THE UTILIZATION AND SATISFACTION OF USING AMPALAYA, BAWANG,

LAGUNDI, AND SAMBONG AS ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AMONG RESIDENTS OF

SELECTED BARANGAYS OF CALAPAN CITY

A Thesis Proposal to the Faculty of the Institute of Nursing Undergraduate Studies

of the Luna Goco Colleges, Inc.

In partial Fulfilment of the Requirements in Nursing Research 1

Submitted by

Group 1

Acido, Apple C.
Aguilucho, Cassandra Joelyn S.
Agutaya, Luigi G.
Alcanices, Lilibeth T.
Aldovino, Kurt Malick M.
Almedilla, Ken Harvy P.
Andal, Ma. Angela A.
Andaya, Aira Nicole R.
Andrin, Paola Yzabel B.
Angeles, Christian D.
Aniel, Kricein P.

September, 2025
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study:

Traditional or alternative medicine continues to prove its applicability in

healthcare. Its importance is particularly demonstrated in barangays that are rural or semi-

urban, where access to standard healthcare may be limited, costly, or difficult to obtain.

Herbal remedies, known locally as mga halamang gamot, are valued for more than just

their medicinal qualities. They also hold cultural, economic, and belief-based significance.

(Asuncion et al., 2021).

Among these medicinal plants, sambong (Blumea balsamifera), lagundi (Vitex

negundo), bawang (garlic, Allium sativum), and ampalaya (Momordica charantia) are

some of the most well-known, both in government-sponsored herbal medicine campaigns

and in actual use. Lagundi and sambong are listed as authorized medicinal plants by the

Philippine Department of Health (DOH) through the Philippine Institute of Traditional and

Alternative Health Care (PITAHC). (Asuncion et al., 2021; PITAHC, 2024).

Based on various preclinical and clinical research, the safety and effectiveness of

these plants had been proven. For instance, research has examined Ampalaya's potential as

an antidiabetic and confirmed its use in tablet formulations (Torres et al., 2020). While

Lagundi is commonly used to treat cough and asthma, sambong is primarily used for its

diuretic and anti-urolithiasis properties. (Dela Cruz & Ramos, 2022).

 Despite their widespread use, there are still gaps regarding the extent of the usage

of these herbal therapies and the level of satisfaction that consumers have when using

them for their own purposes, especially in tiny communities. For example, a study in

Batangas revealed that the people there were very aware of and used sambong, lagundi,

and ampalaya (Andres & Garcia, 2023), while a study in Metro Manila showed that the

most common herbal remedies used there were oregano (14%), lagundi (24%), and

sambong (14%). Cruz et al. (2021).

Perceived efficacy, family customs, education, cultural beliefs, and socio-

economic status are the significant factors that influence the utilization and satisfaction of

its users. (Reyes, 2022). Moreover, people especially in those low-income households are

accustomed to believing that herbal medicines are less expensive than synthetic drugs

therefore, cost and accessibility is also a perceived motivator. (Torres et al., 2020). This

idea arises from both cultural awareness and economic practicality. Medicinal plants like

ampalaya, bawang, lagundi, and sambong can be easily grown in backyard gardens or

obtained from the surrounding area in many rural and peri-urban communities in the

Philippines with little to no cost. On the other hand, synthetic drugs often have recurring

costs that low-income families cannot afford, including prescription medication, doctor

visits, and pharmacy expenditures. (Reyes, 2022).

Additionally, the growing expenses of medicine and healthcare in the Philippines

have led to a rise in the use of traditional remedies. Research indicates that one of the main

reasons people choose herbal medicine over traditional treatment is its cost (Torres et al.,
 2020). This is supported by the Department of Health, showing that many Filipinos

use alternative medicine due to its perceived efficacy, cultural acceptability, and

affordability. (PITAHC, 2024).

However, while herbal medications may seem to be cost-effective in the short

term, issues of efficacy, dosage inconsistency, and lack of clinical oversight raise

questions about their long-term cost-effectiveness and safety (Asuncion et al., 2021).

Though preference may be motivated by economic factors, a proper education regarding

the use of herbal medicines alongside conventional care is necessary.

In addition, there has been a separation discussion that involves the

standardization and species variation. According to a recent study, the term "lagundi" in

the Philippines may refer to five distinct Vitex species, which could have an impact on

dosage and effectiveness. (Valencia et al., 2024).

