Chapter 1

Triangle

1.1 Law of Sines

Exercise 1.1. The course for a boat race starts at point A in Figure and proceeds in the
direction S52◦ W to point B, then in the direction S40◦ E to point C , and finally back to A . Point
C lies 8 kilometers directly south of point A . Approximate the total distance of the race course.

Fig. 1.1

Exercise 1.2. Height Because of prevailing winds, a tree grew so that it was leaning 4◦ from
the vertical. At a point 35 meters from the tree, the angle of elevation to the top of the tree is
23◦ (see figure). Find the height h of the tree.

1
2 Chapter 1. Triangle

Fig. 1.2

Exercise 1.3. Height A flagpole at a right angle to the horizontal is located on a slope that
makes an angle of 12◦ with the horizontal. The flagpole’s shadow is 16 meters long and points
directly up the slope. The angle of elevation from the tip of the shadow to the sun is 20◦ .

a) Draw a triangle that represents the problem. Show the known quantities on the triangle
and use a variable to indicate the height of the flagpole.

b) Write an equation involving the unknown quantity.

c) Find the height of the flagpole.

Exercise 1.4. Angle of Elevation A 10-meter telephone pole casts a 17-meter shadow di-
rectly down a slope when the angle of elevation of the sun is 42◦ (see figure). Find θ , the angle
of elevation of the ground.

Fig. 1.3

Exercise 1.5. Flight Path A plane flies 500 kilometers with a bearing of 316◦ from Naples to
Elgin (see figure). The plane then flies 720 kilometers from Elgin to Canton. Find the bearing
of the flight from Elgin to Canton.

Fig. 1.4
1.1. Law of Sines 3

Exercise 1.6. Bridge Design A bridge is to be built across a small lake from a gazebo to a
dock (see figure). The bearing from the gazebo to the dock is S41◦ W. From a tree 100 meters
from the gazebo, the bearings to the gazebo and the dock are S 74◦ E and S28◦ E, respectively.
Find the distance from the gazebo to the dock.

Fig. 1.5

Exercise 1.7. Navigation A boat race runs along a triangular course marked by buoys A, B,
and C . The race starts with the boats headed west for 3700 meters. The other two sides of
the course lie to the north of the first side, and their lengths are 1700 meters and 3000 meters.
Draw a figure that gives a visual representation of the problem, and find the bearings for the
last two legs of the race.

Exercise 1.8. Railroad Track Design The circular arc of a railroad curve has a chord of
length 3000 feet and a central angle of 40◦ .

a) Draw a diagram that visually represents the problem. Show the known quantities on the
diagram and use the variables r and s to represent the radius of the arc and the length
of the arc, respectively.

b) Find the radius r of the circular arc.

c) Find the length s of the circular arc.

Exercise 1.9. Glide Path A pilot has just started on the glide path for landing at an airport
with a runway of length 9000 feet. The angles of depression from the plane to the ends of the
runway are 17.5◦ and 18.8◦ .

a) Draw a diagram that visually represents the problem.

b) Find the air distance the plane must travel until touching down on the near end of the
runway.

c) Find the ground distance the plane must travel until touching down.

d) Find the altitude of the plane when the pilot begins the descent.

Exercise 1.10. Locating a Fire The bearing from the Pine Knob fire tower to the Colt Station
fire tower is N65◦ E, and the two towers are 30 kilometers apart. A fire spotted by rangers in
each tower has a bearing of N80◦ E from Pine Knob and S70◦ E from Colt Station (see figure).
Find the distance of the fire from each tower.
4 Chapter 1. Triangle

Fig. 1.6

Exercise 1.11. Distance A boat is sailing due east parallel to the shoreline at a speed of
10 miles per hour. At a given time, the bearing to the lighthouse is S70◦ E, and 15 minutes
later the bearing is S63◦ E (see figure). The lighthouse is located at the shoreline. What is the
distance from the boat to the shoreline?

Fig. 1.7

Exercise 1.12. Finding the Height of a Mountain To measure the height of a mountain, a
surveyor takes two sightings of the peak at a distance 900 meters apart on a direct line to the
mountain.* See Figure 31(a). The first observation results in an angle of elevation of 47◦ , and
the second results in an angle of elevation of 35◦ . If the transit is 2 meters high, what is the
height h of the mountain?

Fig. 1.8

Exercise 1.13. Height of a Mountain In traveling across flat land, you notice a mountain
directly in front of you. Its angle of elevation (to the peak) is 3.5◦ . After you drive 13 miles
closer to the mountain, the angle of elevation is 9◦ . Approximate the height of the mountain.
1.1. Law of Sines 5

Fig. 1.9

Exercise 1.14. A ship leaves port at noon and heads due west at 20 knots, or 20 nautical miles
(nm) per hour. At 2 P.M. the ship changes course to N54◦ W, as shown in Figure 4.83. Find the
ship’s bearing and distance from the port of departure at 3 P.M.

Fig. 1.10

Exercise 1.15. Rescue at Sea Coast Guard Station Able is located 150 miles due south of
Station Baker. A ship at sea sends an SOS call that is received by each station. The call to
Station Able indicates that the ship is located N55◦ E; the call to Station Baker indicates that
the ship is located S60◦ E.

a) How far is each station from the ship?

b) If a helicopter capable of flying 200 miles per hour is dispatched from the station nearest
the ship, how long will it take to reach the ship?

Exercise 1.16. Surveying To approximate the length of a marsh, a surveyor walks 250 me-
ters from point A to point B, then turns 75◦ and walks 220 meters to point C (see figure).
Approximate the length AC of the marsh.

Fig. 1.11

Exercise 1.17. Navigation A boat race runs along a triangular course marked by buoys A ,
B, and C . The race starts with the boats headed west for 3700 meters. The other two sides of
the course lie to the north of the first side, and their lengths are 1700 meters and 3000 meters.
Draw a figure that gives a visual representation of the problem, and find the bearings for the
last two legs of the race.
6 Chapter 1. Triangle

Exercise 1.18. Rescue at Sea. Coast Guard Station Zulu is located 120 miles due west of
Station X-ray. A ship at sea sends an SOS call that is received by each station. The call to
Station Zulu indicates that the bearing of the ship from Zulu is N40◦ E ( 40◦ east of north). The
call to Station X-ray indicates that the bearing of the ship from X-ray is N30◦ W ( 30◦ west of
north).

a) How far is each station from the ship?

b) If a helicopter capable of flying 200 miles per hour is dispatched from the nearest station
to the ship, how long will it take to reach the ship?

Fig. 1.12

Exercise 1.19. Distance to the Moon At exactly the same time, Tom and Alice measured the
angle of elevation to the moon while standing exactly 300 km apart. The angle of elevation to
the moon for Tom was 49,897 4◦ and the angle of elevation to the moon for Alice was 49,931 2◦ .
See the figure. To the nearest 1 000 km, how far was the moon from Earth when the measure-
ment was obtained?
1.1. Law of Sines 7

Fig. 1.13

Exercise 1.20. Finding the Length of a Ski Lift Consult the figure. To find the length of the
span of a proposed ski lift from P to Q , a surveyor measures ∠DPQ to be 25◦ and then walks
off a distance of 1000 feet to R and measures ∠PRQ to be 15◦ . What is the distance from P to
Q?

