Group 4 members:

1. Bun Sivhorng
2. Put Poeng
3. Yot Yary
Class: M3

Heat Transfer in Food Processing

Problems-Answer
4.1 Calculate the rate of heat transfer per unit area through a 200-mm-thick concrete wall when the
temperatures are 208C and 58C on the two surfaces, respectively. The thermal conductivity of concrete is
0.935 W/(m∘C).

Find q ' '

Answer:
Given: L = 200mm = 0.200m

T 1 = 20∘C , T 2 = 5∘C

k = 0.935 W/(m⋅∘C)

 ΔT=20−5=15∘C

One-dimensional steady conduction heat flux:

∆T 15
q′′= k = 0.935
L 0.200
15
Compute = 75
0.200
=0.935×75=70.125

So, q′′ = 70.13 W/m 2 (rounded)

4.2 A side wall of a storage room is 3 m high, 10 m wide, and 25 cm thick. The thermal conductivity is k
5 0.85 W/(m∘C). If, during the day, the inner surface temperature of the wall is 22∘C and the outside
surface temperature is 4∘C:
a. Using the Thermal Resistance Concept, calculate the resistance to heat transfer for the wall.
b. Calculate the rate of heat transfer through the wall, assuming steady-state conditions.
Answer:
Find R

Given: wall 3m×10 m ⇒ A=30 m 2

L = 25cm = 0.25m

k = 0.85 W/(m⋅∘C)
T m = 22∘C

T out = 4∘C

 ΔT=22−4=18∘C
(a) Terminal resistance of the wall

L 0.25
R= = =0.00980
kA 0.85 x 30

So, R = 9.804 x 10−3 K/W

4.3 An experiment was conducted to measure thermal conductivity of a formulated food. The
measurement was made by using a large plane plate of the food material, which was 5 mm thick. It was
found, under steady-state conditions, that when a temperature difference of 358C was maintained between
the two surfaces of the plate, a heat-transfer rate per unit area of 4700 W/m2 was measured near the
center of either surface. Calculate the thermal conductivity of the product, and list two assumptions used
in obtaining the result.
Answer:

Given: plate L=5 mm = 0.005 m, q′′=4700 W/m 2

ΔT= 35∘C
∆T
From q′′= k
L
L 0.005 23.5
→ k= q′′ = 4700 = = 0.67142857…
∆T 35 35

So, k ≈ 0.671 W/(m⋅∘C)

4.4 Estimate the thermal conductivity of applesauce at 35 °C. (Water content578.8% wet basis).
Answer:
Estimate the thermal conductivity of applesauce at 35 °C
mass-fraction weighted average
 k mix=wwater k water + ( 1−w water ) k solids

We have:
Water content = 78.8% (wet basis). Temperature = 35°C.

Temperature(°C) Thermal Conductivity K (W/m·°C)

20 0.598

25 0.606

30 0.615

35 0.633

40 0.648

 Assumed values:
• w water (35°C) = 0.633 W/m·°C
• k solids = 0.25 W/m·°C

Calculation:
k applesauce = 0.788(0.633) + 0.212(0.25) = 0.552 W/m·°C

So: k applesauce=¿ 0.55 W/m·°C

4.5 A 20-cm-diameter cooking pan is placed on a stove. The pan is made of steel (k515 W/[m C]), and it
contains water boiling at 98 °C. The bottom plate of the pan is 0.4 cm thick. The inside surface
temperature of the bottom plate, in contact with water, is 105C.
a) If the rate of heat transfer through the bottom plate is 450 W, determine the outside surface
temperature of the bottom plate exposed to the heating stove.
b) Determine the convective heat-transfer coefficient for boiling water.

Answer:

a. To find the outside surface temperature (T out ):

κA ( T ¿−T out ) qL
q= ⟹ T out =T ¿ −
L κA
They have:

- Area: Diameter = 20m ⟹A = π(0.10)² = 0.0314 m²

- Plate thickness L = 0.4cm = 0.004m
- Steel conductivity κ=15 W /m·°C
- Heat transfer rate q = 450 W, T ¿=105 ° C
 450× 0.004
⟹ T out =105− =105−3.8197=101.18 ° C
15 × 0.0314

The outside surface temperature T out ≈ 101.2°C

b. Determine convective heat-transfer coefficient (h) for boiling water

Use Newton’s law on the inside surface:

q
q=hA ( T ¿ −T bulk ) ⟹ h=
A ( T ¿−T bulk )