Local studies revealed that there is a wide range of herbal preparation techniques,

including decoction, teas, and raw consumption, which can have an impact on both safety

and satisfaction (Santos & Lim, 2023). Furthermore, in addition to clinical relief,

satisfaction is often influenced by social and personal factors like perceived "naturalness,"

trust, and familiarity. (Reyes, 2022).

There is limited data on the actual utilization and satisfaction of residents in

selected barangays of Calapan City. Therefore, the researchers seek to conduct a study that

aims to assess the frequency of use of at least one of the herbal medicines among
 ampalaya, bawang, lagundi, and sambong by residents; their experiences and

satisfaction levels and the socio-demographic or cultural factors influence these outcomes.

This study is relevant, as PITAHC and DOH seeks to localize and institutionalize

traditional medicine practices (PITAHC, 2024). Furthermore, it can aid in strengthening

various local health education initiatives and support evidence-based promotion of safe,

easily accessible, and culturally appropriate alternative medications.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to determine the level of utilization and satisfaction of Ampalaya,

Bawang, Lagundi, and Sambong as an alternative medicine among residents of selected

barangays in Calapan City.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

Research Tool: Self-Made Questionnaire

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

a. Age

b. Gender

c. Educational Attainment

d. Monthly Household Income

Research Tool: Self-Made Questionnaire

 2. What is the level of utilization of Ampalaya, Bawang, Lagundi, and Sambong as an

alternative medicine among the residents of Barangay Bulusan in terms of:

a. Frequency of use

b. Conditions treated

c. Preparation methods

Research Tool: Likert Scale Questions

3. What is the level of satisfaction of the residents in using Ampalaya, Bawang,

Lagundi, and Sambong as alternative medicine?

Significance of the Study

This research holds significant value for various groups:

The findings of this research may be useful to the following groups:

Nursing Practice: Will help aspiring nurses incorporate traditional medicine use into patient

history, ensuring a comprehensive, culturally sensitive approach to care.

Local Government Unit (LGU): The results can be used to create or improve health

education programs tailored to the community's specific needs for herbal and alternative

medicine.

Future Researchers: Serves as a foundational reference for future studies on herbal

medicine, alternative healthcare, and community health in the Philippines.

Scope and Limitation

This study is limited to assessing the utilization and satisfaction of at least one

among the government-promoted herbal medicines - Ampalaya, Bawang, Lagundi, and

Sambong as an alternative medicine. The research will be limited to a sample of fifty (50)

adult residents (aged 18 and above, living there for at least six months) ten (10)

respondents for each selected barangays (Bulusan, Balite, Pachoca, Guinobatan, ) in

Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro, within the academic year 2025-2026. Furthermore, it

focuses on specific variables (frequency, conditions treated, and preparation methods) and

subjective satisfaction (effectiveness, availability, affordability, safety, and willingness to

recommend). The primary goal is to determine the frequency of utilization and degree of

satisfaction, as outlined in the conceptual framework.

The study's limitations include the use of a specific sampling technique –

purposive sampling technique that encompasses the experiences of the fifty selected

participants who met the stringent inclusion criteria. Moreover, the study will not involve

other barangays other than the five barangays specified above. The data will be collected

through researcher-made questionnaires, which may be subject to response bias. The study

will not include a clinical assessment of the efficacy or safety of the plant. The reported

satisfaction levels are based solely on the respondents' subjective perception of their health

outcomes and personal experience, rather than scientifically proven data.

The study targets barangays in Calapan that are notably distant from the available

medical facilities. This is due to the insufficient implementation of modern healthcare

services in the regions. A significant segment of the population in these areas comprises

elderly people who practice herbal plants and medicines for their health issues. For many

elderly residents, herbal remedies are the primary or supplementary means to treat

common ailments and thus form an integral part of daily life. The study seeks to

investigate the reasons why the residents of these barangays still embrace herbal medicine

and how it affects their well-being.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Alternative Medicine: Utilization and Satisfaction

The practice of traditional and complementary medicine (TCAM) continues to expand in

SoutheastAsia, playing an essential role in the region's healthcare framework. Research by Liu et

al. (2021) highlights that TCAM is increasingly acknowledged and incorporated into the health

strategies of various Asian nations, thanks to its cost-effectiveness, cultural resonance, and ease

of access. In numerous low- and middle-income areas, TCAM functions as the primary

healthcare option, particularly in places where conventional medical services are scarce or too

expensive (Liu et al., 2021).