Fig. 1.14

Exercise 1.21. Landscaping Pat needs to determine the height of a tree before cutting it down
to be sure that it will not fall on a nearby fence. The angle of elevation of the tree from one
position on a flat path from the tree is 30◦ , and from a second position 40 feet farther along
this path it is 20◦ . What is the height of the tree?
Exercise 1.22. Construction A loading ramp 10 feet long that makes an angle of 18◦ with the
horizontal is to be replaced by one that makes an angle of 12◦ with the horizontal. How long is
the new ramp?
Exercise 1.23. Surveying A triangular parcel of land has 115 meters of frontage, and the
other boundaries have lengths of 76 meters and 92 meters. What angles does the frontage
make with the two other boundaries?
Exercise 1.24. Surveying A triangular parcel of ground has sides of lengths 725 feet, 650
feet, and 575 feet. Find the measure of the largest angle.
Exercise 1.25. Streetlight Design Determine the angle θ in the design of the streetlight shown
in the figure.
8 Chapter 1. Triangle

Fig. 1.15

Exercise 1.26. Time Lost due to a Navigation Error In attempting to fly from city P to
city Q , an aircraft followed a course that was 10◦ in error, as indicated in the figure. After
flying a distance of 50 miles, the pilot corrected the course by turning at point R and flying 70
miles farther. If the constant speed of the aircraft was 250 miles per hour, how much time was
lost due to the error?

Fig. 1.16

Exercise 1.27. Finding the Height of an Airplane An aircraft is spotted by two observers
who are 1000 feet apart. As the airplane passes over the line joining them, each observer takes
a sighting of the angle of elevation to the plane, as indicated in the figure. How high is the
airplane?

Fig. 1.17

Exercise 1.28. Distance Two ships leave a port at 9 A.M. One travels at a bearing of N53◦ W
at 12 miles per hour, and the other travels at a bearing of S67◦ W at 16 miles per hour. Approx-
imate how far apart they are at noon that day.
1.1. Law of Sines 9

Exercise 1.29. Finding the Height of the Bridge over the Royal Gorge The highest
bridge in the world is the bridge over the Royal Gorge of the Arkansas River in Colorado.
Sightings to the same point at water level directly under the bridge are taken from each side
of the 880 -foot-long bridge, as indicated in the figure. How high is the bridge?

Fig. 1.18

Exercise 1.30. Length A 100 – foot vertical tower is to be erected on the side of a hill that
makes a 6◦ angle with the horizontal (see figure). Find the length of each of the two guy wires
that will be anchored 75 feet uphill and downhill from the base of the tower.

Fig. 1.19

Exercise 1.31. Navigation On a map, Orlando is 178 millimeters due south of Niagara Falls,
Denver is 273 millimeters from Orlando, and Denver is 235 millimeters from Niagara Falls
(see figure).

a) Find the bearing of Denver from Orlando.

b) Find the bearing of Denver from Niagara Falls.

10 Chapter 1. Triangle

Fig. 1.20

Exercise 1.32. Baseball The baseball player in center field is playing approximately 330 feet
from the television camera that is behind home plate. A batter hits a fly ball that goes to the
wall 420 feet from the camera (see figure). The camera turns 8◦ to follow the play. Approxi-
mately how far does the center fielder have to run to make the catch?

Fig. 1.21

Exercise 1.33. Baseball On a baseball diamond with 90 -foot sides, the pitcher’s mound is
60.5 feet from home plate. How far is it from the pitcher’s mound to third base?

Exercise 1.34. Aircraft Tracking To determine the distance between two aircraft, a tracking
station continuously determines the distance to each aircraft and the angle A between them
(see figure). Determine the distance a between the planes when A = 42◦ , b = 35 miles, and
c = 20 miles.
1.1. Law of Sines 11

Fig. 1.22

Exercise 1.35. Finding the Lean of the Leaning Tower of Pisa The famous Leaning
Tower of Pisa was originally 184.5 feet high.1 At a distance of 123 feet from the base of the
tower, the angle of elevation to the top of the tower is found to be 60◦ . Find ∠RPQ indicated
in the figure. Also, find the perpendicular distance from R to PQ .

Fig. 1.23

Exercise 1.36. Constructing a Highway U.S. 41 , a highway whose primary directions are
north-south, is being constructed along the west coast of Florida. Near Naples, a bay obstructs
the straight path of the road. Since the cost of a bridge is prohibitive, engineers decide to go
around the bay. The illustration shows the path that they decide on and the measurements
taken. What is the length of highway needed to go around the bay?
1
* On February 27, 1964, the government of Italy requested aid in preventing the tower from toppling. A
multinational task force of engineers, mathematicians, and historians was assigned and met on the Azores islands
to discuss stabilization methods. After over two decades of work on the subject, the tower was closed to the public
in January 1990. During the time that the tower was closed, the bells were removed to relieve some weight,
and cables were cinched around the third level and anchored several hundred meters away. Apartments and
houses in the path of the tower were vacated for safety concerns. After a decade of corrective reconstruction and
stabilization efforts, the tower was reopened to the public on December 15, 2001. Many methods were proposed
to stabilize the tower, including the addition of 800 metric tons of lead counterweights to the raised end of the
base. The final solution to correcting the lean was to remove 38 cubic meters of soil from underneath the raised
end. The tower has been declared stable for at least another 300 years.
12 Chapter 1. Triangle

Fig. 1.24

Exercise 1.37. Crankshafts on Cars On a certain automobile, the crankshaft is 3 inches

long and the connecting rod is 9 inches long (see the figure). At the time when ∠OPQ is 15◦ ,
how far is the piston (P ) from the center (O ) of the crankshaft?

Fig. 1.25

Exercise 1.38. Calculating Distances at Sea The navigator of a ship at sea spots two light-
houses that she knows to be 3 miles apart along a straight seashore. She determines that the
angles formed between two line-of-sight observations of the lighthouses and the line from the
ship directly to shore are 15◦ and 35◦ . See the illustration.

a) How far is the ship from lighthouse P ?

b) How far is the ship from lighthouse Q ?

1.1. Law of Sines 13

c) How far is the ship from shore?

Fig. 1.26

Exercise 1.39. Designing an Awning An awning that covers a sliding glass door that is
88 inches tall forms an angle of 50◦ with the wall. The purpose of the awning is to prevent
sunlight from entering the house when the angle of elevation of the Sun is more than 65◦ . See
the figure. Find the length L of the awning.

Fig. 1.27

Exercise 1.40. Finding Distances A forest ranger is walking on a path inclined at 5◦ to the
horizontal directly toward a 100 – foot – tall fire observation tower. The angle of elevation from
the path to the top of the tower is 40◦ . How far is the ranger from the tower at this time?
14 Chapter 1. Triangle

Fig. 1.28

Exercise 1.41. Determining the Height of an Aircraft Two sensors are spaced 700 feet
apart along the approach to a small airport. When an aircraft is nearing the airport, the angle
of elevation from the first sensor to the aircraft is 20◦ , and from the second sensor to the aircraft
it is 15◦ . Determine how high the aircraft is at this time.

