ENVIRONMENT EDUCATION

STD. XII

*PROJECT*

‘ROLES OF MOSQUITO POPULATION IN VILLAGES AND

CITIES’

Introduction :

Roles of mosquito population in villages and cities is the main problem.

Mosquito are dangerous to our health and mosquito population increases
when there is no cleanliness & mosquito bites a human then develop a disease
& disease is called as malaria. Malaria is a mosquito borne diseases caused
by protest plasmodium. In the villages where there is no cleanliness, mosquito
rate increases and in cities also. Mosquito rate may be low and they are
dependent on human being. But, malaria is very dangerous to human health
and they are the cause of death sometimes.

In Florida, both mosquito control and the protection of environmentally

sensitive habitats are legislatively mandated clearly. Modern mosquito control
possess some environmental risk. Yet, it just as obviously provides benefits.
Public health protection, improved human comforts from mosquito
annoyance and economic playback are most obviously benefits. Impact on
fish, wildlife and non-targeted or tripods are some of the risks. There is also
growing concern about the risks of human exposure to pesticides in general.

These potential impact to both natural communities and to humans

needs to be sufficiently understood to help risky benefit analyzing that can
result in informed decision making.

• Objective :
1) Optimize effector genes for replacement and reduction of population.
2) Develop safe and efficient drive systems for introgression effector genes
into mosquito population.
3) Establish large outdoor cages for field test trials.
 • Collection of Information / Literature (Related Methodology)

We have presented methods for predicting mosquito abundance by

using a dynamic Hydrology model.

Modeled located surface witness was co-related with the subsequent

abundant of three New Jersey – mosquitoes species; Ae Venom, An walker
and cx pipes. The sign & magnitude of the association of modeled surface
witness and species abundance appears to be a function of mosquito species
biology and overall abundance appears, to be a function of mosquito species.
These co-relation permit probilistic of forecast of mass energies for these
mosquitoes through the physical modeling of land surface hydrology.

Applications of these methods across variable climate, biomass and

species compositions will affect in wide range. Monitoring of mosquito mass
emergence through the modeling of surface witness levels.

• Two types of forecast are preferable :

1) Short term in which treatment hydrology in modeled in real time at a
fine resolution (e.g. 10m to 30m cells) and areas with probable high
concentration of developing larvae are identified and target for cordial.
2) Long term, in which the impact of 6 to 12 month regional climate
forecasts on local mosquito abundance in aspersed by a coupling of
climate forecast on local mosquito and our hydrology method.
Malaria vectors in sub-Saharan African have proven themselves
very difficult adversaries in the global struggle against malaria. Decades
of Anti-vector inter venations have yielded mixed result with successful
reduction in transmission in some areas and limited impact in others.
These varying successes can be ascribed to a lack of universally
effective vector control tools.

Modern mosquito control methodology dedicates the use of an

integrated pest management program, utilizing aduticiding, larviciding and
source reduction as appropriate and incorporating a public education
components.

Mosquitoes control agencies are required to work together to resolve

any controversial issues that arises by carefully weighing the risk and benefit
in each situation. To use of various chemicals to attempt to control pests of
humans, crop and animals has been documented since ancient times.

The synthetic pesticides used for mosquito control over the years have
varied greatly in structure, toxicity, persistence and environmental impact.
These chemicals include the following organ chlorine pesticides are no longer
used for mosquito control in Florida. Although methoxychloro was labelled for
use until its cancellation in 2003. Some organochlorines that were formely
used included DDT, BHC, Chloroclance heptachlor, adrin and diedrine.
Organochlorines are relatively non-soluble in water and very persistant in
soils. Also, they are lipophalic i.e. they are bio-accumulated in fat and other
lipids.

Largely, it was lipophilic properties that resulted in organochlorines. No

longer being labeled for use in the U.S. these bans are still actively criticized
by some e.g. tree and bate 2000, Bailey 2002, Eelward 2004.

In spite of cancellation of all uses of these chemicals in the U.S. by the

EPA between 1973 and 1988. Many soils and rivers are still contaminated
with residues of the most persistent of these compounds and they continued
to be detected in wildlife. The total concentration of DDT residues in the U.S.
appears to be declining.

Benefits of Mosquito Control :

Brodly speaking, the benefits of mosquito control can be divided into

three classes.

1) Nuisance benefits: Benefits of mosquito control that has greatly

contributed to Florida’s growth is the tremendous progress made in
controlling petriferous mosquito species, especially those that are found
in coastal areas.
2) Economic Benefits: Florida economy benefits from tourism which
depends on the beaches, fishing, golfing parks and the outdoor in
general tourism in 65 billion in taxable sales in 2006 and supported
almost 1 million jobs for Floridians. Most of these visitors have little
tolerance for mosquitoes and it seems reasonable that mosquito control
helps many visitor enjoy.
3) Public Health Benefits: Another benefit of mosquito control is the
targeting of mosquitoes that transmit disease. Mosquito control is an
important public health service since 1978. Some public health
department and mosquito control agencies throughout the state have
participated in a surveillance program.
Importance (Relevance):

The most important implication of our study is that IRS as currently

practiced is not meeting its full potential for reducing malaria transmission.
Although, insecticide spray rounds had a dramatic effect on the effective
population of malaria vector. A gambriae is an area highly endemic for
malaria, this effect was considerably shorter than 6 months separating spray
rounds. As soon as the residual efficiency of the insecticide began to decline,
the mosquito population increased by 18%.

