Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES

University Town, Northern Samar, Philippines
Web: [Link] Email: uepnsofficial@[Link]

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

NAME OF STUDENT: __________________________________

COURSE & YEAR: ____________________________________
 Overview
Know It!
Welcome to the interesting world of Science, Technology,
and Society. This subject is said to be the study on how social, Did you know Sophia? She’s the
first robot to receive citizenship in
economic, political, and cultural aspects affect scientific
Saudi Arabia.
researches, development of technologies that affect human
society. It was before the Spaniards take over the Philippines,
the Philippines has already the concept of STS. It is enveloped Did you know babies have around
in the people's way of life, and Science has taught them the 100 more bones that adults?
importance of developing technologies and improved
inventions up to the present. Did you know the Eiffel Tower can
be 15cm taller during summer?
The Philippines may belong to the so-called 'third-world
countries', we still have amazing inventions and discoveries that Did you know water can boil and
worth to be told in world history. Filipinos take pride in those freeze at the same time?
achievements, and we are thriving for more as of today.
Did you know there is DNA in your
This module talks about the historical antecedent of STS body to stretch from the sun to
and its effects on the environment. Let us uncover the beauty of Pluto seven times?
this subject.
Did you know your walks in your
entire life is equivalent to touring
around the world five times?

Sources: Macdonald (2018),

Noria (n.d.), & Puiu (2021)
 Discussion

1.1 Defining STS

STS simply stands for science, technology and society. It is an interdisciplinary field of
academic teaching and research, with elements of a social movement, having as its primary focus
the explication and analysis of science and technology as complex social constructs with attendant
societal influences entailing myriad epistemological, political, and ethical question (“Science,
Technology, And Society Studies,” 2021).

Let us imagine we are on top of the most remote mountain in the Philippines; unless
we live in such a place, imagination is not needed. Science would become a big deal for us. Without
it, there could be no cellular phones for communication and entertainment; no broadcasts are
sharing important news nationwide; no electricity to light the night; nothing! Admit it or not, our life
is entirely dependent on technology. Eventually, it will reshape our mode of thinking about what is
happening around us. That is STS. Science is the study of the natural world by systematic methods
of observation and experiment. Technology is the application of science to practical purposes.
Moreover, Society uses those technologies. That is how they are connected