Exercise 1.42. Great Pyramid of Cheops One of the original Seven Wonders of the World,
the Great Pyramid of Cheops was built about 2580 BC. Its original height was 480 feet 11
inches, but owing to the loss of its topmost stones, it is now shorter. Find the current height of
the Great Pyramid using the information given in the illustration.

Fig. 1.29

Exercise 1.43. Mercury The distance from the Sun to Earth is approximately 149, 600, 000
kilometers (km). The distance from the Sun to Mercury is approximately 57, 910, 000 km. The
elongation angle α is the angle formed between the line of sight from Earth to the Sun and
the line of sight from Earth to Mercury. See the figure. Suppose that the elongation angle for
Mercury is 15◦ . Use this information to find the possible distances between Earth and Mercury.
1.2. Law of Cosines 15

Fig. 1.30

Exercise 1.44. Venus The distance from the Sun to Earth is approximately 149, 600, 000 km.
The distance from the Sun to Venus is approximately 108, 200, 000 km. The elongation angle α
is the angle formed between the line of sight from Earth to the Sun and the line of sight from
Earth to Venus. Suppose that the elongation angle for Venus is 10◦ . Use this information to
find the possible distances between Earth and Venus.

Exercise 1.45. The Original Ferris Wheel George Washington Gale Ferris, Jr., designed the
original Ferris wheel for the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois. The wheel
had 36 equally spaced cars each the size of a school bus. The distance between adjacent cars
was approximately 22 feet. Determine the diameter of the wheel to the nearest foot.

1.2 Law of Cosines

Exercise 1.46. A motorized sailboat leaves Naples, Florida, bound for Key West, 150 miles
away. Maintaining a constant speed of 15 miles per hour, but encountering heavy crosswinds
and strong currents, the crew finds, after 4 hours, that the sailboat is off course by 20◦ .

Fig. 1.31

a) How far is the sailboat from Key West at this time?

16 Chapter 1. Triangle

b) Through what angle should the sailboat turn to correct its course?

c) How much time has been added to the trip because of this? (Assume that the speed
remains at 15 miles per hour.)

Exercise 1.47. A ship travels 60 miles due east, then adjusts its course northward, as shown
in Figure. After traveling 80 miles in that direction, the ship is 139 miles from its point of
departure. Describe the bearing from point B to point C .

Fig. 1.32

Exercise 1.48. Distance to the Green A golfer hits an errant tee shot that lands in the
rough. A marker in the center of the fairway is 150 yards from the center of the green. While
standing on the marker and facing the green, the golfer turns 110◦ toward his ball. He then
paces off 35 yards to his ball. See the figure. How far is the ball from the center of the green?

Fig. 1.33

Exercise 1.49. Navigation An airplane flies due north from Ft. Myers to Sarasota, a distance
of 150 miles, and then turns through an angle of 50◦ and flies to Orlando, a distance of 100
miles. See the figure.
1.2. Law of Cosines 17

Fig. 1.34

a) How far is it directly from Ft. Myers to Orlando?

b) What bearing should the pilot use to fly directly from Ft. Myers to Orlando?

Exercise 1.50. Avoiding a Tropical Storm A cruise ship maintains an average speed of 15
knots in going from San Juan, Puerto Rico, to Barbados, West Indies, a distance of 600 nautical
miles. To avoid a tropical storm, the captain heads out of San Juan in a direction of 20◦ off a
direct heading to Barbados. The captain maintains the 15 – knot speed for 10 hours, after
which time the path to Barbados becomes clear of storms. Figure 1.34 on page 17

Fig. 1.35

a) Through what angle should the captain turn to head directly to Barbados?
18 Chapter 1. Triangle

b) Once the turn is made, how long will it be before the ship reaches Barbados if the same
15 -knot speed is maintained?

Exercise 1.51. The pitcher’s mound on a women’s softball field is 43 feet from home plate and
the distance between the bases is 60 feet, as shown in Figure 6.13. (The pitcher’s mound is not
halfway between home plate and second base.) How far is the pitcher’s mound from first base?

Fig. 1.36

Exercise 1.52. Finding the Length of a Guy Wire The height of a radio tower is 500 feet,
and the ground on one side of the tower slopes upward at an angle of 10◦ (see the figure).

Fig. 1.37
1.2. Law of Cosines 19

a) How long should a guy wire be if it is to connect to the top of the tower and be secured at
a point on the sloped side 100 feet from the base of the tower?

b) How long should a second guy wire be if it is to connect to the middle of the tower and be
secured at a point 100 feet from the base on the flat side?

Exercise 1.53. Finding the Length of a Guy Wire A radio tower 500 feet high is located
on the side of a hill with an inclination to the horizontal of 5◦ . See the figure. How long should
two guy wires be if they are to connect to the top of the tower and be secured at two points 100
feet directly above and directly below the base of the tower?

Fig. 1.38

Exercise 1.54. Revising a Flight Plan In attempting to fly from Chicago to Louisville, a
distance of 330 miles, a pilot inadvertently took a course that was 10◦ in error, as indicated in
the figure.

Fig. 1.39
20 Chapter 1. Triangle

a) If the aircraft maintains an average speed of 220 miles per hour and if the error in
direction is discovered after 15 minutes, through what angle should the pilot turn to
head toward Louisville?

b) What new average speed should the pilot maintain so that the total time of the trip is 90
minutes?

Exercise 1.55. Major League Baseball Field A Major League baseball diamond is actually
a square 90 feet on a side. The pitching rubber is located 60.5 feet from home plate on a line
joining home plate and second base.

a) How far is it from the pitching rubber to first base?

b) How far is it from the pitching rubber to second base?

c) If a pitcher faces home plate, through what angle does he need to turn to face first base?

Exercise 1.56. Little League Baseball Field According to Little League baseball official
regulations, the diamond is a square 60 feet on a side. The pitching rubber is located 46 feet
from home plate on a line joining home plate and second base.

a) How far is it from the pitching rubber to first base?

b) How far is it from the pitching rubber to second base?

c) If a pitcher faces home plate, through what angle does he need to turn to face first base?

Exercise 1.57. Little League Baseball The distance from home plate to the fence in dead
center at the Oak Lawn Little League field is 280 feet. How far is it from the fence in dead
center to third base? [Hint: The distance between the bases in Little League is 60 feet.]

Exercise 1.58. Building a Swing Set Clint is building a wooden swing set for his children.
Each supporting end of the swing set is to be an A-frame constructed with two 10-foot-long 4 by
4 s joined at a 45◦ angle. To prevent the swing set from tipping over, Clint wants to secure the
base of each A-frame to concrete footings. How far apart should the footings for each A-frame
be?

Exercise 1.59. Awning Design A retractable awning above a patio door lowers at an angle
of 50◦ from the exterior wall at a height of 10 feet above the ground (see figure). No direct
sunlight is to enter the door when the angle of elevation of the sun is greater than 70◦ . What
is the length x of the awning?

Fig. 1.40
1.2. Law of Cosines 21

Exercise 1.60. Geometry A parking lot has the shape of a parallelogram (see figure). The
lengths of two adjacent sides are 70 meters and 100 meters. The angle between the two sides
is 70◦ . What is the area of the parking lot?

