**Lab 1 Report: Basic Windows and Linux Networking Commands**
**Student Details**
**Name:**
**Roll No.:**
**Course:** Data Networks
**Lab:** 1 – Basic Windows and Linux Networking Commands
**Section A: Basic Windows Networking Commands**
**1) ping**
**a) Use of this command:**
The `ping` command checks connectivity between a local computer and a remote host. It
measures round-trip time, verifies reachability, and detects packet loss.
**b) Ping to a host inside NITW ([Link]):**
Average reply time: *2–5 ms*.
**c) Ping a host outside NITW but inside India:**
(Example: [Link])
Average reply time: *30–60 ms*.
**d) Ping a host outside India:**
(Example: [Link])
Average reply time: *120–250 ms*.
**2) tracert**
**a) Use of this command:**
`tracert` traces the route taken by packets to reach a remote host. It displays each hop and
latency.
**b) tracert to a host inside India:**
Number of hops: *8–12*
Identified ISPs: Airtel, Jio, BSNL, Tata Communications.
**c) tracert to a host outside India:**
Number of hops: *15–25*
Common international ISPs: Cogent, Level3, Hurricane Electric.
**3) ipconfig**
**a) Use of this command:**
`ipconfig` displays IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and interface configuration.
**b) Device network details:**
- IP Address: *[Link]*
- Subnet Mask: *[Link]*
- Default Gateway: *[Link]*
**c) Extra information in `ipconfig /all`:**
- MAC address
- DNS servers
- DHCP server
- Lease times
- Adapter details
- Tunnel adapters
**4) nslookup**
**a) Use of this command:**
`nslookup` queries DNS to find the IP address of domain names.
**b) IP addresses of common websites:**
- [Link] → *[Link]*
- [Link] → *[Link]*
- [Link] → *[Link]*
**5) netstat**
**a) Use of this command:**
`netstat` shows active TCP/UDP connections, routing tables, and listening ports.
**b) Number of active TCP connections:**
Approximately *10–40* connections.
**6) route print**
**a) Use of this command:**
Displays the system routing table, showing destination networks, gateways, metrics, and
interfaces.
**7) arp -a**
**a) Use of this command:**
Displays ARP table mapping IP addresses to physical (MAC) addresses.
**b) Number of interfaces listed:**
Typically *1–3 interfaces*.
**c) Difference between IP and physical address:**
- IP address: Logical Layer-3 address, changeable.
- MAC address: Physical Layer-2 address, hardware-assigned.
**8) telnet**
**a) Use of this command:**
`telnet` provides remote access to devices using the Telnet protocol.
**b) Default port for telnet:**
Port *23*.
**c) Telnet to a different port:**
Yes. Example: `telnet [Link] 80`
**Section B: Basic Linux Networking Commands**
**1) traceroute**
**a) Use of this command:**
Displays route and hops taken by packets to reach a destination.
**b) Windows equivalent:**
`tracert`
**2) ifconfig**
**a) Use:**
Displays and configures network interface parameters (IP address, MAC, status).
**b) Windows equivalent:**
`ipconfig`
**3) dig**
**a) Use:**
Performs detailed DNS lookups.
**b) Equivalent Windows command:**
Similar purpose as `nslookup` but more detailed.
**4) nmap**
**a) Use:**
Network scanner used for port scanning and discovering running services.
**b) nmap result for [Link]:**
Common open services:
- 80/tcp (HTTP)
- 443/tcp (HTTPS)
- 22/tcp (SSH)
- 25/tcp (SMTP)
**5) ssh**
**a) Use:**
Provides secure, encrypted remote login.
**b) Difference with telnet:**
SSH is encrypted and uses port 22, while telnet is unencrypted and uses port 23.