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Understanding Binary Arithmetic Basics

The document provides an overview of binary arithmetic, including operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It explains binary addition and subtraction rules, complements (1's and 2's), and methods for subtraction using complements. Additionally, it includes examples and sample problems for practice.

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10 views3 pages

Understanding Binary Arithmetic Basics

The document provides an overview of binary arithmetic, including operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It explains binary addition and subtraction rules, complements (1's and 2's), and methods for subtraction using complements. Additionally, it includes examples and sample problems for practice.

Uploaded by

baprileshane
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Binary Arithmetic

1. Binary Operations

 Addition

 Subtraction

 Multiplication

 Division

2. Binary Addition

Rules

 0+0=0

 0+1=1

 1+0=1

 1 + 1 = 10 (write 0, carry 1)

Example

10101

+ 10110

-------

101011

3. Binary Subtraction

Rules

 0–0=0

 1–0=1

 1–1=0

 0 – 1 = 1 (borrow 1 from next higher bit)

Example

11001

- 10111

-------
00010

Decimal Check

11001₂ = 25, 10111₂ = 23 → 25 – 23 = 2 ✔

4. Complements

1’s Complement

 Flip all bits (1 → 0, 0 → 1).

 Example: (10111)₂ → (01000)₂

2’s Complement

 Take 1’s complement then add 1.

 Example: (10110010)₂ → 01001101 + 1 = 01001110

5. Subtraction Using Complements

1’s Complement Method

1. Take 1’s complement of subtrahend (number to subtract).

2. Add it to minuend.

3. If carry = 1 → add carry to result (positive).

4. If carry = 0 → take 1’s complement of result, answer is negative.

2’s Complement Method

1. Take 2’s complement of subtrahend.

2. Add it to minuend.

3. If carry = 1 → discard carry, result is positive.

4. If carry = 0 → result is negative (already in 2’s complement form).

6. Binary Multiplication

Rules

 0×0=0

 0×1=0

 1×0=0
 1×1=1

Example

1001 (9)

× 1000 (8)

-------

0000

0000

0000

1001

-------

1001000 (72)

7. Binary Division

Steps

 Same as decimal division but in binary.

 Subtract divisor repeatedly until remainder < divisor.

Example

110 ÷ 10 = 11

Because 110₂ = 6, 10₂ = 2 → 6 ÷ 2 = 3 (11₂).

8. Sample Problems to Practice

1. (12)₁₀ + (8)₁₀

2. (15)₁₀ + (10)₁₀

3. (10101)₂ + (10110)₂

4. (110101)₂ – (100101)₂ (using 1’s complement)

5. (101011)₂ – (111001)₂ (using 1’s complement)

6. (1110101)₂ × (1001)₂

7. (1111101)₂ ÷ (101)₂

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