1.2 Historical Antecedents of STS

Table 1.1 History of Science and Technology in the World

CULTURE TECHNOLOGY ASTRONOMY

Mesoamerican Revolution
A. Maya ➢ Religion ➢ Used tool and ➢ Advanced understanding in
structuring. astronomy
Civilizat adapt to
➢ Mayans also ➢ Temples and pyramids at
ion innovation
known for chichen itza which situated at
especially in
measuring time the location of the sun during
field of art such
using two the spring and fall.
as looms for
complicated ➢ Understanding about the
weaving cloth.
calendar system, celestial bodies, such as
it is very useful predicting eclipse and by using
for their life like in astrological cycle in planting
planning their and harvesting.
activities and ➢ Mayan calendar.
observing
religion ritual and
cultural
celebration.
 CULTURE TECHNOLOGY ASTRONOMY
2. Inca ➢ “Navel of the world” ➢ Made advanced scientific ➢ Calendar
Civilizatio ideas with
➢ Inca culture was a
considering limitation and 12 months.
n very advanced
old civilization.
civilization and was
➢ Road paved with stone.
led by 13 Incas, who
➢ Stone buildings that
were in-charge of
surmounted earthquake
governing a people
and other disaster.
divided into social
➢ Irrigation system and
classes.
technique in storing
water.
➢ First suspension bridge.
➢ Quipu system of knotted
ropes to keep records
that only expert can
interpret.
➢ Inca textile.
3. Aztec ➢ Mandatory education. ➢ Chinampa. A form technology ➢ Aztec
Civilizatio ➢ Invention of the canoe. used for calendar.
n agricultural farming where the
land was divided in
rectangular areas surrounded
by canals.
4. Olmec ➢ “The Rubber People” ➢ Make rubber ball for ritualistic ➢ Olmec
➢ Inhabited in a small ballgame.
Civilizatio civilization
area about 125 by 50 ➢ Built cities and acquired great
n did not
kilometers. wealth.
➢ Artifacts such as jade mask pay
➢ They develop the first attention
written language and and giant heads.
in
number system astronomy
.
Asia
1. China ➢ It is one of the ancient ➢ Known for traditional ➢ Chinese made a
civilizations with medicines, significant record
substantial discovered various on supernovas,
contributions in medical properties and lunar and solar
many areas such as uses of different plants eclipses, comets
in medicine, and animals to cure were recorded to
astronomy, science, human illness (practice of understand
mathematics, arts, acupuncture). better the
philosophy and ➢ Known to develop many heavenly bodies
music. tools like compass, and their effect to
➢ Confucianism is an papermaking, the world.
ethical philosophical gunpowder, printing ➢ They also used
tools, iron plough, lunar calendar and
system developed seismology so that
from the teaching of wheelbarrow, propeller,
they can prepare
early Chinese rage etc. in times of natural
➢ Different model of bridges, calamities.
Confucius.
seismological detector
and dry dock facilities.
 CULTURE TECHNOLOGY ASTRONOMY
2. India ➢ Tried to standardize ➢ Manufacturing iron and ➢ India is also
the metallurgical notable in
measurement of works, their iron steel is astronomy,
length to a high considered the best in whole they
degree of accuracy Roman Empire. developed
and designed a ruler ➢ India is also famous in theories on
called mohenjodaro. medicine. (Ex. Ayurveda it configurati
➢ Astronomers and is system of traditional on of
mathematician medicine.) universe,
Aryabhata introduce the
number of spherical
trigonometric supporting
functions, tables, earth, and
techniques as well as the year of
algorithms of 360
algebra. days with
➢ Bragmagupta 12 equal
suggested that parts to 30
gravity was a force of days each.
attraction.
Middle ➢ The common language ➢ Muslim scientists placed ➢ A significant
East is greater value on number of
Arabic and access text science experiments rather
stars in the
from the Byzantine than in plain thought
sky such as
Empire to create experiments.
Aldebaran,
innovations and ➢ Led to the development of
Altair, and
developed new ideas. scientific methods.
Deneb, and
➢ Algebra is derived from ➢ Muslim chemist and alchemist
astronomic
al-jabr the title of one of also played an important role
al term
his publication what is in foundation of chemistry.
such as
known as Arabic
Alidade,
numerical system.
Azimuth
and Nadir,
are still
referred to
by
their
Arabic
names.
Africa ➢ Egyptians are good in ➢ Africa is blessed with natural ➢ The
four fundamental and mineral resources, thus structure of
mathematical caused the emerge of science. Egyptian
operation and other ➢ Early science activities in pyramids,
mathematical skills Egypt were developed to which are
such as basic improve the quality of their life based on
concept of algebra especially in building homes Constellatio
and geometry. and cities. n Orion’s
➢ The lemombo bone ➢ Also known to be the center belt, and
which is a tool for alchemy known as dams to
multiplications, medieval forerunner of divert water
divisions and simple chemistry. in Nile river.
mathematical ➢ Astronomy
calculation or six-month is also
lunar calendar, famous,
considered as oldest they used
known mathematical three types
artifact from 35,000 of calendar
BCE. (lunar,
solar and
stellar)
Table 1.2 History of Science and Technology in the Philippines
CULTURE TECHNOLOGY ASTRONOMY
PHILIPPIN CULTURE TECHNOLOGY ASTRONOMY
ES
Pre- ➢ They have alphabet, a ➢ Already engaging in activities ➢ They had no
Colonial system and calendar
Period of writing, as method of practices related to science but counted
counting and weights forming primitive or first the years by
and measures. wave of technology. the period
➢ They learn to weave ➢ They have curative values of the moon
cotton, make glass on how to extract medicine and from
ornaments, cultivate from the herbs. one harvest
lowland rice and dike ➢ They made simple tools and to another.
fields of terraced. weapons of stone flakes and (baybayin
later developed method of buan)
sawing and polishing stone.
➢ Also built boat for trading
purposes.
(caracoa)
Colonial ➢ Introduced formal ➢ In 1871 the school of ➢ Accounts
Period educations founded medicine and pharmacy by Spanish
by scientific institution were opened to UST. friars in the
school were ➢ Science was inclined in 1580s
established religion, agriculture and food showed that
reading, writing, and processing. astronomy
arithmetic. was already
➢ Spanish established known and
colleges and practiced.
universities. The
➢ Instructions in accounts
English and also give
American history the local
lead to forming of names of
national identity constellatio
and Filipino ns, such as
nationalism. Moroporo
for the
Pleiades
and Balatik
for Ursa
Major
among
others.
Mode ➢ Education become ➢ Throughout our history, social ➢ The
rn stable, new innovations have played a institutions
Perio curriculums were central role in our continued
d established and technological transformation. to be well
used. ➢ By applying technology to known for
➢ Modern Filipino resolve social innovation its accurate
culture developed challenges, the Philippines is typhoon
through influence looking to solve the forecast
from Chinese urbanization challenges. and
traders, Spanish scientific
conquistadors, and works in
American rulers. the field of
➢ Filipino people tend to meteorolog
be very y,
hospitable especially geo-
to western visitors. magnetism
and
astronomy.
 Discussion

