Veto
Vbe vectoy
and wCV. Then W i, Called
ve cto sp« ove Over oth esp red to the
af o eton
opexations of addition and sealar
muitiplicati on in V.
Remaik - Let v(E)
veF) be any vecton [Link]
V itself and the subset ef V Coaiting
ZeY0 veston ony ane
i-e. (i03,t,;) , (ve),t} both
Kubjpae o VeetoA Spaee VCE). These too
he called împropd pabspae, If V has
ny ubspae nthen it îs Called
ptopey
of
lene
tuo com fotihiohS,
Theotm |he nerrsuy and utfiient
Conditon o q
f space E) to be a subspace
are
fo The Condi tions are necersary If wis
cubspace of V, then an abelias
qtoup oith epet to veton addihon .
Alto mut be osed under scalal maltiplid
thene fore e Condit on î)
The Conditions suiiet : Now
non enpy subset of V stsuing the toe
Coynlins Fo condiion (Y)
3
Thus Ihe o
be
of eah lemeot
Rus wis closcd oit respeat to vecto
addition .
the elements of av also the oleaats
since
vetor addion will be Commtat ve
ot v, thenfoye
as well al associate in w. lence w
abelian under Veo
addiion
wis clotd under Scalav nmulii plichn
will hold Snce haldnV
hich
|3
a subspae at r.
(K
|heoyem 3. The
subicthbf a vecton
non emply
space to be a subsqae
a,bef
The (ouitiou is
-subspare o4 VV, tten mst be
clasel under scalar
stalar mult ipicaio anl
Nectoy addio
acF
Now Qen, bge
Hene the condiion is neceys
The conlition is sufficient Now suppese h0
js on- em pty subst of v sati sfyíng the
iven Conditi on, e. a, bef and a,RcWLAt bft
a= 1
Tikint
L 1o =a in
Tlas Wf's closed under vecto} addithon
See
Noyo takinA a=-4 ,b=O
|he
See
Tikiny )
hen
|Ws he zero to
T will also be the
’ Since 4he eleents o w an ao he
elem exts of y, thefage yeo addiioM
be asoiatie Csmnutatw
W. Thus ahelicn
Aeset to veeto) additj
we See
)
Rs closl under salar mltipicty
o veofo) spaee will held
sìnce hold inV
Hence
Ex
Theu Ihe
of clemcats of ud d
,X t X, t 9 , , O , is
W i's non ince (o, 0 o) ¬ .
and
d= (x1, 5, )
Remett f F and
It ab be to F we have
a( , ,3) t b ( y )
(at, 4x,,9g) +
(a74tby 4%4tby ,43t b)
Now
[Link]-O
Oto
Hene a Mecto Bub pcc V/P).
)
(n)
all Such Ahal a, ar
all 9, t +4, -k (a ven
Constat)
Son. Let and a, <o}
If voe ake then a, <0 and so
Now we ake a-2 ,then
(6, - 24,, , -24n)
Sioce he qa s 6
therefese
So not aubspae of .
Let =£ : d EiR and a, Sc
irtegy
1f tate -S the
and
Novo ne take eLthen
) 2
eince he lind
hind co-ondi mfe
te of ax is lah is
all
Ex tf a vecon space
the
Seal valad Contitu hon
Sef
duffeeati Cquation
a
a aubspa y
d
d?
sa- e have dn
to
as
No
Then
dx
dx
We ghold &ho
hen 2(yt)
dz
dae da
Algeb
Hence
Hence
golwim
eqwtion. Hence
Alaeba o Stbogaies
intestechin of cub-pacet
d
Theonem 1. he
vecto (EI is
spale V(F)
V(e) eetone
o c , and w, both,
'oo8 sine
amd a, beF.
Let a,Bew, Aw.
th
Hence |S
Note i The ion o too Kubspa ce of vE) may
a
Kuhspae of vI.
beqeto pare
bxample
nuubeg
then
ane
We have (o,0,3) e., 9nd (o s,o) ¬h,
(o,0s) +(o,5,0) 0,s, 2) W
and
ad4tu
ths hot clased undor Vetor
Hence a
TheoHen 2 The iff
mËon of tu Aub space if one
Is otained other
Supgoe Wa and w, ore two cubspeces
of a Vetor space V
Let
Then
subspaces qud
teefone
a SubspaQ
aSSume
pussble
2
2 ) We
(2
Since
Cse ) 1f tB C W
thex fore
a
Cantnadctou fotbu
1f dtcw,. since and , is
Subspae thatore (otp)-f
cotadichon foouy a¢W
Hence eithen
Ans
Theorem . Aabitang Intenseaho of
subspees is
Subspace
Let V(E) be a veton Spau aua iw;:ier
be subspus tv).
Here is an {rdex Set
sínce