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 CLOUD COMPUTING - MODULE 1

# What is the concept of cloud computing?

Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services—including servers, storage, databases, networking,
software, analytics, and intelligence—over the Internet (“the cloud”) to offer faster innovation, flexible resources,
and economies of scale. You typically pay only for cloud services you use, helping lower your operating costs, run
your infrastructure more efficiently and scale as your business needs change.

# Difference between Traditional computing and Cloud Computing?

Traditional Computing Cloud Computing

It refers to delivery of different services on local It refers to delivery of different services such as data and
server. programs through internet on different servers.
It takes place on physical hard drives and website It takes place on third-party servers that is hosted by third-
servers. party hosting companies.
User can access data only on system in which data is It is easy to access data anywhere at any time by user.
stored.
It does not require any internet connection to access It requires fast, reliable and stable internet connection to
data or information. access information anywhere at any time.
Software in purchased individually for every user and Software is offered as an on-demand service (SaaS) that can
requires to be updated periodically. be accessed through subscription service

# What are the limitations of Traditional computing?

- Administrative overhead
- High maintenance cost
- Time and Space restrictions
- Limited Scalability
- Remote access to system is not available

# Cluster Computing
- Computing clusters are made of multiple nodes (computers) connected via network which perform similar
tasks.
- execution of a task can be faster as it can be distributed and executed in parallel across multiple machines
inside a cluster
- All the nodes of a cluster together give impression of a single system.
- Each node in a simple cluster is set to perform same task or same set of tasks
- In each cluster, one computer is assigned the job of controlling the cluster. That particular computer (or
node) is known as cluster head.
- The head’s responsibility in such a simple cluster is to divide and distribute jobs among different nodes in
that cluster when matching computing tasks appear.
- In an actual cluster computing system, multiple clusters (built to perform different type of functionalities)
are linked together through a LAN
- when a particular job appears, the cluster head divides and distributes it among matching clusters
(designated for those jobs) for faster execution
- Computers are clustered together to achieve reliability, greater processing power and produce
supercomputer like performance

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 - In this computing model, a set of computers were reserved to handle specific type of task to make the
system more reliable. If any node fails, other nodes in the cluster can handle the load
- Cluster computing introduced the concept of resource pooling. The pools were made of homogeneous
computing systems.

Question: How will we eliminate cluster head problem in cluster computing?

Cluster architecture lead to more powerful and reliable computing systems by creating resource pools,
but it raised concerns regarding its dependency on the cluster head. Performance of such system was largely
dependent on the efficiency and accessibility of cluster head. Existence of cluster head raises possibility for single
point of failure too. An advanced computing model called grid computing model was required to eliminate the
cluster head problem of cluster computing model.

# Grid Computing
- In the process of finding a solution to this problem, technologists came up with an idea where each node
belonging to a cluster would have same priority. It was required that all of them could perform similar
functions and no particular node had to be assigned the role of ‘head’ among them. This new architecture is
called a Grid.
- Grid computing concept introduced the idea of decentralization of control in distributed computing
environment.
- Another important feature introduced by grid computing is that the computing environment could now be
built with heterogeneous computing systems, that is, systems with diverse hardware configurations.
- The other major challenge before setting up a large distributed computing environment is stablishing co-
operation among systems of different administrative domains.
- Computing grid introduced distributed computing environment, made up of heterogeneous systems which
could be located at separate administrative domains.
- With grid computing era, computing systems reached a stage where they had acquired the following
important characteristics
Large scale: Grid concept promises to deal with computing resources going up to millions.
Geographical distribution: Computing resources could be located at distant places.
Heterogeneity: Computing grid could accommodate resources having different hardware
characteristics and using various types of software.
Resource co-ordination: Resources in a grid could coordinate among themselves to generate
aggregated computing capabilities.
Pervasive access: Resource failure could be handled by granting access to other available resources.
Unlimited resource addition (scaling): Being a distributed computing model, it allows easy growth
of system capacity by adding more resources into an existing system.

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# Difference between Cluster Computing and Grid Computing?