1.2 Paradigm Shift

A paradigm shift is a phenomenon conceptualized and explored by Thomas Kuhn and is not
just a small modification to an existing scientific theory. Instead, it wholly changes the scientific
theory itself and radically modified how it seeks to understand reality.
Figure 1.1 Notable Paradigm Shifts in History

Copernican Revolution
For the first time in the 16th century, Copernicus bravely challenged the Ptolemaic model of
heavens – geocentric. It described the cosmos as having the Earth stationary at the center
maker-of-things-in-general/
et-copernicus-builder-tinkerer-
[Link]

of the universe, and everything revolves around it. Copernicus proposed a new model,
heliocentric, showing the sun as the center of the solar system. The Catholic church was
against him, so his ideas did not prosper at once. His books and he, himself, were denied by
society. Few centuries had passed before the world started to acknowledge his greatness
through Galileo Galilei – the man who picked up all Copernicus had left. Until then, the sun
stands out in the center of the solar system.

Darwinian Revolution
According to the bible, God had created the world and everything on it. All the species of
1224479
about-charles-darwin-
om/interesting-facts-
[Link]

animals and plants now in existence were thought to have been created in their final form
at the Creation time. Then one mind questioned it all – Charles Darwin. Interest in fossils
fueled the increase in scientific awareness during his time. He focused on geological change
and presented a classic explanation of development over millions of years. He had persuaded
most people that ‘transmutation’ was an acceptable scientific explanation of the geological
past. However, he had not necessarily persuaded them that natural selection was the cause
of it.

Freudian Revolution
Freud’s revolution may be viewed as discovering a way of locating in the mind objective
[Link]
[Link]/54682-is-

entities that can be studied like material things. When Freud introduced the unconscious
realm concept, the mind’s mode of operation had been a subject of confusion and debate in
the scientific community. According to, Freud was mostly responsible for elevating our
interpretations of human behavior to the rational ideas of reason and science. After years of
analysis and research, Freud reached a simple conclusion that changed the face of
intellectual history and proved to be amongst his most significant gifts to the twentieth
century. Unconsciousness is held responsible if the symptoms were not consciously created
with a physical basis
Name: Date:
Course & Year: Checked:
NOTES SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND NATION-BUILDING
BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
I. Pre-Hispanic Philippines.
Science is already embedded in the way of life of the people. Scientific knowledge is observed in the
way they plant their crops that provide them food, in taking care of animals to help them in their daily
tasks, and for food production. Science is observed in the way they interpret the movements of heavenly
bodies, to predict seasons and climates, and in organizing days into months and years. They use
science in preparing the soil for agricultural purposes and like any other ancient cultures, they
discovered the medicinal uses of plants.
Technology is used by people in building houses, irrigations, and in developing tools that they can use in
everyday life. They developed tools for planting, hunting, cooking, and fishing; for fighting their enemies
during war or tribal conflicts; and for transportation, both on land and on waterways. They also
developed technologies in creating musical instruments.
The different archeological artifacts discovered in different parts of the country also prove that the Metal
Age also had a significant influence on the lives of early Filipinos. The sophisticated designs of gold and
silver jewelry, ceramics, and metal tools proved that their technological ideas helped in the development
of different tools. Also, trading with China, Indonesia, Japan, and other nearby countries have influenced
their lives by providing different opportunities for cultural and technological exchange.
All these ancient practices in science and technology are considered now as indigenous science/folk science.