In the Philippines, the Department of Health has actively endorsed the use of herbal

treatments through the Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care (PITAHC).

Bautista and Salapa (2024) observed that people in Barangay Mintal frequently turn to herbal

medicine due to its availability, low cost, and the trust it garners within the community. Their

research indicates that satisfaction with these remedies is often influenced more by cultural

familiarity and perceived effectiveness rather than by rigorously validated clinical proof

(Bautista & Salapa, 2024). Palileo-Villanueva et al. (2022) pointed out that the use of TCAM is

closely tied to a belief in its efficacy, despite evidence showing that health outcomes, such as the

management of hypertension, did not show notable improvement among its users. This reveals a

disparity between perceived satisfaction and actual health benefits. Nonetheless, TCAM remains
prevalent due to its cultural significance, affordability, and its function in personal health

management at the household level (Palileo-Villanueva et al., 2022).

Overall, existing literature suggests that the engagement with and contentment regarding

alternative medicine are shaped by factors like accessibility, cultural practices, cost-efficiency,

and perceived [Link] elements lay the groundwork for further exploring the use of herbal

medicines such as sambong, bawang, lagundi, and ampalaya among residents in selected

barangays of Calapan City.

Herbal Medicine in the Philippines

The use of traditional and complementary medicine (TCAM) is prevalent in Southeast

Asia, continuing to be a vital aspect of the healthcare landscape. Liu et al. (2021) indicate that

TCAM is gaining recognition and is being incorporated into health policies throughout various

Asian nations, largely due to its affordability, cultural significance, and ease of access. In

numerous low- and middle-income areas, TCAM often acts as the primary source of healthcare,

particularly in regions where conventional medical options are scarce or financially burdensome

(Liu et al., 2021).

In the Philippines, the Department of Health has officially endorsed herbal remedies

through the Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care (PITAHC). According

to Bautista and Salapa (2024), the community members in Barangay Mintal frequently turn to

herbal medicine, as it is readily available, cost-effective, and well-trusted within their circles.

Their research suggests that satisfaction with herbal treatments is largely influenced by cultural

familiarity and positive experiences, rather than being rooted in scientifically validated clinical

data (Bautista & Salapa,2024).

 Palileo-Villanueva et al. (2022) highlighted a strong connection between the use of

TCAM and the belief in its effectiveness, despite the lack of significant improvements in clinical

outcomes like hypertension control among its [Link] points to a notable disconnect between

users' perceived satisfaction and actual health benefits. Nevertheless, TCAM continues to be

widely embraced due to its traditional roots, affordability, and the role it plays in self-

management at home (Palileo-Villanueva et al., 2022).

In summary, existing literature reveals that the engagement with and contentment

regarding alternative medicine are shaped by factors such as accessibility, cultural practices,

cost-efficiency, and perceived safety. These elements lay the groundwork for exploring the use

of herbal medicines like sambong, bawang, lagundi, and ampalaya among the residents of

specific barangays in Calapan City.

Sambong (Blumea Balsamifera)

Sambong, known scientifically as Blumea balsamifera, is a herbal remedy commonly

found in Southeast Asia. A detailed analysis by Pang and colleagues (2014) outlines its key

chemical components and medicinal effects (PMC6272021). This review highlights that the

entire plant, along with its raw extracts and distinct compounds, showcases a wide array of

biological activities. These include effects such as fighting tumors, protecting the liver, providing

antioxidants, combating germs, reducing inflammation, inhibiting plasmodium, preventing

tyrosinase, encouraging wound healing, and assisting in weight loss (Pang et al., 2014).

However, despite this extensive laboratory evidence, the authors point out that some traditional

applications—like its use for rheumatism—still lack robust scientific support. This indicates that
many folkloric claims about sambong have not been thoroughly investigated (Pang et al., 2014).

They further stress the necessity for more precise studies focusing on the standardization of its

phytochemicals and the confirmation of its bioactive properties to ensure sambong's reliability,

safety, and effectiveness (Pang et al., 2014).

