INNOVATIVE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Malitbog, Bongabong, Oriental Mindoro

LESSON 1: PARTS OF SPEECH

1. Nouns - Nouns are words that name people, places, things, or ideas.
Types of Nouns:
 Proper Nouns: Specific names of people, places, or organizations (e.g., Maria,
London, Google). Proper nouns are always capitalized.
 Common Nouns: General names for people, places, or things (e.g., woman, city,
computer).
 Concrete Nouns: Nouns that can be perceived by the five senses (e.g., apple, dog,
music).
 Abstract Nouns: Nouns that represent ideas, qualities, or concepts that cannot be
touched or seen (e.g., freedom, love, justice).
 Countable Nouns: Nouns that can be counted (e.g., book/books, car/cars).
 Uncountable Nouns: Nouns that cannot be counted (e.g., water, information, sand).
 Collective Nouns: Nouns that refer to a group of people or things (e.g., team,
family, flock).

2. Pronouns - Pronouns are words that replace nouns in a sentence to avoid repetition.
Types of Pronouns:
 Personal Pronouns: Refer to specific people or things (e.g., I, you, he, she, it, we,
they).
 Possessive Pronouns: Show ownership (e.g., mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs).
 Reflexive Pronouns: Refer back to the subject of the sentence (e.g., myself,
yourself, himself).
 Relative Pronouns: Introduce relative clauses and link them to a noun (e.g., who,
whom, whose, which, that).
 Demonstrative Pronouns: Point to specific things (e.g., this, that, these, those).
 Interrogative Pronouns: Used to ask questions (e.g., who, whom, whose, which,
what).
 Indefinite Pronouns: Refer to non-specific people or things (e.g., anyone, everyone,
something, nothing).

3. Verbs - Verbs are words that express actions, occurrences, or states of being.
Types of Verbs:
 Action Verbs: Describe physical or mental actions (e.g., run, think, write).
 Linking Verbs: Connect the subject of a sentence to additional information about
the subject (e.g., am, is, are, was, were, seem).

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 INNOVATIVE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Malitbog, Bongabong, Oriental Mindoro

 Auxiliary (Helping) Verbs: Help the main verb express tense, mood, or voice (e.g.,
have, do, will, can).
 Modal Verbs: Express necessity, possibility, permission, or ability (e.g., can, could,
may, might, must, should).
 Transitive Verbs: Require a direct object to complete their meaning (e.g., She
reads a book).
 Intransitive Verbs: Do not require a direct object (e.g., He sleeps).

4. Adjectives - Adjectives are words that describe or modify nouns and pronouns by
providing additional information about them.
Types of Adjectives:
 Descriptive Adjectives: Describe qualities of a noun (e.g., happy, large, red).
 Quantitative Adjectives: Indicate quantity or amount (e.g., some, many, few).
 Demonstrative Adjectives: Point to specific nouns (e.g., this, that, these, those).
 Possessive Adjectives: Show ownership or possession (e.g., my, your, his, her).
 Interrogative Adjectives: Used to ask questions about nouns (e.g., which, what,
whose).
 Comparative Adjectives: Compare two things (e.g., taller, smarter).
 Superlative Adjectives: Indicate the highest degree among three or more things
(e.g., tallest, smartest).

5. Adverbs - Adverbs are words that describe or modify verbs, adjectives, or other
adverbs. They often provide information about how, when, where, or to what extent
something happens.
Types of Adverbs:
 Adverbs of Manner: Describe how an action is performed (e.g., quickly, slowly,
well).
 Adverbs of Time: Indicate when an action happens (e.g., yesterday, today, later).
 Adverbs of Place: Indicate where an action happens (e.g., here, there,
everywhere).
 Adverbs of Frequency: Indicate how often an action happens (e.g., always, never,
sometimes).
 Adverbs of Degree: Indicate the intensity or degree of an action, adjective, or
another adverb (e.g., very, too, quite).
 Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation: Indicate certainty or denial (e.g., definitely,
surely, no, not).

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 INNOVATIVE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Malitbog, Bongabong, Oriental Mindoro

6. Prepositions - Prepositions are words that show the relationship between a noun (or
pronoun) and another word in the sentence. They often indicate direction, location, time,
or manner.
Common Prepositions:
 Direction: to, into, toward, through
 Location: in, on, at, under, above
 Time: before, after, during, until
 Manner: by, with, like, as

Examples:
 Direction: She walked to the store.
 Location: The book is on the table.
 Time: We will meet after lunch.
 Manner: He wrote the letter with a pen.

7. Conjunctions - Conjunctions are words that connect words, phrases, clauses, or

sentences.
Types of Conjunctions:
 Coordinating Conjunctions: Connect words, phrases, or independent clauses of
equal importance (e.g., and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet).
 Subordinating Conjunctions: Introduce dependent clauses and show the
relationship between the dependent clause and the rest of the sentence (e.g.,
because, although, since, unless).
 Correlative Conjunctions: Pairs of conjunctions that work together to join words or
phrases (e.g., either…or, neither…nor, both…and).

Examples:
 Coordinating: She likes tea, but he prefers coffee.
 Subordinating: I stayed home because it was raining.
 Correlative: Neither the students nor the teacher was ready for the exam.

8. Interjections - Interjections are words or phrases that express strong emotions,

reactions, or sudden bursts of feeling. They are often followed by an exclamation mark
when used at the beginning of a sentence.
Common Interjections:
 Positive Emotion: Wow!, Hurray!, Yay!
 Negative Emotion: Oh no!, Oops!, Yikes!
 Neutral Emotion: Well, Oh, Hmm

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 INNOVATIVE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Malitbog, Bongabong, Oriental Mindoro

Examples:
 Wow! That was an amazing performance.
 Oops! I spilled the coffee.
 Well, I guess it’s time to go.

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