Suggestion for Improvement:

Malaria transmission can be reduced by preventing mosquito bites by

mosquito nets and insects repellants (or) by mosquito control measures such
as spraying insecticides and draining standing water, where mosquitoes lay
their eggs. The mosquitoes larvae can be controlled by release of Gambusia
fish.

Mosquito control management, the population of mosquitoes to reduce

their damaged to human health, economics.

Mosquitoes control is a vital public health practice throughout the

world and especially in the tropic. Because, mosquitoes spread many diseases
such as malaria.

Mosquitoes control operation are against three different mosquitoes.

1) Nuisance mosquitoes: People around homes (or) in parks and

recreational areas.
2) Economically important mosquitoes reduce real estate values,
adversely affect tourisms and related business interest or negatively
impact livestock or poultry production.
3) Public health is focus when mosquitoes are vectors or transmitters of
infectious disease.

Conclusion:

ITNS and IRS are the main interventions toward malaria vector. The
current global plan is to achieve universal TIN cover range. There it is along
with appropriate measures effective in reducing malaria burden in many
settlings. However in the face of insect and complementary to existing ones
since 2007.

There have been concentrated effects towards global malaria

eradication. The funnel trap should promising result and could be extremely
useful to malaria control where insecticides resistance in spreading
acquirement supports the proposed to us.
 1) No chemical is used hence the risk of resistance is nil and the method
is environmentally sound.
2) The trap requires a minimum resistance and minor changes. In human
behavior, such as removing dead mosquitoes from the trap and
repairing to us. If any so it is likely to be received by the local
population.
3) The approach will not only decrease the reproductive rate but could
commutatively kill old females that are physiologically ready to transmit
malaria.
4) The method is most likely to stimulate awareness among population.
They will see mosquitoes are caught in the traps every morning.

Reference :

1) [Link]
2) [Link]
3) Textbook 12th help
 PROJECT REPORT:

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Description & Method :

Malaria is a major public health threat throughout large areas of the

world. In 2010, malaria cases numbered approximately 216 million, resulting
in more than 65,000 deaths. Of these 86% occurred in children less than 5
years of age and approximately 90% of all deaths occur in sub-south Africa
(World Malaria report 2011). In Africa, transmission is largely into largely
accomplished by a few highly efficient vectors of which anopheles gombriae is
the most important. The high victorial capacity of this species is due to its
wide distribution. Various regions of submarine of Africa an gambriae S.S. is
further close association with human habitat, high preference for feeding on
human, tendency to radially enter homes at night to feed etc.

The gambriae belongs to a complex of several methodically cryptic

species.

Several various regions of sub-Sahara Africa gambriae S.S. is further

sub-divided into M and S molecular form which are widely recognized.

Introduction:

Land mangers lay people and stewards have been practicing ecological
reforestation or ecological management for many hundred on thousands of
years. Yet, the scientific field of restoration ecology was not formerly identified
until the late 1980’s.

Abram john Aber and William Jorden when they were at the university
of W.B. conc. Modison. They held the first international conference on this
topic in Madison during which attached visited the universally of W.B.
Corsion Arbortun. The adest resteriotration ecology has only because a Robert
& independent scientific disciple over the last two years and the commercial
application of ecological restoration have tremendously increase in the recent
year.
 There is also a very trig trio-diversity in our India. So, life need to have
a need for the restoration of the natural resources and the other
environmental charging things.
 FOR JOURNALS/ SEMINAR

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Name: ……………………………………………………………………………………

Std. ……………….. Div. …………….. Class Roll No. …………………………

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:: JOURNAL – 1 ::
*Explain various factors responsible for migration people.

Migration is the movement of people from one place to another it

leads to increased / decreased in population of the place. Human
migration involves the movement of people from one place to another
with intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new
location (geographic region). The movement often occurs over long
distances and from one country to another, but internal
migration (within a single country) is also possible; indeed, this is the
dominant form of human migration globally.

Recently migration is becoming major issue all over the world.

Migration is often associated with better human capital at both individual
and household level, and with better access to migration networks. Age is
very also important for both work and non-work migration. People may
migrate as individuals, in family units or in large groups. There are four
major forms of migration:

Various factors responsible for migration of people:

1) Place factors
2) Pull factors
 1) Place factors :
→ Unemployment and under employment
→ Economic un-development
→ Low wages and salary
→ Political on instability war etc.
→ Disputes and conflicts
→ Lack of freedom
→ Discrimination based on religion and politics
→ Lack of medical facilities
2) Pull factors :
→ Better economics prospect
→ Higher salary and income
→ Better standard of living
→ Good governors
→ Safety and stability
→ Intellectual freedom.
→ No discrimination
→ Better medical care facilities
migration of the people is an ongoing process where people
moves from place to place basically migration takes place in order to
change the livehood most of the migration seeks opportunities from
rural to urban.

Migration is often associated with better human capital at both

individual and household level, and with better access to migration
networks. Age is very also important for both work and non-work
migration. People may migrate as individuals, in family units or in large
groups. There are four major forms of migration:
Reference :

1) SER – 2004
2) Adarson – 2005
3) Jordan and lubricle – 2012
4) Court – 2012
5) Young coel – 2005
6) Naveek and clelard – 2001
7) Wilson 1998
8) Daily et at 1997
9) Young 2000
10) www. [Link]
11) [Link]
12) Back to natives restoration (Documentary)
13) Restoration ecology journal
14) Hope in charging climate (Documentary)
15) Luken 1990.
16) Std. XII EVS Textbook