Fig. 1.41

Exercise 1.61. Geometry You want to buy a triangular lot measuring 510 yards by 840 yards
by 1120 yards. The price of the land is $2000 per acre. How much does the land cost? ( Hint : 1
acre = 4840 square yards )

Exercise 1.62. Geometry You want to buy a triangular lot measuring 1350 feet by 1860 feet
by 2490 feet. The price of the land is $2200 per acre. How much does the land cost? (Hint: 1
acre = 43, 560 square feet)
Chapter 2

Function

Exercise 2.1. A hot-air balloon rising straight up from a level field is tracked by a range finder
located 500 ft from the point of liftoff. Express the balloon’s height as a function of the angle
the line from the range finder to the balloon makes with the ground.

Exercise 2.2. Height of a pole Two wires stretch from the top T of a vertical pole to points B
and C on the ground, where C is 10 m closer to the base of the pole than is B. If wire BT makes
an angle of 35◦ with the horizontal and wire CT makes an angle of 50◦ with the horizontal,
how high is the pole?

Exercise 2.3. Height of a weather balloon Observers at positions A and B 2 km apart

simultaneously measure the angle of elevation of a weather balloon to be 40◦ and 70◦ , respec-
tively. If the balloon is directly above a point on the line segment between A and B, find the
height of the balloon.

2.0.1 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Exercise 2.4. Worker Efficiency. It is reasonable for a manufacturer to expect the daily
output of a new worker to start out slow and continue to increase over time, but then tend
to level off, never exceeding a certain amount. A firm manufactures 5G smart phones and
determines that after working t days, the efficiency, in number of phones produced per day, of
most workers can be modeled by the function

N ( t) = 80 − 70 e−0,13t .

a) Find N (0), N (1), N (5), N (10), N (20), and N (30).

b) Graph N ( t).

c) Find N ′ ( t) and interpret this derivative in terms of rate of change.

d) What number of phones seems to determine where worker efficiency levels off?

Exercise 2.5. Medication concentration. The concentration C , in parts per million, of a medi-
cation in the body t hours after ingestion is given by the function

C ( t) = 10 t2 e− t

a) Find the concentration after 0 hr, 1 hr, 2 hr, 3 hr, 10 hr

b) Sketch a graph of the function for 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 10.

c) Find the rate of change of the concentration, C ′ ( t).

22
 23

d) Find the maximum value of the concentration and the time at which it occurs.

e) Interpret the meaning of the derivative.

Exercise 2.6. Ebbinghaus learning model. Suppose that you are given the task of learning
100% of a block of knowledge. Human nature is such that we retain only a percentage P of
knowledge t weeks after we have learned it. The Ebbinghaus learning model asserts that P is
given by
P ( t) = Q + (100 − Q ) e−kt ,
where Q is the percentage that we would never forget and k is a constant that depends on the
knowledge learned. Suppose that Q = 40 and k = 0.7.

a) Find the percentage retained after 0 weeks, 1 week, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 10 weeks.

b) Find lim P ( t).

t→∞

c) Sketch a graph of P .

d) Find the rate of change of P with respect to time t.

e) Interpret the meaning of the derivative.

Exercise 2.7. Business: effect of advertising. Twin City Roasters introduced a new coffee in
a trial run. The firm advertised the coffee on television and found that the percentage P of
people who bought the coffee after t ads had been run satisfied the function
100
P ( t) =
1 + 24 e−0.28t
a) What percentage of people bought the coffee before seeing the ad ( t = 0) ?

b) What percentage bought the coffee after the ad had been run 1 time? 5 times? 10 times?
15 times? 20 times? 30 times? 35 times?

c) Find the rate of change, P ′ ( t).

d) Interpret the meaning of P ′ ( t).

e) Sketch a graph of the function.

Exercise 2.8. Marginal revenue. The demand for a new computer game can be modeled by

p( x) = 53.5 − 8 ln x,

where p( x) is the price consumers will pay, in dollars, and x is the number of games sold, in
thousands. Recall that total revenue is given by R ( x) = x · p( x).

a) Find R ( x).

b) Find the marginal revenue, R ′ ( x).

c) Is there any price at which revenue will be maximized? Why or why not?

Exercise 2.9. Forgetting. Students in a botany class took a final exam. They took equivalent
forms of the exam at monthly intervals thereafter. After t months, the average score S ( t), as a
percentage, was found to be
S ( t) = 68 − 20 ln( t + 1), t ⩾ 0.
24 Chapter 2. Function

a) What was the average score when the students initially took the test?

b) What was the average score after 4 months?

c) What was the average score after 24 months?

d) What percentage of their original answers did the students retain after 2 years (24
months)?

e) Find S ′ ( t).

f) Find the maximum value, if one exists.

g) Find lim S ( t), and discuss its meaning.

Exercise 2.10. Walking speed. Bornstein and Bornstein found in a study that the average
walking speed v, in feet per second, of a person living in a city of population p, in thousands,
is v( p) = 0.37 ln p + 0.05. (Source: M. H. Bornstein and H. G. Bornstein, “The Pace of Life,”
Nature, Vol. 259, pp. 557–559 (1976).)

a) The population of Seattle is 571 000 ( p = 571). What is the average walking speed of a
person living in Seattle?

b) The population of New York is 8 100 000. What is the average walking speed of a person
living in New York?

c) Find v′ ( p).

d) Interpret v′ ( p) found in part (c).

Exercise 2.11. Agriculture. Farmers wishing to avoid the use of genetically modified (GMO)
seeds are increasingly concerned about inadvertently growing GMO plants as a result of pollen
drifting from nearby farms. Assuming that these farmers raise their own seeds, the fractional
portion of their crop that remains free of GMO plants t years later can be approximated by

P ( t) = (0,98) t .

a) Using this model, predict the fractional portion of the crop that will be GMO-free 10 yr
after a neighboring farm begins to use GMO seeds.

b) Find P ′ (15).

c) Interpret the meaning of P ′ (15).

Exercise 2.12. Earthquake intensity. The intensity of an earthquake is given by

I = I 0 10R

where R is the magnitude on the Richter scale and I 0 is the minimum intensity, at which R = 0,
used for comparison.

a) Find I , in terms of I 0 , for an earthquake of magnitude 7 on the Richter scale.

b) Find I , in terms of I 0 , for an earthquake of magnitude 8 on the Richter scale.

c) Compare your answers to parts a) and b).

 25

dI
d) Find the rate of change .
dR
dI
e) Interpret the meaning of .
dR
Exercise 2.13. Earthquake magnitude. The magnitude R (measured on the Richter scale)
of an earthquake of intensity I is defined as

I
R = log
I0

where I 0 is a minimum intensity used for comparison. When one earthquake is 10 times as
intense as another, its magnitude on the Richter scale is 1 higher. If one earthquake is 100
times as intense as another, its magnitude on the Richter scale is 2 higher, and so on. Thus, an
earthquake whose magnitude is 6 on the Richter scale is 10 times as intense as an earthquake
whose magnitude is 5. Earthquake intensities can be interpreted as multiples of the minimum
intensity I 0 . On January 12, 2010, a devastating earthquake struck the Caribbean nation of
Haiti. It had an intensity of I 0 107 . What was its magnitude on the Richter scale?.