Characteristics Cluster Computing Grid Computing

Ownership Single Multiple
System Management Centralized Decentralized
User Management Centralized Decentralized
Resource Pool Creation Yes Yes
Resource Node Type Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Resource Scheduling Centralized Decentralized
Network Connection Type LAN LAN/WAN/MAN
System Architecture Single System Image Autonomous, independent nodes
Coupling Tight Loose

# Utility Computing

- In utility computing a service provider makes computing resources and infrastructure management available
to the customer as needed & charges them for specific wage rather than flat rate.
- Utility is the packaging of system resources such as computations, storage as a metered service.
- Focused on on-demand computing like computing can be delivered as a utility service much like electricity.
- Utility Computing is the packaging and delivery of computing resources, similar to traditional public utilities
like electricity, water, or telephone. The model follows pay-per-use mode of payment and on-demand
service facility.
- This sort of computing enabled small business owners to afford high-performance computing facilities,
which with their limited budget they could have never dreamed of using.
- One important facilitator behind utility computing idea implementation was the virtualization concept of
hardware resources like processor, memory, storage, and network.

# Distributed Computing

- Distributed computing is a model in which components of a software system are shared among multiple
computers or nodes. Even though the software components may be spread out across multiple computers
in multiple locations, they're run as one system. This is done to improve efficiency and performance.
- Distributed computing can increase performance, resilience and scalability, making it a common
computing model in database and application design.

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- Distributed computing networks can be connected as local networks or through WAN if the machines are
in a different geographic location.
- Processors in distributed computing systems typically run in parallel.
- Cloud computing is also a specialized form of distributed computing.

# Difference between Cluster, Grid and Cloud Computing

Cluster Computing Grid Computing Cloud Computing
A cluster is normally formed with Grid is inherently more It allows total distribution of
computers of a single location, distributed by its nature. The resources like the grids. Hardware
otherwise the system becomes computers need not to be in the resources are maintained in
complex. same geographical location. multiple data centers spread
across the globe.
Resources are generally Resources are generally Resources are not pre-reserved
prereserved for specific type of prereserved for specific type of for specific task. Resource
task. task. utilization is mainly demand-
driven.
Computation job takes place in Computation could occur over Computing resources of a cloud
one administrative domain owned many administrative domains is usually owned by a single
by a single party. owned by multiple parties as party. But multiple administrative
connected together. domains can be combined
together to perform the job.
It features the centralized task It features the distributed task It features the decentralized task
management and scheduling management and decentralized management with more dynamic
system. scheduling computing infrastructure.
System is not dynamic in nature. System is not dynamic in nature. It is a dynamic system. Mobility
Application mobility is not Application mobility is not of application is an inherent
possible. possible. feature in this system.

# NIST Reference Model – Basic Terminologies and Concepts

- The NIST model of cloud computing separates cloud computing in two categories. One category is based
on the operational or deployment pattern of the cloud and the other one is based on the nature of service
that the cloud provides.
- Cloud modeling based on deployment: It focusses on the access boundary and location of the cloud
establishment. The access boundary defines the purpose of using the cloud to some extent. There are
four categories of cloud deployment: public cloud, private cloud, community cloud and hybrid cloud.
- Cloud modeling based on service delivery: This model describes the type of computing service that is
offered to users by the service provider. There are three prime categories of service delivery models,
namely Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Software as a Service (SaaS)

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- Cloud Consumer: The cloud consumer is the principal stakeholder for the cloud computing service. A cloud
consumer represents a person or an organization that maintains a business relationship with, and uses the
service from a cloud provider. The cloud consumer uses cloud service and may be billed for the service by
the provider.
- Cloud Provider: A cloud provider is a person or an organization; it is the entity being responsible for making a
service available to interested parties. A Cloud Provider acquires and manages the computing infrastructure
required for providing the services.
- Cloud Auditor: The cloud services provided by cloud provider to the cloud consumer must comply to some
pre-agreed policies and regulations in terms of performance, security etc. The verification of these agreed
conditions can be performed by employing a third-party auditor. The cloud auditor is a party who can
conduct independent assessment of cloud services and report it accordingly.
- Cloud Broker: A cloud broker is an entity that manages the use, performance, and delivery of cloud services
and negotiates the relationships between cloud providers and cloud consumers. Consumers can avoid the
responsibilities of complex tasks by requesting services from brokers instead of consuming services from
providers directly.
- Cloud Carrier: Cloud computing services are delivered from cloud provider to cloud consumer either directly
or via some cloud broker. Cloud carrier acts as an agent in this delivery process. They are the organizations
who provide the connectivity and transport facility of services through their network.

- Service Management: The Service Management component of cloud provider takes care of the functions
needed for the management and operation of cloud services. There are three modules of cloud service
management as business support, provisioning/configuration and portability/interoperability.
- Security & Privacy: Security management in the NIST reference architecture refers towards developing a
secure and reliable system. It means protecting the system and its information from unauthorized access.
Privacy management aims to keep personal or sensitive information secret and saves them from revealing
out.