- T bulk =98 ° C

450 450 3 2
⟹ h= = ≈ 2.05 × 10 W /m ∙℃
0.0314 (105−98 ) 7 × 0.0314

Convective heat-transfer coefficient (h) ≈ 2.05 × 10³ W/m²·°C

4.6 A 10-m-long pipe has an inside radius of 70 mm, an outside radius of 80 mm, and is made of stainless
steel (k515 W/ [m C]). Its inside surface is held at 150 °C, and its outside surface is at 30 °C. There is no
heat generation, and steady-state conditions hold. Compute the rate at which heat is being transferred
across the pipe wall.
Answer: Heat conduction through a hollow cylindrical pipe
They have:

- Length L = 10 m
- Inside radius r₁ = 0.07 m
- Outside radius r₂ = 0.08 m
- Thermal conductivity k = 15 W/m·°C
- Inside surface temperature T₁ = 150°C
- Outside surface temperature T₂ = 30°C

For steady-state radial conduction in a hollow cylinder:

2 πκL ( T 1−T 2 )
q=
ln ( r 2 /r 1)

Calculation:
 - ln = ( 0.08
0.07 )
≈ 0.133531

2 π ×15 ×10 ×(150 – 30)

⟹ q= =8.47 ×10⁵ W
0.133531

Heat conduction through a hollow cylindrical pipe (q) ¿ 847 kW

4.7 In a multilayered rectangular wall, the thermal resistance of the first layer is 0.005˚C/W, the
resistance of the second layer is 0.2˚C/W, and for the third layer it is 0.1˚C/W. The overall
temperature gradient in the multilayered wall from one side to another is 70˚C.
a. Determine the heat flux through the wall.
b. If the thermal resistance of the second layer is doubled to 0.4˚C/W, what will be its
influence in % on the heat flux, assuming the temperature gradient remains the same?
Answer:
A. Determine the heat flux through the wall
Total thermal resistance: Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3
Which R1 = 0.005˚C/W, R2 = is 0.2˚C/W, R3 = 0.1˚C/W
 Rtotal = 0.005 + 0.2 + 0.1 = 0.305˚C/W
∆T 70
We can use formula: Q= = =229.50 W
Rtotal 0.305
So: Q = 229.5W
B. If the thermal resistance of the second layer is doubled to 0.4˚C/W, Effect of doubling R 2
New R’2 = 0.4˚C/W
Total thermal resistance: Rtotal = R1 + R’2 + R3
 Rtotal = 0.005 + 0.4 + 0.1 = 0.505˚C/W
∆T 70
 Q new = = =138.61W
Rtotal 0.505
Qnew −Q
Precentage Q change we follow this formula: %= × 100
Q
138.61−229.50
→ %= × 100=−39.60 %
229.50
So: doubling R2 increases heat flux -39.60%
4.8 A plain piece of insulation board is used to reduce the heat loss from a hot furnace wall into the
room. One surface of the board is at 100˚C and the other surface is at 20˚C. It is desired to keep
the heat loss down to 120 W /m2 of the insulation board. If the thermal conductivity of the board
is 0.05 W/(m ˚C), calculate the required thickness of the board.
Answer:
To calculate the required thickness of the broad:

k × A ×(T 1−T 2 )
We use formula heat transfer through a plane wall: q=
d
Which q is the heat loss 120 W /m2

k = 0.05 W/(m ˚C)

A = 1 m2
T1 = 100˚C
T2 = 20˚C

k × A × ( T 1−T 2 ) 0.05 ×1 ×(100−20)

→ d= = =0.033 m
q 120
So: d = 0.033m
4.9 Consider an ice chest with the following dimensions: length = 50 cm, width = 40 cm, and height
= 30 cm, made of a 3-cm-thick insulating material (k = 0.033 W/[m ˚C]). The chest is filled with
30 kg of ice at 0˚C. The inner wall surface temperature of the ice chest is assumed to be constant
at 0˚C. The latent heat of fusion of ice is 333.2 kJ/kg. The outside wall surface temperature of the
chest is assumed to remain constant at 25˚C. How long would it take to completely melt the ice?
Assume negligible heat transfer through the bottom surface.
Answer:
Calculate the time it takes to completely melt the ice:

k × A ×(T 1−T 2 )
We can use formula: q=
d
Which k = 0.033 W/[m ˚C]
d = 3 cm
∆T = 25˚C
A=2× length× height +2 × width×length
2
¿ 2 ×0.5 × 0.3+2× 0.4 × 0.5=0.7 m
0.033 × 0.7 ×25 2
→ q= =1.925 W /m
0.3
Next we use formula: Q=m× L