Exercise 2.14. Acceptance of a new ¡ medicine. The percentage P of doctors who prescribe a
−0.2t
¢
certain new medicine is P ( t) = 100 1 − e , where t is the time, in months.

a) Find P (1) and P (6).

b) Find P ′ ( t).

c) How many months will it take for 90% of doctors to prescribe the new medicine?

d) Find lim P ( t), and discuss its meaning.

t→∞

Exercise 2.15. Forgetting. Students in a zoology class took a final exam. They took equiva-
lent forms of the exam at monthly intervals thereafter. After t months, the average score S ( t),
as a percentage, was found to be given by S ( t) = 78 − 15 ln( t + 1), t ⩾ 0.

a) What was the average score when they initially took the test, t = 0 ?

b) What was the average score after 4 months?

c) What was the average score after 24 months?

d) What percentage of their original answers did the students retain after 2 years (24
months)?

e) Find S ′ ( t).

f) Find the maximum and minimum values, if they exist.

g) Find lim S ( t) and discuss its meaning.

t→∞

Exercise 2.16. Suppose that a package of medical supplies is dropped from a helicopter
straight down by parachute into a remote area. The velocity v (in feet per second) of the
package t seconds after it is released is given by

v = 24,61 1 − e−1,3t .
¡ ¢

a) Graph v versus t.
26 Chapter 2. Function

b) Show that the graph has a horizontal asymptote v = c.

c) The constant c is called the terminal velocity. Explain what the terminal velocity means
in practical terms.

d) Can the package actually reach its terminal velocity? Explain.

e) How long does it take for the package to reach 98% of its terminal velocity?

Exercise 2.17. A breeding group of 20 bighorn sheep is released in a protected area in Col-
orado. It is expected that with careful management the number of sheep, N , after t years will
be given by the formula
220
N=
1 + 10 0,83 t
¡ ¢

and that the sheep population will be able to maintain itself without further supervision once
the population reaches a size of 80.

a) Graph N versus t.

b) How many years must the state of Colorado maintain a program to care for the sheep?

c) How many bighorn sheep can the environment in the protected area support? [Hint:
Examine the graph of N versus t for large values of t.]

Exercise 2.18. An oven is preheated and then remains at a constant temperature. A potato
is placed in the oven to bake. ¡Suppose that the temperature T (in ◦ F ) of the potato t minutes
later is given by T = 400 − 325 0.97 t . The potato will be considered done when its temperature
¢

is anywhere between 260◦ F and 280◦ F.

a) During what interval of time would the potato be considered done?

b) How long does it take for the difference between the potato and oven temperatures to be
cut in half?

Exercise 2.19. Suppose that the percentage of U.S. households with broadband Internet ac-
cess is modeled by the equation
5300
P ( t) =
53 + 47 e−0,182t
where P ( t) is the percentage t years after an initial survey result made in the year 2007.

a) Use a graphing utility to graph the function P ( t).

b) In words, explain what happens to the percentage over time. Check your conclusion by
finding lim t→+∞ P ( t).

c) In words, what happens to the rate of population growth over time? Check your conclu-
sion by graphing P ′ ( t).

Exercise 2.20. Suppose that the population of oxygen-dependent bacteria in a pond is modeled
by the equation
60
P ( t) =
5 + 7 e− t
where P ( t) is the population (in billions) t days after an initial observation at time t = 0.

a) Use a graphing utility to graph the function P ( t).

 27

b) In words, explain what happens to the population over time. Check your conclusion by
finding lim P ( t).
t→+∞

c) In words, what happens to the rate of population growth over time? Check your conclu-
sion by graphing P ′ ( t).

Exercise 2.21. Suppose that a steel ball bearing is released within a vat of fluid and begins
to sink. According to one model, the speed v( t) (in m/s) of the ball bearing t seconds after its
release is given by the formula
9,8 ³ ´
v( t) = 1 − e−kt
k
where k is a positive constant that corresponds to the resistance the fluid offers against the
motion of the bearing. (The smaller the value of k, the weaker will be the resistance.) For t
fixed, determine the limiting value of the speed as k → 0+ , and give a physical interpretation
of the limit.
Chapter 3

Limits and Continuity

Exercise 3.1. A rock breaks loose from the top of a tall cliff. What is its average speed

a) during the first 2 sec of fall?

b) during the 1 − sec interval between second 1 and second 2?

Exercise 3.2. Speed of a car The accompanying figure shows the time-todistance graph for a
sports car accelerating from a standstill.

Fig. 3.1

a) Estimate the slopes of secants PQ 1 , PQ 2 , PQ 3 , and PQ 4 , arranging them in order in

a table like the one in figure 3.1 on page 28. What are the appropriate units for these
slopes?

b) Then estimate the car’s speed at time t = 20 sec.

Exercise 3.3. The accompanying figure shows the plot of distance fallen versus time for an
object that fell from the lunar landing module a distance 80 m to the surface of the moon.

a) Estimate the slopes of the secants PQ 1 , PQ 2 , PQ 3 , and PQ 4 , arranging them in a table

like the one in figure 3.2 on page 29.

b) About how fast was the object going when it hit the surface?

28
 29

Fig. 3.2

Exercise 3.4. Controlling the flow from a draining tank Torricelli’s law says that if you drain
a tank like the one in the figure shown, the rate y at which water runs out is a constant times
the square root of the water’s depth x. The constant depends on the size and shape of the exit
valve.

Fig. 3.3

p
x
Suppose that y = for a certain tank. You are trying to maintain a fairly constant exit
2
rate by adding water to the tank with a hose from time to time. How deep must you keep the
water if you want to maintain the exit rate

a) within 0.2ft3 /min of the rate y0 = 1ft3 /min ?

b) within 0.1ft3 / min of the rate y0 = 1ft3 / min?

Exercise 3.5. Stripes on a measuring cup The interior of a typical 1-L measuring cup is a
right circular cylinder of radius 6 cm (see accompanying figure).
30 Chapter 3. Limits and Continuity

Fig. 3.4

Fig. 3.5

The volume of water we put in the cup is therefore a function of the level h to which the
cup is filled, the formula being
V = π62 h = 36π h
3
¡ ¢
How closely must we measure h to measure out 1 L of water 1 000 cm with an error of no
more than 1% 10 cm3 ?
¡ ¢
Chapter 4

Derivatives

Exercise 4.1. Growth of yeast cells In a controlled laboratory experiment, yeast cells are
grown in an automated cell culture system that counts the number P of cells present at hourly
intervals. The number after t hours is shown in the accompanying figure.

Fig. 4.1

a) Explain what is meant by the derivative P ′ (5). What are its units?

b) Which is larger, P ′ (2) or P ′ (3) ? Give a reason for your answer.

c) The quadratic curve capturing the trend of the data points is given by
P ( t) = 6,10 t2 − 9,28 t + 16,43.
Find the instantaneous rate of growth when t = 5 hours.
Exercise 4.2. Effectiveness of a drug On a scale from 0 to 1 , the effectiveness E of a pain-
killing drug t hours after entering the bloodstream is displayed in the accompanying figure.