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 - Service Orchestration: Service orchestration refers to the ‘composition of system components to support the
cloud providers’ activities in arrangement, coordination and management of computing resources in order
to provide cloud services to cloud consumers. It has 3 layers.
- Service layer: Cloud provider puts interfaces that enables the service consumers to access various computing
services. Thus the access interfaces for different types of cloud services (SaaS, PaaS and IaaS) are
represented in this layer.
- Resource Abstraction & Control layer: At this layer, the abstraction of physical resources are implemented
(through the software). Access to any hardware resources goes through this layer and the layer secures the
system by controlling resource allocation and access.
- Physical Resource layer: The physical resource layer is the lowest layer in the stack that houses all of the
physical computing resources. Hardware resources include computers (with processor and memory
components), storage components (hard disks), network entities (routers, firewalls, switches, network links
and interfaces) and other physical computing devices. Facilities include includes power supply, ventilation,
cooling, communications and other aspects of a physical plant.

# Cloud Deployment Models or Types of cloud

1) Public Cloud
- the infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an
organization selling cloud services.
- The public cloud deployment model provides the widest range of access to consumers among all cloud
deployments.
- Anyone who subscribes it gets open access to this cloud facility. The consumer can either be an individual
user or a group of people representing some organization or an enterprise.
- Public cloud is also referred as external cloud as physical location-wise it remains external or off-premises
and the consumers can then remotely access the service.
- A public cloud is hosted and managed by some computing vendors who establishes data centers to provide
the service to consumers.
- Amazon Web Services, Google Cloud, Microsoft Azure and [Link] are some of the popular public
clouds.
- Public cloud deployment promotes multi-tenancy at its highest degree. Same physical computing resource
can be shared among multiple unrelated consumers. This provides major advantages as it becomes possible
for a single cloud vendor to serve a large number of consumers.

2) Private Cloud
- The private cloud deployment does not provide open access to all. It is mainly for organizational use and
access to a private cloud deployment is restricted for general public.
- Private cloud is also referred as internal cloud since it is built to serve internal purpose of the organizations.
- the infrastructure is operated solely for an organization, It may be managed by the organization or a third
party and may exist on or off the premises of the organization.
- For high-security and critical systems, like systems of defense organizations, private cloud is the suggested
approach.
- While a public cloud cannot physically reside at any consumer’s location (physical boundary), private clouds
may reside either inside consumer organization’s premises (on-premises) or outside (off-premises) at any
neutral location.
- A private cloud may be established and managed by the consumer organization itself or they (the consumer)
may outsource the responsibility to some other computing vendor .

3) Community Cloud
- The community cloud deployment model allows access to a number of organizations or consumers belonging
to a community and the model is built to serve some common and specific purpose.
- It is for the use of some community of people or organizations who share common concerns in business
functionalities, security requirements etc.

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 - Community cloud deployment can be on-premises or off-premises.
- Physically it may reside on any community member’s premises or it may be located in some external
location. Like private cloud, this cloud can also be governed by some participating organization(s) (of the
community) or can be outsourced to some external computing vendor.
- The goal of community cloud deployment is to provide the benefits of public cloud, like multi-tenancy, pay-
per-use billing etc. to its consumers along with added level of privacy and security like the private cloud.
- One familiar example of community cloud is some services launched by government of a country with the
purpose of providing cloud services to national agencies. The agencies are consumers in this case belonging
to a single community (the government).

4) Hybrid Cloud
- A hybrid cloud is generally created by combining private or community deployment with public cloud
deployment together.
- This deployment model helps businesses to take advantage of private or community cloud by storing critical
applications and data.
- There at the same time, it provides the cost benefit by keeping shared data and applications on the public
cloud.
- the hybrid cloud can be formed by combining two elements from a set of five different cloud deployments as
on-premises private cloud, off-premises private cloud, on-premises community cloud, off-premises
community cloud and public cloud, where one among the first four deployments is combined with the last
one (public cloud)

# Difference between public cloud and private cloud

Public Cloud Private Cloud
The management is entirely provider’s The consumers have important roles to play in
responsibility. management of the cloud.
The consumers have very less control or no The consumers have more control over the
control. environment.
The public cloud deployment often creates It provides more confidence regarding security of
concerns regarding security and privacy of data. data as remains under the control of consumer
organization’s security boundary.
It is an ideal model for practicing pay-as-you-use It is not an ideal scenario for promoting pay-asyou-
philosophy. use philosophy.
This is more economical as multiple unrelated The cost of computing is more in comparison to
consumers (tenants) share same infrastructure. public cloud.