Considering how residents use sambong and their satisfaction with it, the review implies

that while scientific studies back up various benefits of sambong, the satisfaction within the

community may rely more on personal experiences such as symptom relief from issues like

cough or kidney problems rather than on clinically verified results. Moreover, the call for

standardization in the review suggests that how users feel about sambong could be influenced by

the differences in its preparations (like decoctions, leaves, or extracts) and dosages. Therefore,

when exploring how sambong is utilized and the level of satisfaction in Calapan City, it is crucial

to examine which forms oftheplantpeopleareusing,theconsistencyofthose

forms,andwhetherusersnotice tangiblebenefits or any adverse effects. The uncertainty regarding

the validation of all traditional uses also highlights the need for caution when interpreting high

satisfaction levels as proof of scientific effectiveness.

Bawang (Allium Sativum)

Garlic, known locally as bawang, is one of the most commonly used medicinal plants in

the Philippines, serving both culinary and therapeutic purposes. As noted in Philippine Herbal

Medicine, its traditional applications have been around for centuries. Remarkably, during World

War II, extracts rich in allicin were applied to wounds to help ward off infections and gangrene.
The Department of Health (DOH) has acknowledged bawang as one of the ten officially

recognized medicinal plants due to its health benefits.

Research has validated numerous advantages of garlic. The active compound in garlic,

allicin, is known for its potent antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral effects. Clinical studies

have shown that garlic can effectively lower levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol,

reduce blood pressure, enhance the breakdown of fibrin, and help prevent hardening of the

arteries. Additionally, studies involving larger groups of people have linked regular garlic

consumption to a decreased risk of colorectal and stomach cancer. Garlic is also commonly used

to treat respiratory issues such as coughs, sore throats, and tuberculosis, as well as for conditions

like rheumatism and tooth pain, and even as a natural mosquito repellent.

However, there are some drawbacks to using garlic. Its strong smell can lead to poor

compliance among users and applying it topically might cause skin irritations or burns. Although

some population studies suggest it might help prevent cancer, there is a lack of extensive

controlled clinical trials, highlighting the need for more robust scientific evidence. These

challenges emphasize the necessity for ongoing research and standardization, especially since the

acceptance and effectiveness of garlic in communities may rely not only on proven benefits but

also on user tolerability and perceived health improvements.

All in all, bawang holds an important place in the herbal medicine landscape of the

Philippines, cherished for its cardiovascular and antimicrobial properties but still needing further

clinical support. Its popular use highlights the significance of understanding how residents utilize
and feel about it, as community perceptions often connect traditional practices with scientific

proof.

Lagundi (Vitex Negundo)

Lagundi (Vitex negundo) is a herbal remedy that has received official endorsement from

the Philippine Department of Health for managing respiratory issues such as cough and asthma.

A comprehensive analysis conducted by Alegado-Bagaoisan, Castro, and Purificacion (2020)

examined seven randomized controlled trials involving 308 children. The findings indicated that

lagundi could decrease cough frequency by 44–71% and demonstrated bronchodilatory effects

without any serious side effects reported. The healing benefits of lagundi are attributed to its

bioactive substances, including flavonoids and iridoids, which offer anti-inflammatory, cough-

suppressing, and antihistamine properties, thereby alleviating airway inflammation and

enhancing respiratory function.

Research further indicates that lagundi helps stabilize mast cells and prevents the release

of histamine, which accounts for its bronchodilating and anti-asthmatic properties. The relevance

of lagundi to this research stems from its status as a commonly utilized and culturally accepted

herbal treatment in the Philippines. Exploring how local residents use and perceive lagundi sheds

light on the application of traditional remedies in everyday life, their perceived effectiveness, and

the trust invested by communities. Its inclusion underscores the necessity of merging scientific

evidence with local traditions when evaluating the use of alternative medicines. Gaining insights

into consumption habits and satisfaction levels can inform community health initiatives and

encourage safe, evidence-based practices in herbal medicine.

Ampalaya (Momordica charantia)

Ampalaya (Momordica charantia), commonly known as bitter gourd, is a flowering vine

widely used in the Philippines and other tropical countries for both culinary and medicinal

purposes. According to Anilakumar, Kumar, and Ilaiyaraja (2015), ampalaya contains bioactive

compounds such as triterpenes, proteins, and steroids that contribute to its multiple therapeutic

properties. The plant has demonstrated anti-diabetic, hypoglycemic, anti-ulcerogenic,

antioxidant, anti-tumor, analgesic, and immunomodulatory effects. Proteins like α- and β-

momorcharin have antiviral properties, while leaf extracts show broad-spectrum antimicrobial

[Link] fruit, leaves, and seeds are utilized in different forms, including juice, powder, and

capsules, which make it easily incorporated into daily diets. Studies also show that ampalaya has

relatively low toxicity, supporting its safe use as a traditional remedy in managing common and

chronic ailments (Anilakumar et al., 2015).