Fig. 4.2

31
32 Chapter 4. Derivatives

a) At what times does the effectiveness appear to be increasing? What is true about the
derivative at those times?

b) At what time would you estimate that the drug reaches its maximum effectiveness? What
is true about the derivative at that time? What is true about the derivative as time
increases in the 1 hour before your estimated time?

Exercise 4.3. A dynamite blast blows a heavy rock straight up with a launch velocity of
160ft/sec (about 109 mph) (figure 4.3 on page 32)

Fig. 4.3

It reaches a height of s = 160 t − 16 t2 ft after t sec.

a) How high does the rock go?

b) What are the velocity and speed of the rock when it is 256 ft above the ground on the way
up? On the way down?

c) What is the acceleration of the rock at any time t during its flight (after the blast)?

d) When does the rock hit the ground again?

Exercise 4.4. Suppose that it costs

c( x) = x3 − 6 x2 + 15 x

dollars to produce x radiators when 8 to 30 radiators are produced and that

r ( x) = x3 − 3 x2 + 12 x

gives the dollar revenue from selling x radiators. Your shop currently produces 10 radiators a
day. About how much extra will it cost to produce one more radiator a day, and what is your
estimated increase in revenue for selling 11 radiators a day?
 33

Exercise 4.5. Particle motion At time t, the position of a body moving along the s-axis is

s = t3 − 6 t2 + 9 t ( m).

a) Find the body’s acceleration each time the velocity is zero.

b) Find the body’s speed each time the acceleration is zero.

c) Find the total distance traveled by the body from t = 0 to t = 2.

Exercise 4.6. Lunar projectile motion A rock thrown vertically upward from the surface of
the moon at a velocity of 24 m/sec (about 86 km/h) reaches a height of s = 24 t − 0.8 t2 m in t sec.

a) Find the rock’s velocity and acceleration at time t. (The acceleration in this case is the
acceleration of gravity on the moon.)

b) How long does it take the rock to reach its highest point?

c) How high does the rock go?

d) How long does it take the rock to reach half its maximum height?

e) How long is the rock aloft?

Exercise 4.7. Finding g on a small airless planet Explorers on a small airless planet used
a spring gun to launch a ball bearing vertically upward from the surface at a launch velocity
of 15 m/sec. Because the acceleration of gravity at the planet’s surface was g s m/sec2 , the
explorers expected the ball bearing to reach a height of

1
s = 15 t − g s t2 ( m tsec)
2

later. The ball bearing reached its maximum height 20 sec after being launched. What was the
value of g s ?

Exercise 4.8. Speeding bullet A 45-caliber bullet shot straight up from the surface of the
moon would reach a height of
s = 832 t − 2,6 t2 ft

after t sec. On Earth, in the absence of air, its height would be

s = 832 t − 16 t2 ft

after t sec. How long will the bullet be aloft in each case? How high will the bullet go?

Exercise 4.9. Free fall from the Tower of Pisa Had Galileo dropped a cannonball from the
Tower of Pisa, 179 ft above the ground, the ball’s height above the ground tsec into the fall
would have been s = 179 − 16 t2 .

a) What would have been the ball’s velocity, speed, and acceleration at time t?

b) About how long would it have taken the ball to hit the ground?

c) What would have been the ball’s velocity at the moment of impact?
34 Chapter 4. Derivatives

Exercise 4.10. Galileo’s free-fall formula Galileo developed a formula for a body’s velocity
during free fall by rolling balls from rest down increasingly steep inclined planks and looking
for a limiting formula that would predict a ball’s behavior when the plank was vertical and
the ball fell freely; see part (a) of the accompanying figure. He found that, for any given angle
of the plank, the ball’s velocity tsec into motion was a constant multiple of t. That is, the
velocity was given by a formula of the form v = kt. The value of the constant k depended on
the inclination of the plank. In modern notation-part (b) of the figure-with distance in meters
and time in seconds, what Galileo determined by experiment was that, for any given angle θ ,
the ball’s velocity tsec into the roll was

v = 9.8(sin θ ) t m/sec

(figure 4.4 on page 34)

Fig. 4.4

a) What is the equation for the ball’s velocity during free fall?

b) Building on your work in part (a), what constant acceleration does a freely falling body
experience near the surface of Earth?

Exercise 4.11. The accompanying figure shows the velocity v = ds/ dt = f ( t) (m/sec) of a body
moving along a coordinate line. (figure 4.5 on page 34)

Fig. 4.5

a) When does the body reverse direction?

b) When (approximately) is the body moving at a constant speed?

c) Graph the body’s speed for 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 10.

d) Graph the acceleration, where defined.

 35

Exercise 4.12. A particle P moves on the number line shown in part (a) of the accompanying
figure. Part (b) shows the position of P as a function of time t. (figure 4.6 on page 35)

Fig. 4.6

a) When is P moving to the left? Moving to the right? Standing still?

b) Graph the particle’s velocity and speed (where defined).

Exercise 4.13. Launching a rocket When a model rocket is launched, the propellant burns for
a few seconds, accelerating the rocket upward. After burnout, the rocket coasts upward for a
while and then begins to fall. A small explosive charge pops out a parachute shortly after the
rocket starts down. The parachute slows the rocket to keep it from breaking when it lands.
The figure here shows velocity data from the flight of the model rocket. Use the data to
answer the following. (figure 4.7 on page 35)

Fig. 4.7

a) How fast was the rocket climbing when the engine stopped?

b) For how many seconds did the engine burn?

c) When did the rocket reach its highest point? What was its velocity then?
36 Chapter 4. Derivatives

d) When did the parachute pop out? How fast was the rocket falling then?

e) How long did the rocket fall before the parachute opened?

f) When was the rocket’s acceleration greatest?

g) When was the acceleration constant? What was its value then (to the nearest integer)?

Exercise 4.14. Water runs into a conical tank at the rate of 9ft3 /min. The tank stands point
down and has a height of 10 ft and a base radius of 5 ft . How fast is the water level rising
when the water is 6 ft deep? (figure 4.8 on page 36)

Fig. 4.8. The geometry of the conical tank and the rate at which water fills the tank determine
how fast the water level rises.

Exercise 4.15. A hot air balloon rising straight up from a level field is tracked by a range
finder 150 m from the liftoff point. At the moment the range finder’s elevation angle is π/4, the
angle is increasing at the rate of 0.14rad/min. How fast is the balloon rising at that moment?

Fig. 4.9. The geometry of the conical tank and the rate at which water fills the tank determine
how fast the water level rises.

Exercise 4.16. A police cruiser, approaching a right-angled intersection from the north, is
chasing a speeding car that has turned the corner and is now moving straight east. When the
cruiser is 0.6 mi north of the intersection and the car is 0.8 mi to the east, the police determine
 37

with radar that the distance between them and the car is increasing at 20 mph . If the cruiser
is moving at 60 mph at the instant of measurement, what is the speed of the car?

Fig. 4.10. The speed of the car is related to the speed of the police cruiser and the rate of change
of the distance s between them.

Exercise 4.17. 29. A draining hemispherical reservoir Water is flowing at the rate of 6 m3 /min
from a reservoir shaped like a hemispherical bowl of radius 13 m , shown here in profile.
Answer the following questions, given that the volume of water in a hemispherical bowl of
radius R is
π
V = y2 (3R − y)
3
when the water is y meters deep.