Which m = 30 kg
L = 333.2 kJ/kg
3
→ Q=30 ×333.2 ×10 =9996000 J
 Now we can equate the two heat values and solve for time:
Q 9996000
∆ t= = =5192727.22 s ≈ 60 days
q 1.925
So: it would take about 60 days to completely melt the 30 kg of ice under the assumptions used.
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.16 Estimate the convective heat-transfer coefficient for natural convection from horizontal steam
pipe. The outside surface temperature of the insulated pipe is 80˚C. The surrounding air
temperature is 25˚C. The outside diameter of the insulated pipe is 10 cm.
Answer:
Estimate the convective heat-transfer coefficient:
Known: outside surface temperature of the insulated Ts = 80˚C
Surrounding air temperature T͚ = 25˚C
Outside diameter of the insulated D = 10 cm
T ∞ +T s 25+80
- First find film temperature: T f = = =52.5 ℃
2 2
Properties of air at 52.5˚C

- k =0.0275 W /mK
−5 2
- v=1.798 ×10 m /s
- N Pr=0.723
−5 2
- α =2.5 ×10 m / s
1 1 −1
- β= = =0.00307 K
T f +273 52.5+273
Compute the Raleigh number:
N Ra=N Gr × N Pr

gβ ( T s−T ∞ ) D3
N Ra= × N Pr
vα
3
9.81× 0.00307 ×(80−25)×(0.1)
N Ra= ×0.723
1.798 ×10−5 ×2.5 × 10−5
6
N Ra=2.6642× 10
Determine the Nusselt number: from horizontal cylinder
 { }
2
0.387 N 1/Ra6
N Nu= 0.6+

[ ( ) ]
9 /16 8 / 27
0.559
1+
N Pr

{ }
2
0.387 ×(2.6642 ×106 )1/ 6
N Nu= 0.6+

[ ( ) ]
9/ 16 8/ 27
0.559
1+
0.723

N Nu=19.2553
The convective heat-transfer coefficient can be obtained from the Nusselt number:
N Nu k 19.2553 ×0.0275 2
h= = =5.2952 W /m K
D 0.1
The convective heat-transfer coefficient is estimated to be 5.2952 W /m 2 K

4.17 A vertical cylindrical container is being cooled in ambient air at 25˚C with no air circulation. If
the initial temperature of the container surface is 100˚C, compute the surface heat transfer
coefficient due to natural convection during the initial cooling period. The diameter of the
container is 1 m, and it is 2 m high.
Answer:
The vertical cylindrical contain is being cooled in ambient air at T ͚ = 25˚C
Container surface is Tw = 100˚C
Diameter of the container is 1 m and 2 m high
T w +T ∞ 100+ 25
- Film mean temperature T f = = =62.5 ˚ C
2 2
Where as that
1 1
β= = =0.003
T f +273 62.5+273
Flim mean temperature T f =62.5 ˚ C

β=0.003
Kinematic viscosity v=19.2325 ×10−6 m 2 /s

Thermal Diffusivity α =27.534 × 10−6 m 2 /s

Prandtl number N Pr=0.6955

Thermal conductivity k =0.029135 W /mK

- Natural convection is given as, find the Grashof number:

 3
gβ L3 ∆ T 9.81× 0.003 ×2 × ( 100−25 )
N Gr = 2
= =4.77 ×10 10
−6 2
v ( 19.2325 ×10 )
10 10
N Gr × N Pr=4.77 ×10 ×0.6955=3.3175 ×10
10 9
N Gr × N Pr=3.3175 × 10 >10
The flow is turbulent

- Obtain the equation for Nusselt number

0.4
N Nu=0.021(N Gr × N Pr)
hL 10 0.4
=0.021 ( 3.3175 ×10 )
K
2h 10 0.4
=0.021 ( 3.3175 ×10 )
0.029135
2
h=4.942 W /m K

So: the surface of heat transfer coefficient is h=4.942 W /m2 K

4.18 Water at a flow rate of 1 kg/s is flowing in a pipe of internal diameter 5 cm. If the inside pipe
surface temperature is 90˚C and mean bulk water temperature is 50˚C, compute the convective
heat-transfer coefficient.
Answer:
The vertical cylindrical contain is being cooled in ambient air at T ͚ = 25˚C
Container surface is Tw = 100˚C
Diameter of the container is 1 m and 2 m high
T w +T ∞ 100+ 25
- Film mean temperature T f = = =62.5 ˚ C
2 2
Where as that
1 1
β= = =0.003
T f +273 62.5+273
Flim mean temperature T f =62.5 ˚ C