II. Spanish Period in the Philippines.

The Spaniards established schools for boys and girls and introduced the concept of subjects and
disciplines. It marked the beginning of formal science and technology in the country, known now as
school of science and technology. Learning of science in school focuses on understanding different
concepts related to the human body, plants, animals, and heavenly bodies. Technology focuses on
using and developing house tools used in everyday life.
The Filipinos developed ways to replicate the technology brought by the Spaniards using indigenous
materials. Medicine and advanced science were introduced in formal colleges and universities
established by the Catholic orders. The galleon trade has brought additional technology and
development in the Philippines, in which these trades allowed other ideas, crops, tools, cultural
practices, technology, and Western practices to reach the country. The Philippines, being one of the
centers of global trade in Southeast Asia during that time, was considered to be one of the most
developed places in the region. Although the country is blessed with these
developments, the superstitious beliefs of the people and the Catholic doctrines and practices during the
Spanish era halted the growth of science in the country.
III. American Period in the Philippines.
They established the public education system, improved the engineering works and the health
conditions of the people. They established a modern research university, the University of the
Philippines, and created more public hospitals than the former colonial master. The mineral resources of
the country were also explored and exploited during the American times. Transportation and
communication systems were improved, though not accessible throughout the country.
They reorganized the learning of science and introduced it in public and private schools. In basic
education, science education focuses on nature studies and science and sanitation, until it became a
subject formally known as "Science." The teaching of science in higher education has also greatly
improved and modernized. Researches were done to control malaria, cholera, and tuberculosis and
other tropical diseases. These allowed American scholars to introduce new knowledge and technology
in the country. The Protestant church missions in different places in the country also brought hospitals
and schools to far-flung areas. Little by little, these efforts built a stronger foundation for science and
technology in the country.
IV. Post World War II Period in the Philippines.
World War II has destabilized the development of the country in many ways. Institutions and public
facilities were turned into ashes, houses were burned, and many lives were destroyed. The country had
a difficult time to rebuild itself from the ruins of the war. The human spirit to survive and to rebuild the
country may be strong but the capacity of the country to bring back what was destroyed was limited. The
reparation funds focused on building some institutions and public facilities like schools, hospitals, and
transportation systems. The reparation money from Japan was also concentrated on building highways
and in providing technological training and human resource development in the country. Since the
establishment of the new republic, the whole nation has been focusing on using its limited resources in
improving its science and technological capability. It has explored the use of ODA or Overseas
Development Allocations from different countries to help the country improve its scientific productivity
and technological capability. Human resource development is at the heart of these efforts focusing on
producing more engineers, scientists, technology experts, doctors, and other professionals in the
country.
V. Influences in the Development of Science and Technology in the Philippines.
Internal Influences: Survival, Culture, and Economic Activities
External Influences: Foreign Colonizers, Trades with Foreign Countries, and International Economic
Demands
 SUMMARY

GE 7 – SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 1st Semester, SY 2019 – 2020

Name: Date:
Course & Year: Checked:
NOTES SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND NATION-BUILDING
FAMOUS FILIPINOS IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
1.​ Ramon C. Barba – for his outstanding research on tissue culture in Philippine Mangoes. He is a
Filipino inventor and horticulturist best known for inventing a way to induce more flowers in mango
trees using ethrel and potassium nitrate. Barba was proclaimed a National Scientist of the
Philippines
2.​ Josefino Comiso – for his works on observing the characteristics of Antartica by using satellite
images. Josefino Comiso is a senior research scientist at the Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory of the
Goddard Space Flight Center. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in Physics from the
University of the Philippines, Masters Degree in Physics from Florida State University.
3.​ Jose B. Cruz, Jr. – known internationally in the field of electrical engineering. Jose B. Cruz Jr. is a
noted control theorist and a Distinguished Professor of Engineering in the Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Ohio State University.
4.​ Lourdes J. Cruz – notable for her research on sea snail venom. Lourdes J. Cruz is a Filipino
biochemist whose research has contributed to the understanding of the biochemistry of toxic
peptides from the venom of fish-hunting Conus marine snails. The characterization of over 50
biologically active peptides from the snail's venom had been made possible, in part, by her studies.
5.​ Fabian Millar Dayrit – for his research on herbal medicine.
6.​ Rafael D. Guerrero III – for his research on tilapia culture. For spearheading the commercialization
of the artificial sex reversal technology for tilapia which is considered a “milestone” in world
aquaculture, he was awarded the Presidential Rizal Pro Patria (1976), one of the Ten Outstanding
Young Men of the Philippines (1978), Outstanding Young Scientist (1981), IBM Science and
Technology (1986) and Msgr. Heine Memorial Award of the International Tilapia Foundation (1996).
For exemplary public service, he was conferred the Presidential Lingkod Bayan Award in 1994 by
the Civil Service Commission. In 2008, he was recognized as one of The Outstanding Filipinos
(TOFIL) for his pioneering work on vermiculture in the Philippines and Southeast Asia.
7.​ Enrique M. Ostrea, Jr. – for inventing the meconium drug testing. He is known for his contributions
to the field of Pediatric, Neonatal, Hyperbilirubinemia and Neonatal drug addiction at Philippines
National Academy of Science and Technology and has done Pioneering work on detection of fetal
exposure to drugs, alcohol and environmental toxicants by analysis of Meconium.
8.​ Lilian F. Patena – for doing research on plant biotechnology.
9.​ Mari-Jo P. Ruiz – for being an outstanding educator and graph theorist.
10.​ Gregory L. Tangonan – for his research in the field of communications technology. Greg has been
on the leading edge of technology, conducting pioneering research, providing real-world technology
solutions, and responsible for innovation strategy, conceptualization and execution of HRL’s
Research Programs with collaborators worldwide.
11.​ Ceasar A. Paloma – an internationally renowned physicist.
12.​ Edgardo Gomez – famous scientist in marine science. He is a Filipino biologist who was conferred
the rank of National Scientist of the Philippines in 2014. He is a professor emeritus for marine biology
at the University of the Philippines Marine Science Institute.
13.​ William Padolina – chemistry and president of the National Academy of Science and Technology
(NAST)- Philippines. His professional career is truly a rich convergence of his roles as scientist,
teacher, researcher, administrator, and policy maker.
14.​ Angel Alcala – marine science. A scientist from the Philippines, Angel Alcala found a passion and
love for marine life especially those in the tropical waters of his country. With more than thirty years
of experience as a marine biologist, he contributed to his country’s marine development and ecology
concerns. Angel Alcala is also involved in other biological science fields such as herpetology, marine
biogeography, and marine conservation biology.
15.​ Alfredo M. Anos Sr. is recognized as the godfather of Filipino inventors. He has made greater than
44 inventions and innovations that received multi-level recognition. Sorne inventions of him are Anos
Fire Boal, Anos Fire Rescue, Portable Fire Pump, Boring Device, Life-Saving Blood, Plasma Sheller,
Anti-Storm, Moderator, and the Variable Color Monolight. Anos invented the Anos fire truck called
Pairiot. It is fire truck of three-in-one package that can be simultaneously a fire truck, a rescue
vehicle, and an ambulance. The firefighters and emergency workers are permitted by it to
simultaneously extinguish fire by using compressed air foam system that is five to seven times more
effective than plain water, save people and animals, and give fırst aid treatment to the injured people.
Besides, Anos invented the Wind-Powered Generator that provides emergency and temporary
source of power during brownouts. It is composed of built-in generator-battery and fluorescent lamps
that can be utilized in windy places.
16.​ Gregorio Y. Zara – is a famous inventor of his two-way television telephone. He also made the Zara
Effect or the electrical kinetic resistance.
 17.​ Fe del Mundo – the first female medical student in Harvard, the Filipino pediatrician invented an
incubator made of bamboo in a bid to help families in rural communities without electricity. The
bamboo incubator was composed of two native laundry baskets made of bamboo. She would then
put how water bottles all around and between the baskets to regulate the body.
18.​ Eduardo San Juan – one of the Mechanical Engineers who worked on a team who invented the
Lunar Rover. It was first used during the Apollo 12 landing to explore the moon.