Fig. 4.11

a) At what rate is the water level changing when the water is 8 m deep?

b) What is the radius r of the water’s surface when the water is y m deep?

c) At what rate is the radius r changing when the water is 8 m deep?

Exercise 4.18. Videotaping a moving car You are videotaping a race from a stand 132 ft
from the track, following a car that is moving at 180mi/h (264ft/sec), as shown in the accompa-
nying figure. How fast will your camera angle θ be changing when the car is right in front of
you? A half second later?
38 Chapter 4. Derivatives

Fig. 4.12

Exercise 4.19. Moving along a parabola A particle moves along the parabola y = x2 in the
first quadrant in such a way that its x-coordinate (measured in meters) increases at a steady
10 m/sec. How fast is the angle of inclination θ of the line joining the particle to the origin
changing when x = 3 m?

Exercise 4.20. Motion in the plane The coordinates of a particle in the metric x y-plane are
differentiable functions of time t with dx/ dt = −1 m/sec and d y/ dt = −5 m/sec. How fast is the
particle’s distance from the origin changing as it passes through the point (5, 12)?

Exercise 4.21. A moving shadow A light shines from the top of a pole 50 ft high. A ball
is dropped from the same height from a point 30 ft away from the light. (See accompanying
figure.) How fast is the shadow of the ball moving along the ground 1/2sec later? (Assume the
ball falls a distance s = 16 t2 ft in t sec.)

Fig. 4.13

Exercise 4.22. A building’s shadow On a morning of a day when the sun will pass directly
overhead, the shadow of an 80 − ft building on level ground is 60 ft long. At the moment in
question, the angle θ the sun makes with the ground is increasing at the rate of 0,27◦ /min.
 39

At what rate is the shadow decreasing? (Remember to use radians. Express your answer in
inches per minute, to the nearest tenth.)

Fig. 4.14

Exercise 4.23. Ships Two ships are steaming straight away from a point O along routes that
make a 120◦ angle. Ship A moves at 14 knots (nautical miles per hour; a nautical mile is 2000
yd). Ship B moves at 21 knots. How fast are the ships moving apart when O A = 5 and OB = 3
nautical miles?
Exercise 4.24. Oil spill An explosion at an oil rig located in gulf waters causes an elliptical
oil slick to spread on the surface from the rig. The slick is a constant 9 in. thick. After several
days, when the major axis of the slick is 2 mi long and the minor axis is 3/4 mi wide, it is
determined that its length is increasing at the rate of 30ft/hr, and its width is increasing at
the rate of 10ft/hr. At what rate (in cubic feet per hour) is oil flowing from the site of the rig at
that time?
Exercise 4.25. You are planning to close off a corner of the first quadrant with a line segment
20 units long running from (a, 0) to (0, b). Show that the area of the triangle enclosed by the
segment is largest when a = b.
Exercise 4.26. The shortest fence A 216 m2 rectangular pea patch is to be enclosed by a
fence and divided into two equal parts by another fence parallel to one of the sides. What
dimensions for the outer rectangle will require the smallest total length of fence? How much
fence will be needed?
Exercise 4.27. Designing a tank Your iron works has contracted to design and build a 500ft3 ,
square-based, open-top, rectangular steel holding tank for a paper company. The tank is to be
made by welding thin stainless steel plates together along their edges. As the production
engineer, your job is to find dimensions for the base and height that will make the tank weigh
as little as possible.
40 Chapter 4. Derivatives

a) What dimensions do you tell the shop to use?

b) Briefly describe how you took weight into account.

Exercise 4.28. Profit The total profit P ( x) (in thousands of dollars) from the sale of x hundred
thousand automobile tires is approximated by

P ( x) = − x3 + 9 x2 + 120 x − 400, x ⩾ 5.

Find the number of hundred thousands of tires that must be sold to maximize profit. Find the
maximum profit.

Exercise 4.29. Profit A company has found that its weekly profit from the sale of x units of
an auto part is given by
P ( x) = −0,02 x3 + 600 x − 20 000
Production bottlenecks limit the number of units that can be made per week to no more than
150, while a long-term contract requires that at least 50 units be made each week. Find the
maximum possible weekly profit that the firm can make.

Exercise 4.30. Pollution A marshy region used for agricultural drainage has become con-
taminated with selenium. It has been determined that flushing the area with clean water will
reduce the selenium for a while, but it will then begin to build up again. A biologist has found
that the percent of selenium in the soil x months after the flushing begins is given by

x2 + 36
f ( x) = , 1 ⩽ x ⩽ 12.
2x
When will the selenium be reduced to a minimum? What is the minimum percent?

Exercise 4.31. Salmon Spawning The number of salmon swimming upstream to spawn is
approximated by
S ( x) = − x3 + 3 x2 + 360 x + 5000, 6 ⩽ x ⩽ 20
where x represents the temperature of the water in degrees Celsius. Find the water tempera-
ture that produces the maximum number of salmon swimming upstream.

Exercise 4.32. Molars Researchers have determined that the crown length of first molars in
fetuses is related to the postconception age of the tooth as

L( t) = −0,01 t2 + 0,788 t − 7,048

where L( t) is the crown length (in millimeters) of the molar t weeks after conception. Find the
maximum length of the crown of first molars during weeks 22 through 28. Source: American
Journal of Physical Anthropology.

Exercise 4.33. Fungal Growth Because of the time that many people spend indoors, there is
a concern about the health risk of being exposed to harmful fungi that thrive in buildings. The
risk appears to increase in damp environments. Researchers have discovered that by control-
ling both the temperature and the relative humidity in a building, the growth of the fungus A .
versicolor can be limited. The relationship between temperature and relative humidity, which
limits growth, can be described by

R (T ) = −0,000 07T 3 + 0,040 1T 2 − 1,657 2T + 97,086, 15 ⩽ T ⩽ 46

where R (T ) is the relative humidity (in percent) and T is the temperature (in degrees Celsius).
Find the temperature at which the relative humidity is minimized. Source: Applied and
Environmental Microbiology.
 41

Exercise 4.34. Gasoline Mileage From information given in a recent business publication,
we constructed the mathematical model
1 2
M ( x) = − x + 2 x − 20, 30 ⩽ x ⩽ 65
45
to represent the miles per gallon used by a certain car at a speed of x mph. Find the absolute
maximum miles per gallon and the absolute minimum and the speeds at which they occur.

Exercise 4.35. Find two nonnegative numbers x and y for which 2 x + y = 30, such that x y2 is
maximized.

Exercise 4.36. Gasoline Mileage For a certain sports utility vehicle,

M ( x) = −0,015 x2 + 1,31 x − 7,3, 30 ⩽ x ⩽ 60

represents the miles per gallon obtained at a speed of x mph. Find the absolute maximum
miles per gallon and the absolute minimum and the speeds at which they occur.