Ampalaya’s long history of use in Filipino households highlights its importance not only

as a medicinal plant but also as a preventive health measure. Residents often consume ampalaya

to manage blood sugar levels, boost immunity, and support overall wellness. Its relevance to this

study lies in understanding the utilization and satisfaction of ampalaya among residents,

reflecting how herbal medicines are perceived, trusted, and integrated into daily health practices.

Exploring these patterns provides insights into the continued role of culturally accepted herbal

remedies in promoting health, particularly in communities where access to conventional

medicine may be limited.

Socio-economic Determinants of Use and Satisfaction

A study on herbal supplement use in Metro Cebu revealed that socio-economic factors

significantly drive utilization. Respondents who are female, possess higher education, and earn a

decent income are often proactive users (See et al., 2024). However, other subgroups,

particularly those who are older, employed, and have a lower level of education, tend to have a

more positive perception of these products, attributing their preference to the perceived cost-

effectiveness and natural composition of the herbs compared to conventional medicines (See et

al., 2024). This complexity confirms that while education may lead to proactive use, economic

necessity and perceived accessibility often lead to positive views and high satisfaction among

marginalized sectors (Robles et al., 2012).

Healthcare Access and Rural Reliance

Research on healthcare access in the Philippines, particularly in medically underserved

areas, highlights significant structural barriers that push residents toward traditional remedies

(Evangelista & Lorenzo, 2021). Distance and transportation costs, healthcare workforce

shortages, and high costs of branded conventional drugs for chronic diseases contribute to high

unmet healthcare needs (Rural Health Information Hub, 2025). As a result, for communities in

rural settings, traditional medicine often serves as the most accessible and affordable treatment

option within primary healthcare systems (Mersha et al., 2021). This context explains the

continued reliance on herbs like Ampalaya and Lagundi, underscoring the strong role of

geographical and economic accessibility as core determinants of utilization in local communities.

Integration, Regulation, and Perception of DOH-Approved Herbs

The government's role in legitimizing traditional medicine through the Philippine

Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care (PITAHC) has been vital, yet gaps remain

(Maramba-Lazarte, 2020). While the DOH has officially recognized the benefits of plants like

Sambong and Lagundi, one study revealed that some partner barangays still perceive synthetic

agents as their primary option due to established safety and efficacy (Kamantigue-Balais et al.,

2021). This suggests that despite institutional legitimacy, many residents still lack the basic

knowledge for the proper cultivation and usage of DOH-approved plants. These findings

emphasize the importance of strengthening information dissemination to increase community

knowledge about correct preparation, which is a key component of your utilization variable.

SYNTHESIS

The literature collectively establishes a strong foundation for the continued use of

traditional medicine in the Philippines, primarily driven by the Theory of Medical Pluralism.

This body of knowledge confirms that Filipino residents—especially those in rural or semi-urban

settings—actively engage in "therapeutic shopping," relying on DOH-endorsed herbal remedies

(Lagundi, Sambong, Bawang, Ampalaya) as a deliberate choice based on critical factors like

cultural congruence and institutional legitimacy. Research further emphasizes that this high

utilization is rooted in socioeconomic and structural inequities, demonstrating that use is highly

correlated with affordability and geographical availability, particularly for underserved

populations who face significant barriers from the conventional healthcare system. Studies

confirm that while the use of these herbs is widespread, a knowledge gap persists, as some
residents still favor synthetic medication or lack the basic knowledge for correct preparation,

despite the cultural trust placed in the herbs' "naturalness." In summary, the Review of Related

Literature provides robust evidence for the drivers of utilization (accessibility, cost, culture) and

the factors influencing satisfaction (past experience, perception of safety). The existing

knowledge gap, which this study seeks to fill, lies in understanding the direct influence between

the specific utilization behavior and the user's ultimate satisfaction. There is insufficient local

research that quantitatively tests if the actual frequency of use, the specific ailments treated, or

the preparation method employed significantly influences a resident's subjective evaluation of

the herbs’ performance and worth within the context of a community like Calapan City,

justifying the focus on the Process-Output relationship.

