ANIMAL TISSUE
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
• Always grows on some other types of tissue.
• Cells of epithelium are set very close to each other and the tissue rests on a non-
cellular basement membrane.
• Consists of single layer of cells.
• Blood vessels are absent and non-nervous in nature.
• It covers all the organs and lines the cavities of hollow organs like stomach.
• It is primarily protective in function.
Types of Epithelium
Epithelium tissues are classifled as :
(a) Squamous epithelium : Also called pavement epithelium.
• Cells arranged end to end like tiles on a floor.
• Cells are polygonal in surface view.
• It forms the delicate lining of cavities (mouth, oesophagus, nose, pericardium,
alveoli etc.) blood vessels and covering of the tongue and skin.
• Epithelial cells are arranged in many layers (stratum) to prevent wear and tear in
skin. This pattern is stratified squalors epithelium.
(b) Cubical epithelium :
• They are cube like cells that fit closely, cells look like squares in section, but free
surface appears hexagonal.
• It is found in kidney tubules, thyroid vesicles & in glands (salivary glands, sweat
glands).
• It forms germinal epithelium of gonads (testes & ovaries).
• It involves in absorption, excretion & secretion. It also provides mechanical
support.
(c) Columnar epithelium :
• Columnar means ‘pillar-like’ epithelium. It forms lining of stomach.
• Small intestine & colon, forming mucous membranes.
• Border of micro villi is present at the free surface end of each cell which increases
absorption efficiency in small intestine.
(d) Ciliated epithelium :
• Cells may be cubical or columnar.
• On its free surface are present protoplasmic outgrowths called cilia.
• It helps in the movement of ova in the fallopian tube.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• The cells of the connective tissue are widely spaced and embedded in an
intercellular matrix.
• The mature of matrix decides the function of tissue.
• White and yellow fibres are present in the matrix.
• Their basic function is to provide support to different organs & keeping them in
place.
(a) Fluid or vascular tissue :
Blood and lymph
• Blood is a connective tissue, fluid matrix of blood is plasma having wandering or
floating cells, called corpuscles, blood helps in the transportation of various materials
such as nutritive substances, gases, excretory products, hormones etc.
Plasma
• Form 55% part of blood. Constitution : 90-91% : water, 7% : protein (Albumin,
fibrinogen, globulin), 0.9% : inorganic salt etc.
Corpuscles
• Forms 45% part of blood. RBCs
• They are also called as erthyrocytes, containing red coloured respiratory pigment
called haemoglobin that helps in transportation of oxygen.
WBCs (Leucocytes : They are also called as ‘Soldiers of the body’.)
• They are irregular, amoeboid, phagocyte cells that protect our body by engulfing
bacterial & other foreign particles. They are of five types : Monocytes, Lymphocytes,
Basophiles, Neutrophiles, Eosinophils.
Blood platelets or thrombocytes
• They are spindle shaped cells which are involved in clotting of blood.
(b) Skeletal Tissue
It is hard connective tissue that forms supportive framework of the body. It is of two types :
Bone
• Matrix of bone is very hard because of salts such as calcium phosphate, CaCO3 (60-
70%) etc. and a protein ossein.
• Bone cells (osteoblasts) are embedded in this hard matrix.
• Matrix is deposited in the form of concentric layers of lamellae formed round a central
canal, the done cells occupy small spaces between the concentric layers of matrix.
• The long bones are usually hollow containing cavity called as marrow cavity. It is full
of bone marrow.
Cartilage
• This tissue is elastic, less harder as compared to bones.
• Elasticity is due to presence of chondrin (protein). Cells are called as chondroblast,
which are widely spaced and matrix is reinforced by fibres.
• It occurs at joint of bones, in the nose, ear, trachea & larynx.
• It provides flexibility and great tensile strength.
(c) Connective tissue
It is the most abundant type of connective tissue. It is further divided into following types :
(i) Yellow fibrous connective tissue
• They are very elastic due to the presence of a network of yellow fibres in its
matrix called as ligament which attaches bone to bone.
(ii) White fibrous connective tissue
• They are very little matrix containing abundant white fibres forming layers.
• Bundles of this tissue are called as tendons, which attaches muscles to the bones.
(a) Aerolar tissue :
• It is the most distributed connective tissue in the body.
• This tissue fills spaces inside organs and is found between the skin & muscles, around
blood vessels, nerves and in the bone marrow.
(b) Adipose tissue :
• These are oval and round cells, filled with fat globules.
• The cells are called as adipocytes.
• It is found in subcutaneous layer below the skin, around the heart, brain and below the
eyeballs. It acts as an insulator and prevents loss of heat from the body.
MUSCULAR TISSUE
• Movements are brought about in our body with the help of muscular tissues.
• They are long fibre-like cells called muscle fibres.
• They are capable of contraction or relaxation.
Types of Muscular Tissue
(a) Striated muscles
• They are also called as voluntary muscles because these are under the control of one’s
will.
• Muscle fibres or cells are multinucleated and unbranched.
• Each fibre is enclosed by thin membrane which is called as sarcolemma. Cytoplasm is
called as sarcoplasm.
• These muscles get tired and need rest.
(b) Cardiac muscle fibres
• They are only involuntary muscles.
• Only found in the walls of heart.
• Their structure is in between the striated and non-striated muscles.
• They are uninucleated and branched. Branches are united by intercalated disc.
• In these muscles rhythmic contraction and relaxation occurs throughout the life.
(c) Non-striated muscles
• They are involuntary muscles also called as smooth muscles.
• These muscle fibres are uninucleated and spindle shaped.
• They are not enclosed by membrane but many fibres are joined together in bundles.
• Such muscles are found in the walls of stomach, intestine, urinary bladder, bronchi,
iris of eye etc.
• Peristaltic movements in alimentary canal are brought about by smooth muscles.
NERVOUS TISSUE
• They are highly specialized tissue due to which the animals are able to perceive and
respond to the stimuli.
• Their functional unit is called as nerve cell or neuron.
• Cell body is cyton covered by plasma membrane.
• Short hair like extensions rising from cyton are Dendron which are further subdivided
into dendrites.
• Axon is long, tail like cylindrical process with fine branches at the end. Axon is
covered by a sheath.
• Axon of one neuron is very closely placed to the dendrons of another neuron to carry
impulses from one to another neuron in the form of electrochemical waves. This close
proximity is called as synapse.