SUMMARY

GE 7 – SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 1st Semester, SY 2019 – 2020

SCIENCE EDUCATION
IN THE PHILIPPINES
GEC 007 SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

DANIEL CARLO T. AMANTE

BPA-EC1A
INTRODUCTION
The Philippines is trying its best to improve
the state of science education in the
country. This lesson will discuss the concept
of science education and will identify some
strategies to promote science education in
the country. One of the strategies is to
establish science schools that will
encourage students to pursue their career
in science and technology and to nurture
their potentials in science.
 SCIENCE EDUCATION
Science education focuses on
teaching, learning and understanding
science. Teaching science involves
developing ways on how to effectively
teach science. This means exploring
pedagogical theories and models in
helping teachers teach scientific
concepts and process effectively.
 SCIENCE EDUCATION
Understanding science implies
developing and applying
science-process skills and
using science literacy in
understanding the natural
world and activities in everyday
life.
JOHN DEWEY (2001)

Stressed the importance of utilizing

the natural environment to teach
students.

Nature must indeed furnish its

physical stimuli to provide wealth of
meaning through social activities
and thinking.
Karl Marx (1994)

Science is going to be one

of the most important
school subjects in the
future.
IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE EDUCATION

Science education is Science education Science education

justified by the vast provides skills and develops a citizenry
amount of scientific knowledge that are that will meet the goals
knowledge developed necessary for a of science in the
in this area that person to live in what society. Therefore,
prepares citizens in a describes as the age developing SCIENCE
scientifically and of science. CULTURE is an
technologically driven immense responsibility
world for schools.
BASIC EDUCATION

Science education helps the

students learn important
concepts and facts that are
related to everyday life including
important skills such as process
skills, critical thinking skills, and
life skills that are needed in
coping up with daily life activities.
BASIC EDUCATION

Science education also develops

positive attitudes;
1. Love for knowledge
2. Passion for innovative things
3. Curiosity to study about nature
4. Creativity
BASIC EDUCATION

Science education will develop a

strong foundation for studying
science and for considering
science-related careers in the
future. This is an investment for
the country to develop a
scientifically cultured and literate
citizenry.
TERTIARY EDUCATION

