Management and human resource management
What is Management?
Management is the process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling resources to
achieve specific organizational goals efficiently and effectively.
Key Functions:
• Planning: Setting goals and deciding how to achieve them.
• Organizing: Allocating resources and assigning tasks.
• Leading: Motivating and guiding employees.
• Controlling: Monitoring progress and making adjustments.
Agile vs. Waterfall – Which One Fits?
Types of Business
Businesses can be classified based on their structure, activities, and ownership:
1. Based on Ownership:
1. Sole Proprietorship: Owned and managed by a single individual.
2. Partnership: Owned by two or more individuals sharing profits, losses, and
responsibilities.
3. Corporation (Limited Company): A separate legal entity owned by shareholders.
4. Cooperative: Owned and operated by a group of individuals for their mutual
benefit.
2. Based on Activities:
1. Manufacturing Business: Produces goods from raw materials (e.g., garment
factories).
2. Service Business: Offers intangible products (e.g., consulting, IT services).
3. Trading Business: Engages in buying and selling goods (e.g., retail stores).
3. Based on Size:
1. Small Business: Limited investment and employees (e.g., local shops).
2. Medium Business: Moderate scale with regional presence.
3. Large Business: Significant capital investment and operations, often multinational
How to Set Up a Business
Develop a Business Idea: Identify a feasible product or service based on market demand and
personal expertise.
Create a Business Plan: Outline your goals, target market, financial projections, and operational
strategies.
Select a Business Structure: Choose between sole proprietorship, partnership, or limited
company based on your needs.
Register the Business:
• For sole proprietorships: Obtain a trade license.
• For partnerships and companies: Register with RJSC.
Acquire Necessary Permits: Apply for VAT registration, environmental clearance (if required),
and any industry-specific licenses.
Set Up Financial Systems: Open a business bank account, track expenses, and set up accounting
processes.
Establish Operations: Secure a physical location or go online, hire employees, and set up
systems for production or service delivery.
Market Your Business: Use advertising, digital marketing, and sales strategies to reach your
target audience.
Ensure Legal Compliance: Regularly file taxes, maintain financial records, and renew necessary
licenses.
Monitor and Grow: Continuously evaluate performance and adapt strategies to ensure
sustainable growth.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
The attempt by companies to meet the economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic demands of a
given society at a particular point in time.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) means that businesses are not only responsible for making
profit but also for taking care of society, the environment, employees, and customers.
It shows how a company behaves in a fair, legal, and helpful way while running its business.
Four Main Parts of CSR
1. Economic Responsibility
This is the basic duty of every business.
A company must earn profit so it can continue to survive and grow.
It should provide jobs for workers, fair return for investors, and useful
products/services for customers.
Without profit, the company cannot perform other responsibilities.
2. Legal Responsibility
Businesses must obey laws and regulations of the country.
They should “play by the rules of the game.”
Examples: Paying taxes on time, following labor laws, respecting contracts, ensuring
safety standards.
Following laws builds trust in society.
3. Ethical Responsibility
Beyond the law, companies should do what is right, fair, and just.
Some actions may be legal but not ethical.
Example: Some big companies avoid taxes using loopholes. This is legal but people see it
as unfair.
Other examples: Not polluting, paying fair wages, avoiding child labor.
4. Philanthropic Responsibility
This is voluntary. Companies do it to give back to society.
It is about helping people and improving quality of life.
Examples: Donations to schools and hospitals, sponsoring cultural or sports events,
building parks, helping during natural disasters.
It shows the company cares about more than just money.
Why CSR is Important
Builds good image of the company.
Helps to attract customers and employees.
Creates trust between company and society.
Supports long-term success and sustainability.
Functions of Human Resource Management (HRM)
Human Resource Management (HRM) means managing people in an organization effectively.
It makes sure the right people are hired, trained, motivated, and taken care of so that the
company can achieve its goals.
Main Functions of HRM
1. Human Resource Planning
HRM plans how many workers are needed in the future.
Example: A software company may plan to hire more AI engineers for upcoming
projects.
2. Recruitment and Selection
HRM attracts and chooses the right people for jobs.
Methods: Job postings, interviews, coding tests, etc.
Goal: Hire skilled and suitable employees.
3. Training and Development
HRM provides training to improve employee skills.
Includes technical training (new languages, frameworks) and soft skills (teamwork,
communication).
Ensures employees can adapt to new technology and methods.
4. Performance Management
HRM monitors and evaluates how employees are working.
Tools: Code reviews, project evaluations, performance appraisals.
Goal: Improve work quality and productivity.
5. Compensation and Benefits
HRM gives fair salaries and extra benefits to keep employees motivated.
Examples: Salary, bonuses, stock options, flexible hours, remote work, health insurance.
6. Employee Relations
HRM maintains good relationships among employees.
It solves conflicts quickly and builds teamwork.
Goal: Keep a positive work environment.
7. Compliance with Labor Laws
HRM ensures the company follows all labor rules.
Examples: Proper contracts, working hours, minimum wage, data privacy.
8. Health, Safety & Wellness
HRM ensures a safe and healthy workplace.
Examples: Ergonomic furniture, mental health support, work-life balance.
9. HR Information Systems (HRIS)
HRM uses software to manage employee data.
Examples: Workday, BambooHR for attendance, payroll, and performance tracking.
✅ In short:
HRM = Planning + Hiring + Training + Evaluating + Paying + Caring for Employees.
Essential Skills for Software Managers
A software manager is responsible for guiding a team of developers, testers, and designers. To
be successful, a manager needs special skills to plan, communicate, solve problems, and
support the team.
1. Strategic Planning & Prioritization
A manager must set clear goals and decide which tasks are most important.
They must use resources wisely (time, people, money) and avoid overloading the team.
Example: Deciding to complete the login system first before working on advanced
features.
2. Agile Communication
Managers should communicate quickly, clearly, and frequently, especially in fast-moving
projects like Agile.
Good communication avoids confusion, keeps everyone updated, and helps the team
adapt to changes smoothly.
Example: Daily stand-up meetings to check progress.
3. Conflict Resolution
Disagreements often happen in software teams.
A good manager must solve these conflicts fairly and early so work doesn’t stop.
They act as a mediator to keep the team working together.
4. Tech Literacy (for non-tech managers)
Even if the manager is not a programmer, they should know basic technical concepts.
This helps them make better decisions and talk clearly with developers and engineers.
Example: Understanding what “API” or “database” means even if they don’t code it.
5. Emotional Intelligence (EQ)
EQ means understanding your own and others’ emotions.
A manager with high EQ can build trust, reduce stress, and motivate the team.
This creates a positive and productive work environment.
✅ In short:
A good software manager needs to be a planner, communicator, problem solver, tech-aware,
and emotionally smart.