β=0.003
Kinematic viscosity v=19.2325 ×10−6 m 2 /s

Thermal Diffusivity α =27.534 × 10−6 m 2 /s

Prandtl number N Pr=0.6955

Thermal conductivity k =0.029135 W /mK

- Natural convection is given as, find the Grashof number:

 3
gβ L3 ∆ T 9.81× 0.003 ×2 × ( 100−25 )
N Gr = 2
= =4.77 ×10 10
−6 2
v ( 19.2325 ×10 )
10 10
N Gr × N Pr=4.77 ×10 ×0.6955=3.3175 ×10
10 9
N Gr × N Pr=3.3175 × 10 >10
The flow is turbulent

- Obtain the equation for Nusselt number

0.4
N Nu=0.021(N Gr × N Pr)
hL 10 0.4
=0.021 ( 3.3175 ×10 )
K
2h 10 0.4
=0.021 ( 3.3175 ×10 )
0.029135
2
h=4.942 W /m K

So: the surface of heat transfer coefficient is h=4.942 W /m2 K

4.19 A blower is used to move air through a pipe at a rate of 0.01 kg/s. The inside pipe surface
temperature is 40˚C. The bulk temperature of the air reduces from 80˚C to 60˚C as it passes
through a 5-m section of the pipe. The inside diameter of the pipe is 2 cm. Estimate the
convective heat transfer coefficient using the appropriate dimensionless correlation.
Answer:
Estimate the convective heat-transfer using dimensionless correlation
Known: m̊=0.01 kg /s

Inside pipe surface temperature Ts = 40˚C

Bulk air inlet temperature Ti = 80˚C
Bulk air outlet temperature To = 60˚C
Pipe length L = 5 m
Diameter D = 2 cm
T i +T o 80+ 60
- Find mean bulk water temperature: T b= = =70 ℃
2 2
- Properties of air at 70˚C
o ρ=1.028 kg/m 3
o N Pr=0.7177
o μ=2.052× 10−5 N . s/m2
o k =0.02881 W /mK
2
π D2 π × ( 0.02 )
A= = =3.1416 ×10−4 m2
4 4
 m̊ 0.01
μ̄= = =30.9597 m/s
ρA 1.028 ×3.1416 × 10−4
Determine Reynolds number:
ρμ̄D 1.028 ×30.9597 ×0.02
N ℜ= = =31020.0502
μ 2.052 ×10
−5

the flow is turbulent flow

So we must find Nusselt number
0.8 0.3
N Nu=0.023 N ℜ N Pr
0.3 is exponent the water is being heated T s <T b
0.8 0.3
N Nu=0.023× ( 31020.0502 ) × ( 0.7177 ) =81.6252
The convective heat-transfer coefficient can be obtained from the Nusselt number:
N Nu k 81.6252 ×0.02881 2
h= = =117.5811 W /m K
D 0.02
The convective heat-transfer coefficient is estimated to be 117.5811W /m 2 K

4.20 Estimate the convective heat-transfer coefficient on the outside of oranges (external diameter = 5
cm) when submerged in a stream of chilled water pumped around the orange. The velocity of
water around an orange is 0.1 m/s. The surface temperature of the orange is 20˚C and the bulk
water temperature is 0˚C.
Answer:
Estimate the convective heat-transfer coefficient:
T s +T ∞ 20+0
- Film mean temperature T f = = =10 ˚ C
2 2
Properties of water at 10˚C

- Density ρ=999.7 kg /m3

- Thermal conductivityk =0.581 W /mK
- Kinematic viscosity v=1.307 ×10−6 m2 / s
- Prandtl number N Pr=9.47

ρvL VD
Calculate the Reynolds number: N ℜ= =
μ v
0.1 × 0.05
N ℜ= −6
=3825.55
1.307 ×10
0.5 1/ 3
Calculate Nusselt number: N Nu=2+ 0.6 N ℜ × N Pr
 N Nu=2+ 0.6 ׿
The convective heat-transfer coefficient can be obtained from the Nusselt number:
N Nu k 80.43 ×0.581 2
h= = =934.596 W /m K
D 0.05
The convective heat-transfer coefficient is estimated to be 934.596 W /m2 K

