|B2
 enp+loye
2TTmbT32

P=2

P-2 (&-E) |LT Nla

2 t kT32
P -2 (Ev-F) 2T.
Sl4

R
3/2 34
2Tm
P V2
2

3/4
P- (2N p(Ev-fa) lebr l).
 3/4
P- (2 Na) - AE 2T

where aE - Ea-tv the uiisn ene 4cepts

3 Hall Eet
* The ebdical Conductiviy maenNant

chnge amíers and cthe'r maliltis

* Morecor hose Moaswneent a not
indeata wheter Cument conduto &dua to
ekcrons 0D holes
* Hene , t us Vent dectilt t
didngsh laloom P-br and H-tp Cordutity
measinemente. do ns gue auy einheomaln abat
Cans.

eleaiene nd leb)Tt dso aevd~s anbanmalan

statuut
* when a Conduts carvgty aa cunTenl t)

(elealal djenenue nodueed ünstde he

(onducto in a diiecotn Forondiclar to bost
usent and Magnae yold
* Tho henomenon as bnucon
eenGon as chall
ohbect The Vottaye tuus generatod à callad lell

Magnet
Cunvent
londucta
Cunend

Hall Ed
Hall allet an n-taje seniconduar:
* Consider a n-te vstui onduitos

die curvent hloss n t-diiecin and

fiold B is arnled un t-diedueny D do Hall
ctheet veltag
 n- tyne
senordua

Hall
luent Faee iO "vatage

Hall lled
low us
* The curent
eniney
X-diiedtien
a

directin ten te eleitreny w

in oth vely
Oxeru a doorund fore
Dounurd hore exnwenel by the eletrny - BeVD Bey
*Thia down tunnd oru daitects the elitrons
ên downuvd dies lin. lew here ca an
2umulatin o negatue charge teloctron) ou dthe
bottow ae ol ctlslal

(orent

Hall uin h- re Useuiconduetoo

 H(aLses. botlom ttae to be more rugatie
wth vesnect cto top au.
* Tha clata hitd develps aa toreel torentz
autig ncde
h each pther

At equilbrium downuoad hora Lalanes upioard

EA - B ’ )

The Cument denity( )alony Y-dnec lim

9tolatd t Velby Vas
Ja - -neV ’l4) .
Whre n ûs concorntatisu etens
ts)
ne

&ulstbting equ
- BJa
ne

chore , - ne tber eleitrons)

Ru
J B
 Ru ao a onslant and it is cbnston as chall elhet
Hall elet
Sihalar to n-tyne seullonductos, we
Can Wrte her P-tre seueendue tor
EH=RuJ 8.
tohere uhall treteieut
Pe.
choles
The yreitiw sign indheatz that cte elatial
y- driectin

VA Ext

Cress Usealirnal erea o tthe eunle ()

Breadth (b)x Tickness()
-bt
 Current dewsy Ja

Blastiiig au cs) drn equ t) we

RHI, Bt

VH leHT, B

Hall tolhinnt Pu -Vab

TB.

[Link] Band Gtan senendutor (Elemental

Vstuicendator)
* A seionductrns whieh ane made hen
setcnduct
stal ane thnon as elemntal
+ They aeaoGllsd as tmeiect und
seuioncuctor

* Too uperant oenntal euitenduitx

and tein Land
 3ND Eeneut Ej in eV
Ctesrantn
Silicon
ELithon
Phorian heat
| s horon (heat)
hola
illed eleiten slate

Morrentwm
Indiret Band bep usenleonautor
5. Comaund seuiendilos (Dret bel
stuiconduets)
* Beniicondustos chich are
Conintg dhurd and fl
leonti uin the eridie tabe
seni tonduos
chanactrsts
* tompound seuiconduetor thae':
and Cansex mobilty
 * They chormed b both cione and ovalaut
are

onds
*Thc vetDmlaialin cecton and thles abes
lae diicety .Tuni ng thes froiSs dthe
ave emtad un Viable or lnfraed qon

Conround (seuilonoluebns e used

un nhoto veltana elt, nhota tonduetie
ondu tiça all,
all , LED.
LED,
|LigktemibingdlTa taserdides
Elatr
enen

Plan

> Valene and

Monenw
Driect Band y semlcondatoy.
6 Sctottky Dae:
motal ard n tye seultonducten
when dhe nutal dhasa laler woyk
denlien dlan that o n-tge (Benatonditto cthan the
Junciw demed is callLd sehottby duide the cfprmi
leuel of dhe usueiondutos
mtal Metal

Sekottiy diod
o) Matal sendlondutoy Contact and() cârctt Bypnlol
* The elteny un tthe Conductsn leuel oc
cte senecencutor nmDue ts te cnpt enorgy sats
* Th£ eaues a yesitie chag On tte
Suicondutor sde and a
erUss olectrong) coh dhe etal gie. Tha coads
to a tontat yitetial

Metal n-y somiconduetos

Enety band dng
* When a termed
betueen nmental and Beniicoñlucin, Formi devel
lincs ufun Alo a poc ue polantet ús dormed on e
Benitondulos sle

otdth Wo
*the
usithin
fer nale o a dorlion oegtom
dhe c8enaonduitor
* Beeaus the donletiow oeegten eatands
usth a entacn denth n the 5eniconduetas,there
laendiig oßob tbe enegg bands on .

EF Ec

lori conduuta

Behoty Jnctia
 The seuiconduto úude . Bnds bend un u

denleticy ogiow
* Tthere à a biilt .in «notential ein dae Sh ottey
Jundsn
elo u-semi
# The contat otantial tluus feromdl reuate
urther Moliow of cthe elotreny katuseen cthe matl
dseuicondudtan :Thès es called dhe eachsthy
barier and denotd byde
Wontung
carter (aludid y biasi [Link] vottag us alod
n
Foroamd bias
) Reuense loias

*Th hia Lias ,matal is conneztod to

no[itie demuhal and n-yre ßene bonduc &
Conneeud io negatue tminel q tlu bitliy
* Th the yoruand Liased schotey
Janctusin Hhe entemal otoutial orposes tie n
utt attial

extornal cÉn uit into te nyne stueonauitos hae

 A ower amer do buerewe lefore veaching te
metal
* Thes Uoadsto a Cunrent n e(utt
uhih inreases wth cinieasiny ontirnalL Psbitia

* In gouese tola,mtal a Connectecd to

nogatie cterminal and n-tyrese ui tonditor to

* Tn case oh a oeuerse bia,te ertrnal

eistotial u annlad the vsane dre ctiow as te
oenletio otoglon tettasn nd thene the ca no
low tt cleeton oin iSeui condtor to matal
VI Choactar iuty

1
Adantages d schetthy diode:
Lschtky diste, cstored changs
dnliion Yegtan noglgb So a `hty inde
has a e loeu eaiattanu

hoglsjibl
Ssteh yrom oN to bFF Lstate
*Tthe donletin eoga
a tsmallVetase
vota is
eneugh to pcce elang crrevd
* 1 ofenata at thigh froquoneis
* Tt ymecuee dess nose
Anrlcatiad sehaty ide.
tomaony scd Setteling deuie
at requoneies c< 20 ytte

* Tt &s wsed cto dotet

* Tt os used çn
and
clping
clamping ciuita and in Cnmiter qatig