HYPOTHESES

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

a. Age

b. Gender

c. Educational Attainment

d. Monthly Household Income

This is a descriptive question intended to establish the characteristics of the sample

population. Therefore, a formal null hypothesis (H0) is not applicable.

 2. What is the level of utilization of Ampalaya, Bawang, Lagundi, and Sambong as an

alternative medicine among the residents in terms of:

a. Frequency of use

b. Conditions treated

c. Preparation methods

This is a descriptive question intended to measure the extent and patterns of herbal

medicine use. Therefore, a formal null hypothesis (H0) is not applicable.

ü What is the level of satisfaction of the residents in using Ampalaya, Bawang, Lagundi, and

Sambong as an alternative medicine?

This is a descriptive question intended to measure the extent and patterns of herbal

medicine use. Therefore, a formal null hypothesis (H0) is not applicable.

3. Does the level of utilization have a significant influence on the level of satisfaction of

residents with Ampalaya, Bawang, Lagundi, and Sambong?

Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no significant influence of the level of utilization of

herbal medicines (measured by frequency of use, conditions treated, and preparation methods)

on the level of satisfaction of residents in selected barangays of Calapan City.

 Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): There is a significant influence of the level of utilization of

herbal medicines (measured by frequency of use, conditions treated, and preparation methods)

on the level of satisfaction of residents in selected barangays of Calapan City.

Conceptual Framework

This study will rely on one theory:

Theory of Medical Pluralism

The Theory of Medical Pluralism, a fundamental theoretical viewpoint in medical

anthropology and sociology, serves as the foundation for this investigation. According to the

hypothesis, people frequently use and negotiate several coexisting medical systems in their quest

for wellbeing and health. These systems could include government-sponsored alternative

medicines including herbal medicine, biomedical treatments, and traditional or folk healing

methods.

This study is based on the idea that the coexistence and interaction of different healing

practices within a community influence health-seeking behaviors. This is based on the concept of

medical pluralism from The Open Encyclopedia of Anthropology (Khalikova, 2024), which

describes how people use multiple medical systems, such as biomedicine and traditional healing,

to maintain or restore health. Utilization and Satisfaction of Sambong, Bawang, Lagundi, and

Ampalaya as Alternative Medicine, the independent variable, reflects the locals' use of and

opinion of these regionally accepted herbal remedies as supplemental or alternative therapies to

traditional medicine. This variable shows how often these herbal treatments are used, why people

like them, how effective they are thought to be, and how satisfied people are with them.

The population whose demographic traits, convictions, and life experiences impact their

involvement in pluralistic healthcare practices is the dependent variable, Residents in Selected

Barangays of Calapan City. According to the conceptual paradigm, residents who use and are

satisfied with these alternative medicinal plants are more likely to accept and incorporate

traditional health practices. This is in line with the pluralistic framework, which sees health

behavior as influenced by both structural and cultural factors. As a result, this framework shows

how the community's use of herbal medicine relates to Calapan City's more pluralistic health

environment, emphasizing how residents' health decisions are influenced by local views of

efficacy and satisfaction within a system of coexisting medical traditions.

Figure 1. The Conceptual Paradigm of the Utilization and Satisfaction of Sambong, Bawang,
Lagundi, Ampalaya as Alternative Medicine Among Residents In Selected Barangays of Calapan
City
 Figure 1 represents the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The
independent variable is composed of the utilization and satisfaction of using ampalaya, bawang,
lagundi and sambong as alternative medicine while the dependent variable is composed of the
residents of selected barangays of Calapan City.
Definition of Terms

Alternative Medicine

Conceptual Definition: Medical and health-related practices, systems, and products that are not

part of conventional Western or biomedical healthcare.

Operational Definition: The use of at least one of the four government-promoted medicinal

plants (Ampalaya, Bawang, Lagundi, or Sambong) by residents of selected barangays in Calapan

City for health or healing purposes, as self-reported in the questionnaire.

Utilization

Conceptual Definition: The act of using a particular medical system or treatment, influenced by

factors such as accessibility, affordability, and cultural beliefs.

Operational Definition: The frequency of use (always, often, sometimes, rarely, never),

conditions treated, and preparation methods (e.g., decoction, raw consumption) of the four herbal

medicines, as recorded in the self-made questionnaire.