Science education deals with

developing students’
understanding and appreciation
of science ideas and scientific
works. This is done through
offering basic science courses in
the General Education
curriculum.
TERTIARY EDUCATION

Science education in tertiary level

also focuses on the preparation of
science teachers, scientists,
engineers and other professionals
in various science-related fields
such as engineering, agriculture,
medicine and health sciences. The
state also provides scholarship to
encourage more students to
pursue science courses.
SCIENCE
SCHOOLS IN THE
PHILIPPINES
SCIENCE SCHOOLS
IN THE PHILIPPINES
One outstanding program for
science education supported by the
government is the establishment of
science schools in various parts of
the country. There are also several
government programs implemented
by the Department of Education
and few private schools for science
education.
 SCIENCE SCHOOLS
IN THE PHILIPPINES
NAME OF SCHOOLS

PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL SYSTEM

SPECIAL SCIENCE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS PROJECT

QUEZON CITY REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL

MANILA SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL

CENTRAL VISAYAN INSTITUTE FOUNDATION

PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH
SCHOOL SYSTEM (PSHSS)

RA 3661
established the
Philippine Science
High School on
June 22, 1963
 PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH
SCHOOL SYSTEM (PSHSS)
This is a government program for gifted
students in the Philippines. It is a service
institute of the Department of Science and
Technology (DOST) whose mandate is to
offer free scholarship basis for secondary
course with special emphasis on subjects
pertaining to the sciences, with the end-view
of preparing its students for a science
career.
 PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH
SCHOOL SYSTEM (PSHSS)
PSHSS continuous to pursue its vision to
develop Filipino science scholars with
scientific minds and passion for excellence.
PSHSS students have proven to be beacon
of excellence, courage, and hope for the
country. They have brought honor to the
Philippines through their exemplary
achievements in various international
competitions and research circles.
PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH
SCHOOL SYSTEM (PSHSS)

MAIN CAMPUS – DILIMAN, QUEZON CITY

PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH
SCHOOL SYSTEM (PSHSS)

MAIN CAMPUS – DILIMAN, QUEZON CITY

PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH
SCHOOL SYSTEM (PSHSS)

ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDING
PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH
SCHOOL SYSTEM (PSHSS)

NEW ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDING

PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH
SCHOOL SYSTEM (PSHSS)

THE SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES BUILDING

PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH
SCHOOL SYSTEM (PSHSS)

OLYMPIC SIZE SWIMMING POOL (ATHELETICS)

PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH
SCHOOL SYSTEM (PSHSS)

STUDENTS OF PSHS (PISAY)

 PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH
SCHOOL SYSTEM (PSHSS)

CAMPUSES
ILOCOS REGION CAMPUS

CAGAYAN VALLEY CAMPUS

CORDILLERA ADMINISTRATIVE REGION CAMPUS

CENTRAL LUZON CAMPUS

DILIMAN QUEZON CITY MAIN CAMPUS

CALABARZON REGION CAMPUS

 PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH
SCHOOL SYSTEM (PSHSS)

CAMPUSES
MIMAROPA REGION CAMPUS

BICOL REGION CAMPUS

WESTERN VISAYAS CAMPUS

CENTRAL LUZON CAMPUS

CENTRAL VISAYAS CAMPUS

ESTERN VISAYAS CAMPUS

 PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH
SCHOOL SYSTEM (PSHSS)

CAMPUSES
CENTRAL MINDANAO CAMPUS

SOUTHERN MINDANAO CAMPUS

SOCCSKSARGEN REGION CAMPUS

CARAGA REGION CAMPUS

ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA REGION CAMPUS

PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH
SCHOOL SYSTEM (PSHSS)
PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH
SCHOOL SYSTEM (PSHSS)
NOTABLE ALUMNI

ATOM ARAULLO
Batch 2000

Newscaster, reporter and

television host
PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH
SCHOOL SYSTEM (PSHSS)
NOTABLE ALUMNI

JOSE Y. DALISAY JR.