4.22 Steam at 150˚C flows inside a pipe that has an inside radius of 50 mm and an outside radius of 55
mm. The convective heat-transfer coefficient between the steam and the inside pipe wall is 2500
W/(m2˚C). The outside surface of the pipe is exposed to ambient air at 20˚C with a convective
heat transfer coefficient of 10 W/(m2˚C). Assuming steady state and no heat generation, calculate
the rate of heat transfer per meter from the steam to the air across the pipe. Assume thermal
conductivity of stainless steel is 15 W/(m˚C.)
Answer:
Given:

 r i = 0.050m , r 0 = 0.055m
 hi = 2500 W/¿ ¿⋅∘C) , h 0 = 10 W/(¿ ¿ ⋅∘C)
 k ss = 15 W/(m⋅∘C)
 T steam =¿150∘C , T ∞ = 20∘C → ΔT=130∘C

Total thermal resistance per unit length (series of inner convective, conduction through cylinder, outer
convective):
r
' 1 ln 0 1
R = + ri +
hi 2 π T i
tot
h0 2 π T 0
2 π k ss

r0
1 ln 1
= + ri +
2500 x 2 π x h0 2 π T 0
2 π k ss
 Inner convection resistance
' 1
Ri =
hi 2 π T i
2πr i =2π(0.050)=0.314159
hi (2πr i )=2500×0.314159=785.398
' 1
→ Ri = = 0.001273
785.398
 Conduction through pipe wall
r0
' ln
Rcond = ri
2 π k ss
 0.055
ln ( ) = ln (1.1) = 0.09531
0.050
2 π k ss = 2π(15)=94.2478

' 0.09531
→ R cond = = 0.0010117
94.2478
 Outer convection resistance
' 1
R0 =
h0 2 π r 0
2πr 0 = 2π(0.055) = 0.345575
h 0(2πr 0 )=10×0.345575=3.45575
' 1
→ R0 = = 0.28947
3.45575
 Total resistance
' ' '
Rtot = Ri + Rcond + R0 ′
'
Rtot =0.001273+0.0010117 +0.28947
= 0.29175 K\ cdotpm/W
ΔT ​
→q˙′= '
Rtot
130
=
0.29175

So, q˙′ ≈ 4.46×10 W/m

2

4.23 The outside wall of a refrigerated storage room is 10 m long and 3 m high and is constructed with
100-mm concrete blocks (k 5 0.935 W/[m ˚C]) and 10 cm of fiber insulation board (k = 0.048
W/[m˚C]). The inside of the room is at 210˚C and the convective heat-transfer coefficient is 40
W/(m2 K); the outside temperature is 30˚C with a convective heat-transfer coefficient of 10
W/(m2 K) on the outside wall surface. Calculate the overall heat-transfer coefficient.
Answer:
Given :

- Two layers: concrete L1=0.10 m, k 1=0.935 W/(m⋅K) and insulation L2= 0.10m , k 2 =
0.048 W/(m⋅K)
- Interior convective h¿ = 40 W/m 2 K , exterior convective h out = 10 W/m 2 K
 Resistance per unit area
 1 L1 L2 1
R¿ = , R1 = , R2 = , Rout =
h¿ k1 k2 hout
Total Rtot = R¿ + R1+ R2 + Rout
1
Then U =
R out
The Result: Rout ≈ 2.3153m 2 K / W

So, U ≈ 0.4319 W/m2 K

4.24 In a food processing plant, a steel pipe (thermal conductivity 5 17 W/m˚C, internal diameter 5 =
cm; thickness = 3 mm) is being used to transport a liquid food. The inside surface temperature of
the pipe is at 958C. A 4-cm-thick insulation (thermal conductivity = 0.03 W/m˚C) is wrapped
around the pipe. The outside surface temperature of the insulation is 30˚C. Calculate the rate of
heat transfer per unit length of the pipe.
Answer:
Given :

- Two layers: concrete L1=0.10 m, k 1=0.935 W/(m⋅K) and insulation L2= 0.10m , k 2 =
0.048 W/(m⋅K)
- Interior convective h¿ = 40 W/m 2 K , exterior convective h out = 10 W/m 2 K
 Resistance per unit area
1 L L 1
R¿ = , R1 = 1 , R2 = 2 , Rout =
h¿ k1 k2 h out

Total Rtot = R¿ + R1+ R2 + Rout

1
Then U =
R out
The Result: Rout ≈ 2.3153m2 K / W

So, U ≈ 0.4319 W/m2 K