Satisfaction

Conceptual Definition: The subjective evaluation of a user's experience with a treatment, shaped

by perceived effectiveness, trust, safety, and personal factors

Operational Definition: The resident's level of agreement with five factors-effectiveness,

availability, affordability, safety, and willingness to recommend-measured using a 5-point Likert

Scale (1=Very Dissatisfied, 5 Very Satisfied).

Residents

Conceptual Definition: People living in a specific community or area.

Operational Definition: Individuals aged 18 and above who have lived in the selected

barangays of Calapan City for at least six months and are familiar with or use at least one of the

four target herbs.

Ampalaya (Momordica charantia)

Conceptual Definition: A DOH-approved medicinal plant commonly used for its antidiabetic and

health-promoting properties.

Operational Definition: The use of the fruit or leaves of Ampalaya for medicinal purposes, as

reported by the respondents.

Bawang (Allium sativum/Garlic)

Conceptual Definition: A traditional herbal remedy promoted by the government, known for

cardiovascular and antimicrobial benefits.

Operational Definition: The use of garlic cloves/bulbs for medicinal purposes, as reported by the

respondents.
Lagundi (Vitex negundo)

Conceptual Definition: A DOH-approved medicinal shrub used to treat respiratory conditions

like cough and asthma.

Operational Definition: The use of Lagundi leaves for medicinal purposes, as reported by the

respondents.

Sambong (Blumea balsamifera)

Conceptual Definition: A DOH-approved medicinal plant with diuretic, anti-urolithiasis, and

anti-cough properties.

Operational Definition: The use of Sambong leaves for medicinal purposes, as reported by the

respondents.

Demographic Profile

Conceptual Definition: Characteristics of individuals that help classify and describe a population,

Operational Definition: Age, gender, educational attainment, and monthly household income of

the respondents, collected through the question

 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This section provides a detailed description of the methods and procedures that will be

utilized to collect, organize and analyze data. It explains the study design, area of study, sample

population and sampling methods, data collection instrument, data collection procedure, data

analysis techniques and ethical considerations. The main aim is to establish how residents from

selected barangays of Calapan City use and are satisfied with at least one herbal plant among

Sambong, Bawang, Lagundi and Ampalaya as alternative medicines.

Research Design

This study will apply a quantitative research design. This approach is used to describe

and measure the level of utilization of Sambong, Bawang, Lagundi, and Ampalaya, and the

corresponding level of satisfaction among residents. Since the study deals with numerical data, a

quantitative approach will be helpful in statistically analyzing the responses of the participants.

The study will employ a non-probability purposive sampling technique. In this method,

the researchers will hand-select participants who specifically meet the established inclusion

criteria. This ensures that every respondent is knowledgeable and relevant to the study’s

objectives, providing the necessary depth of experience with the target herbal medicines. This

method is practical for community-based studies where specialized knowledge is required.

Research Locale

Population and Sample

The population of this study consists of residents (at least 6 months) of selected rural

barangays in Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro. These respondents either prepare or use traditional

herbal medicines such as Sambong (Blumea balsamifera), Bawang (garlic), Lagundi (Vitex

negundo), and Amplaya (Momordica charantia) as an alternative medicine in household or

community. From this population, the researchers will select fifty (50) respondents using a

purposive sampling technique. This method was chosen because the researchers aims to gather

data from the respondents that is aligned with the overall characteristics and research objectives.

The respondents who will be included are those who are: Residents of selected barangays

(Bulusan, Pachoca, Balite, Guinobatan, Bulalo) for at least 6 months and 18 years old and above

who uses with at least one of the four target herbs (Sambong, Bawang, Lagundi, Amplaya). A

household member who prepares or administers these herbs, willing to take part in the study and

able to give informed consent. Respondents will not be included if they are: Temporary visitors

or non-residents in the barangay for less than 6 months. Respondents unable to give consent due

to mental condition. Respondents who refuse consent. The number of fifty (50) respondents was

considered enough to gather reliable data for analysis, while still manageable for the researchers

during data collection

Population and Sample

The population of this study consists of residents (at least 6 months) of selected rural

barangays in Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro. These respondents either prepare or use traditional

herbal medicines such as Sambong (Blumea balsamifera), Bawang (garlic), Lagundi (Vitex

negundo), and Amplaya (Momordica charantia) as an alternative medicine in household or

community. From this population, the researchers will select fifty (50) respondents using a

purposive sampling technique. This method was chosen because the researchers aim to gather

data from the respondents that is aligned with the overall characteristics and research objectives.