Batch 1971

Writer, editor, columnist and

Palanca Awardee
PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH
SCHOOL SYSTEM (PSHSS)
NOTABLE ALUMNI

BOBBY L. CASTRO

Co-Founder, President and

CEO of Palawan Pawnshop,
Palawan Express Padala Group
PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH
SCHOOL SYSTEM (PSHSS)
NOTABLE ALUMNI

JILLIAN ROBREDO

Youngest daughter of Former

Vice President Leni Robredo
Thank you
Name: Date:
Course & Year: Checked:
NOTES CHAPTER II. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SCOIETY AND THE HUMAN CONDITION

LESSON 1. HUMAN FLOURISHING

“Eudaimona”
good spirited/human flourishing

Eastern View Western View

Development of Science and Technology
community centric individualistic

SCIENCE AS METHOD AND RESULTS

SCIENTIFIC METHOD
1. Observe and determine if there are unexplained occurrences unfolding.
2. Determine the problem and identify the factors involved.
3. Formulate hypothesis that could explain the said phenomena. The ideal goal is to reject the null
hypothesis and accept alternative hypothesis for the study “to count as significant”.
4. Conduct experiment by setting up dependent and independent variables, and trying to see how
independent ones affect dependent ones.
5. Gather and analyze results throughout and upon culmination of the experiment. Examine if the data
gathered are significant enough to conclude results.
6. Formulate conclusion and provide recommendation in case others would want to broaden the study.

VERIFICATION THEORY
• The idea proposes that a discipline is science if it can be confirmed or interpreted in the event of an alternative
hypothesis being accepted. Espoused by a movement in the early 20th century called the Vienna circle, a
group of scholars who believed that only those which can be observed should be regarded as meaningful
and reject those which cannot be directly accessed as meaningless.
PROS AND CONS OF VERIFICATION THEORY
PROS CONS
initially this proved to be attractive due to general Several budding theories that lack empirical results might be shot
consensus from people, which happened to see for down prematurely, causing slower innovation and punishing ingenuity
themselves how the experiment occurred, solidifying its of newer, novel thoughts.
validity and garnering support from esteemed figures. Fails to weed out bogus arguments that explains things coincidentally.

FALSIFICATION THEORY
• Asserts that as long as an ideology is not proven to be false ad can best explain a phenomenon over
alternative theories, we should accept the said ideology. It does not promote ultimate adoption of one theory
allowed emergence of theory but instead encourages research in order to determine which among the
theories can stand the test of time.

SCIENCE AS A SOCIAL ENDEAVOR

• Several philosophers such as Paul Thagard, Imre Lakatos, Helen Longino, David Bloor, And Richard Rorty,
among others, presented an alternative demarcation that explores the social dimension of science and
effectively, technology. It presents an alternative notion that goes beyond the boundaries of cold, hard facts
of science and instead projects it in a different light, such as manifestation of shared experiences forging
solidarity over communities.

SCIENCE AND RESULTS

• People who do not understand science are won over when the disciple is able to produce results. Science
does not monopolize the claim for definite results.

SCIENCE AS EDUCATION
• There is no such thing as a singular scientific method, offering instead a variety of procedures that scientists
can experiment with to get results and call them science. Distinct portions of entrance exams in the secondary
and tertiary levels that are dedicated to science and mathematics.
SUMMARY
IPDIGfPOUS S IfP f APD
Tf HPOlOGY IP THf

PHIlIPPIPfS

AJF
 t h
● eDaurli tim es
e
Filipinos
yng tried
,
to invent
tools that will
help them in
everyday life.

AJF
They developed
alternative ideas in

explaining various
phenomena and
explaining the
world around
them.

AJF
●This system of
knowledge is called
INDIGENOUS
KNOWLEDGE –
which is the
foundation of
INDIGENOUS

SCIENCE. AJF
 IPDIGfPOUS KPOWlfDGf SYSTfM

●Indigenous Knowledge is the

u dn e rs t a n d i ng s , s ki ll s
philoa n sd o p h i e s d e velope d b y
socie ti e s with long histories of
interaction with
their natural surroundings.
● Their parents and other older folks served as their first teachers
and their methods of teaching are very
emfifnedctsiv. e in transmitting cultural knowledge in thAeJirFA
●Lessons are intimately
wthoevenvwiriothnmthenct ulture and
-Good values
-Life stories of people on their
daily life struggles
-Views about nature
-Reflections on their
experiences in daily life in
stories, poems and
songs

AJF
AJF
 [Link]
g conditions and
seasons using
knowledge in
observing
animals’
-bSloHoIdNyINreGd MsuOnOseNt with a rainbow behaviour and
encircling or a
celestial bodies.
-During new year, when the cow or horse eat grass,
wail, it meant drought.
-When goats repeatedly wail, there will be
landslides. AJF
2. Using herbal medicine AJF
[Link] foods AJF
[Link] asls
ifnytinogfapmlainliet s and
groups based on cultural
properties
AJF
[Link] and
selecting good seeds
for planting.