# Cloud Characteristics
Cloud computing has some interesting characteristics that bring benefits to both cloud service con- sumers
(CSCs) and cloud service providers (CSPs). These characteristics are:
o No up-front commitments
o On-demand access
o Nice pricing
o Simplified application acceleration and scalability
o Efficient resource allocation
o Energy efficiency
o Seamless creation and use of third-party services

# Benefits of Cloud
1. High Speed – Quick Deployment: The ability to spin up new cloud computing instances in a matter of
seconds reshaped the agility and speed of software development. Developers can easily test new ideas

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 and design application architecture without the dependency on on-site hardware limitations or slow
procurement processes.
2. Efficiency and Cost Reduction: By using cloud infrastructure, you don’t have to spend huge amounts of
money on purchasing and maintaining equipment. This drastically reduces CAPEX costs and Total Cost of
Ownership (TCO). You don’t have to invest in hardware, facilities, utilities, or building out a large data
center to grow your business. You do not even need large IT teams to handle your cloud data center
operations, as you can enjoy the expertise of your cloud provider’s staff.
3. Data Security: Cloud offers many advanced security features that guarantee that data is
securely stored and handled. Features like granular permissions and access management via
federated roles can restrict access to sensitive data only to the employees that need access to it,
and by that reducing the attack surface for malicious actors.
4. Scalability: Cloud-based solutions are ideal for businesses with growing or fluctuating bandwidth
demands. If your business demands increase, you can easily increase your cloud capacity without having
to invest in physical infrastructure. This level of agility can give businesses using cloud computing a real
advantage over competitors. This scalability minimizes the risks associated with in-house operational
issues and maintenance. Scalability is probably the greatest advantage of the cloud.
5. Unlimited Storage Capacity: Related to the scalability benefit above, the cloud has essencially
unlimited capacity to store any type of data in various cloud data storage types, depending on
the availability, performance and frequency the data has to be accessed. The rule of thumb is
that the cost of storage goes up according to the levels of availability of the data, performance
and access frequency. Creating and optimizing the cloud cost stucture policy can reduce the cost
of cloud storage
6. Back-up and Restore Data: The fact that data can be stored in the cloud without capacity
constrains also helps with backup and restore purposes. As end-users data changes over time
and needs to be tracked for regulations or compliance reasons, older software versions can be
stored for later stages, in cases they would be needed for recovery or rollback.
7. Data Loss Prevention: Cloud infrastructure can also help you with loss prevention. If you rely on a
traditional on-premises approach, all your data will be stored locally, on office computers. Despite your
best efforts, computers can malfunction for various reasons — from malware and viruses to age-related
hardware deterioration, to simple user error. But, if you upload your data to the cloud, it remains
accessible for any computer with an internet connection, even if something happens to your work
computer.

# Challenges of cloud computing

1. Security, Privacy, and Trust: Security and privacy affect the entire cloud computing stack, since there is a
massive use of third-party services and infrastructures that are used to host important data or to perform
critical operations. In this scenario, the trust toward providers is fundamental to ensure the desired level
of privacy for applications hosted in the cloud. Legal and regulatory issues also need attention.
2. Data Lock-In and Standardization: A major concern of cloud computing users is about having their data
locked-in by a certain provider. Users may want to move data and applications out from a provider that
does not meet their requirements. However, in their current form, cloud computing infrastructures and
platforms do not employ standard methods of storing user data and applications. Consequently, they do
not interoperate and user data are not portable. The answer to this concern is standardization.
3. Availability, Fault-Tolerance, and Disaster Recovery: It is expected that users will have certain
expectations about the service level to be provided once their applications are moved to the cloud. These
expectations include availability of the service, its overall performance, and what measures are to be
taken when something goes wrong in the system or its components. In summary, users seek for a
warranty before they can comfortably move their business to the cloud.
4. Resource Management and Energy-Efficiency: One important challenge faced by providers of cloud
computing services is the efficient management of virtualized resource pools. Physical resources such as

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 CPU cores, disk space, and network bandwidth must be sliced and shared among virtual machines running
potentially heterogeneous workloads.

# Roles and Boundaries

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# Cloud Delivery Models

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