The respondents who will be included are those who are: Residents of selected barangays

(Bulusan, Pachoca, Balite, Guinobatan, Bulalo) for at least 6 months and 18 years old and above

who uses with at least one of the four target herbs (Sambong, Bawang, Lagundi, Amplaya). A

household member who prepares or administers these herbs, willing to take part in the study and

able to give informed consent. Respondents will not be included if they are: Temporary visitors

or non-residents in the barangay for less than 6 months. Respondents unable to give consent due

to mental condition. Respondents who refuse consent. The number of fifty (50) respondents was

considered enough to gather reliable data for analysis, while still manageable for the researchers

during data collection

Research Instruments

This study will use the following tools: The first tool is a kind of self-made questionnaire

that includes respondents’ utilization patterns and demographic characteristics. The utilization

section will quantitatively evaluate the frequency of use as daily, weekly, monthly, rarely, or
never. Encompassing factors such as economic accessibility, geographical availability, adherence

to cultural beliefs, and perceived therapeutic efficacy.

Furthermore, this will ascertain the sources of information that initially informed

respondents about these medicinal plants, including familial networks, peer groups, healthcare

providers, mass media, and community healthcare workers. The demographic gathers data on

age, gender, barangay residence, educational attainment, and socioeconomic status. The second

tool will be the Likert Scale questions to determine the level of satisfaction of respondents on

using alternative medicine.

Likert Scale ranging from 1=very dissatisfied with the effectiveness of each herbal

medicine in addressing health conditions, 2=dissatisfied with the effectiveness of each herbal

medicine in addressing health conditions, 3=maybe satisfied or dissatisfied with the effectiveness

of each herbal medicine in addressing health conditions, 4=satisfied with the effectiveness of

each herbal medicine in addressing health conditions, and 5=very satisfied with the effectiveness

of each herbal medicine in addressing health conditions.

The tools must undergo pilot testing to ensure validity and reliability. Ethical

considerations including informed consent, confidentiality, and voluntary participation will be

meticulously addressed throughout the research process.

Data Collection Procedure

Phase 1-Securing Approval

The researchers will obtain permission from the barangay officials of the selected areas in

Calapan City to conduct the study. Ethical approval will also be secured from the relevant Ethics

Review Board to ensure the study adheres to ethical standards for research involving human

participants.

Phase 2-Selecting the Respondents

Respondents will be chosen using purposive sampling. The study will focus on residents

of selected barangays who have experience using herbal medicines such as sambong, bawang,

lagundi, and ampalaya. This sampling method ensures that participants are knowledgeable and

relevant to the study's objectives.

Phase 3-Securing Informed Consent

The researchers will explain the study's objectives, procedures, and potential benefits to

all participants. Participants will have the opportunity to ask questions before signing a written

informed consent form. They will also be informed of their right to withdraw from the study at

any time without consequences.

Phase 4-Preparing for Data Collection

The researchers will prepare the questionnaire, which includes:

ü Demographic information (age, gender, education, occupation, income)

 ü Patterns of herbal medicine use (frequency, purpose, preparation)

ü Satisfaction levels regarding herbal medicines (effectiveness, ease of use, perceived

benefits)

The questionnaire will be pre-tested to ensure clarity, relevance, and reliability.

Phase 5-Data Collection

Researchers will visit selected households to administer the questionnaires in a calm and

private environment. Responses will be recorded accurately, and participants will be encouraged

to answer honestly. The collected data will be carefully reviewed for completeness and

consistency before analysis.

Ethics Consideration

This study will follow ethical guidelines to protect the rights and well-being of the participants.

Informed Consent

Participants will be informed about the purpose and nature of the study. They can choose to join

voluntarily and may withdraw anytime without any consequences.

Confidentiality

Personal information and responses will be kept private. Data will only be used for this research

and will not identify any participant.

Respect for Participants

The study will respect the beliefs and practices of the residents regarding the use of herbal

medicines. Participants will be treated with care and courtesy.

Participant Well-being

The study will ensure that the well-being of every participant is prioritized and that no one will

experience discomfort or harm.

Use of Results

The findings will be used only to understand the use of alternative medicine and to help improve

community health programs.

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