AJF
[Link] local irrigation systems AJF
[Link]
different types of
soil for planting
based on cultural
properties
[Link]
wines and
juices from
tropical
fruits.
PHIlIPPIPf TRADITIOPAl APD
AlTfRPATIVf
MfDI IPf
H I L O T OR
MA N G H I H
ILOT
- acts as aa
midwife,
chiropractor or
massage
therapist to
promote health
and healing.
TAWAS OR
MANGTATAWAS- This
practitioner uses
alum, candles, smoke,
paper, eggs and other
mediums to
diagnosea the cause of
illness associated
by prayers and
incanteations. AJF
ALBULARYO- a general
practitioner who uses a
combination of healing
modalities that may
include prayers,
incantations, mysticism,
and herbalism.
Albularyos claim to draw
healing powers from
supernatural source.

AJF
FAITH HEALERS-
a practitioner who
claims divine
power bestowed
by the HOLY
SPIRIT or GOD. A
patient is required
t o h a
fb ai
el thie ave d
i n d iv ine
powers to effect
healing.
IPDIGfPOUS S IfP f

● INDIGENOUS
SCIENCE is part of
the indigenous
knowledge system
practiced by
different groups of
people and early
civilizations
(Gribbin, Mkapa and
Sibisi).
IPDIGfPOUS S IfP f

••PAWILEN- explained
tkhnaotwinledi genhoauds
science developed divers
structures through
interplay between the
society and
environment.
••OGAWA claimed that
indigenous
science is
collectively lived in
and experienced by
the people of a given
culture.
● Indigenous science
includes everything from
metaphysics to
philosophy and
various practical
technologies
practiced by
indigenous peoples both
past and present
(Cajete, 2004).
Science is a part of
culture and how is
science done
largely depends on
the cultural practices
o f t h e p e o
(L acca r in o, 20 0 3 )
ple.
Indigenous science
knowledge has
developed diverse
structures and contents
through the
interplay between the
society and
environment
(Pawilen, 2005).
 AJF
A

Developmental stages of
most sciences are
characterized by
continual competition
between a
number of distinct views of
nature, each
partially competition
between roughly
compatible with the
dictates of
scientific observation and
method (Kuhn, 1962)
 AJF
A

● Indigenous Science
provides the basics of
astronomy,
pharmacology, food
technology or
metallurgy, which
were derived from
traditional knowledge
and practices.
 AJF
A
1. Indigenous Science uses
science process skills such
as:
a. Observing

b. Comparing
c. Classifying
[Link]
[Link] solving
f. Inferring
[Link]
[Link]
 AJF
A
2. Indigenous science is guided by culture and
community values such as the following;

The land is a source of life. It is a The Earth is revered as “Mother

precious gift from the creator. Earth.” It is the origin of their
 identity as people. AJF

● All living and nonliving

t h i n g s r
in t e r c onnect ean d
ed
interdependent with
●each
Humanother.
beings are
stewards or trustee of the
land and other
natural resources.
● Nature is a friend to
human beings – it needs
respect and proper care.
 AJF
A

● 3. Indigenous
s c i en c e is
c o m p o se d of
traditional knowledge
practiced
and valued by
people and
communities such
as ethno-biology,
ethno-medicine,
indigenous farming
methods, and folk
astronomy.
 AJF
A

•
 AJF
A

● The list of the Philippine laws that feature or have references to

traditional knowledge are as follows:
 AJF
A

● [Link] order no. 247 of 1995

● Prescribing guidelines and establishing a
regulatory framework for the prospecting of
io l o g i c al a n d g e n t c r e s o u rc e
by - p rir o d u c ts a n d d er iv a t iv e s , fo r
, th
s c ien tific and commercial purposes; and for
other purposes.
 AJF
A

● [Link] ACT NO. 8371

● An act to recognize, protect and promote the rights of
indigenous cultural communities/indigenous peoples,
creating a national commission on indigenous
p e o p le s , e s t ab li sh i ng im p l e m
ae p tin
p ro
g p
m riec
a tih na gn ifu m
n d, s the re f o r ,
a nd o th er p u s p os es .
 AJF
A
● [Link] Act No. 8423
A a c cr e a ti n g h e
●
PInst
h iliitup te
pineo
f T r a dit io n
al a n d Alternative
Health Care to accelerate the
development of
traditional and alternative health
care in the Philippines,
providing for a traditional and
a l te rn a ti v
dh e e ve
a lt loh pc mre
e nt f u n d an d for other
purposes.
●4. REPUBLIC ACT
NO. 9168
●An act to provide
protection to new
plant varieties,
establishing a natinal
plant variety
protection board and
for other purposes.
 AJF
A
● 5. REPUBLIC ACT NO.
91 4 7
●A n a ct providing for
the conservation and
prersooteucrtcioens
oandwf itlhdelifier
habitats, appropriating

[Link] and for

other
THANK YOU!