Exercise 4.37. Dentin Growth The dentinal formation of molars in mice has been studied by
researchers in Copenhagen. They determined that the growth curve that best fits dentinal
formation for the first molar is

M ( t) = 1,338 630 9 − 0,432 117 3 t + 0,056 451 2 t2 − 0,002 050 6 t3 + 0,000 031 5 t4 − 0,000 000 178 5 t5 ,

5 ⩽ t ⩽ 51, where t is the age of the mouse (in days), and M ( t) is the cumulative dentin
volume (in 10−1 mm3 ). Source: Journal of Craniofacial Genetics and Developmental Biology.
Find the time in which the dentin formation is growing most rapidly. (Hint: Find the maximum
value of the derivative of this function.)

Exercise 4.38. Human Skin Surface The surface of the skin is made up of a network of
intersecting lines that form polygons. Researchers have discovered a functional relationship
between the age of a female and the number of polygons per area of skin according to

P ( t) = 237,09 − 8,039 8 t + 0,208 13 t2 − 0,002 756 3 t3 + 0,000 013 016 t4 , 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 95

where t is the age of the person (in years), and P ( t) is the number of polygons for a particu-
lar surface area of skin. Source: Gerontology. Find the maximum and minimum number of
polygons per area predicted by the model.

Exercise 4.39. Suppose the spawner-recruit function for Idaho rabbits is

p
f (S ) = 2.17 S ln(S + 1),

where S is measured in thousands of rabbits. Find S 0 and the maximum sustainable harvest,
H (S 0 ).

Exercise 4.40. Pollution A lake polluted by bacteria is treated with an antibacterial chemical.
After t days, the number N of bacteria per milliliter of water is approximated by

t t
µ µ ¶¶
N ( t) = 20 − ln + 30
12 12

for 1 ⩽ t ⩽ 15.

a) When during this time will the number of bacteria be a minimum?

42 Chapter 4. Derivatives

b) What is the minimum number of bacteria during this time?

c) When during this time will the number of bacteria be a maximum?

d) What is the maximum number of bacteria during this time?

Exercise 4.41. Disease Epidemiologists have found a new communicable disease running
rampant in College Station, Texas. They estimate that t days after the disease is first ob-
served in the community, the percent of the population infected by the disease is approximated
by
20 t3 − t4
p ( t) =
1000

for 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 20.

a) After how many days is the percent of the population infected a maximum?

b) What is the maximum percent of the population infected?

Exercise 4.42. Disease Another disease hits the chronically ill town of College Station, Texas.
This time the percent of the population infected by the disease t days after it hits town is
approximated by p( t) = 10 te− t/8 for 0 ≤ t ≤ 40.

a) After how many days is the percent of the population infected a maximum?

b) What is the maximum percent of the population infected?

Exercise 4.43. Catching rainwater A 1125 ft3 open-top rectangular tank with a square base
x ft on a side and y ft deep is to be built with its top flush with the ground to catch runoff water.
The costs associated with the tank involve not only the material from which the tank is made
but also an excavation charge proportional to the product x y.

a) If the total cost is

c = 5 x2 + 4 x y + 10 x y
¡ ¢

what values of x and y will minimize it?

b) Give a possible scenario for the cost function in part a).

Exercise 4.44. A woman launches her boat from point A on a bank of a straight river, 3 km
wide, and wants to reach point B, 3 km downstream on the opposite bank, as quickly as possible
(see Figure). She could row her boat directly across the river to point C and then run to B, or
she could row directly to B, or she could row to some point D between C and B and then run
to B. If she can row 6 km/h and run 8 km/h, where should she land to reach B as soon as
possible? (We assume that the speed of the water is negligible compared with the speed at
which the woman rows.)
 43

Fig. 4.15

Exercise 4.45. Maximizing Area. A hobby store has 20 ft of fencing to fence off a rectangular
area for an electric train in one corner of its display room. The two sides up against the wall
require no fence. What dimensions of the rectangle will maximize the area? What is the
maximum area?

Fig. 4.16

Exercise 4.46. Maximizing area. A lifeguard needs to rope off a rectangular swimming area
in front of Long Lake Beach, using 180 yd of rope and floats. What dimensions of the rectangle
will maximize the area? What is the maximum area? (Note that the shoreline is one side of
the rectangle.)
44 Chapter 4. Derivatives

Fig. 4.17

Exercise 4.47. Maximizing area. A rancher wants to enclose two rectangular areas near
a river, one for sheep and one for cattle. There are 240 yd of fencing available. What is the
largest total area that can be enclosed?

Fig. 4.18

Exercise 4.48. Area An ecologist is conducting a research project on breeding pheasants in

captivity. She first must construct suitable pens. She wants a rectangular area with two
additional fences across its width, as shown in the sketch. Find the maximum area she can
enclose with 3 600 m of fencing.

Fig. 4.19

Exercise 4.49. A farmer has 1 200 ft of fencing for enclosing a trapezoidal field along a river
as shown. One of the parallel sides is three times longer than the other. No fencing is needed
along the river. Find the largest area the farmer can enclose.
 45

Fig. 4.20

Exercise 4.50. Playground Area The city park department is planning an enclosed play
area in a new park. One side of the area will be against an existing building, with no fence
needed there. Find the dimensions of the maximum rectangular area that can be made with
900 m of fence.

Exercise 4.51. A farmer has 2 400 ft of fencing and wants to fence off a rectangular field that
borders a straight river. He needs no fence along the river. What are the dimensions of the
field that has the largest area?

Exercise 4.52. Minimizing cost. A rectangular play area is to be fenced off in a person’s
yard and is to contain 48 yd2 . The next-door neighbor agrees to pay half the cost of the fence
on the side of the play area that lies along the property line. What dimensions will minimize
the cost of the fence?

Fig. 4.21

Exercise 4.53. Minimum Length A farmer plans to fence a rectangular pasture adjacent
to a river (see figure). The pasture must contain 245 000 square meters in order to provide
enough grass for the herd. No fencing is needed along the river. What dimensions will require
the least amount of fencing?

Fig. 4.22
46 Chapter 4. Derivatives

Exercise 4.54. A rectangular garden 450 ft2 in area is to be fenced off against rabbits. If
one side of the garden is already protected by a barn wall, what dimensions will require the
shortest length of fence?

Exercise 4.55. Maximum Area A rancher has 400 feet of fencing with which to enclose two
adjacent rectangular corrals (see Figure 4.23 on page 46). What dimensions should be used so
that the enclosed area will be a maximum?

Fig. 4.23

Exercise 4.56. Area A farmer is constructing a rectangular pen with one additional fence
across its width. Find the maximum area that can be enclosed with 2 400 m of fencing.

Exercise 4.57. Cost with Fixed Area A fence must be built in a large field to enclose a
rectangular area of 25, 600 m2 . One side of the area is bounded by an existing fence; no fence
is needed there. Material for the fence costs $3 per meter for the two ends and $1.50 per meter
for the side opposite the existing fence. Find the cost of the least expensive fence.

Exercise 4.58. Cost with Fixed Area A fence must be built to enclose a rectangular area of
20, 000ft2 . Fencing material costs $2.50 per foot for the two sides facing north and south and
$3.20 per foot for the other two sides. Find the cost of the least expensive fence.

Exercise 4.59. Revenue A local club is arranging a charter flight to Hawaii. The cost of the
trip is $1600 each for 90 passengers, with a refund of $10 per passenger for each passenger in
excess of 90.

a) Find the number of passengers that will maximize the revenue received from the flight.

b) Find the maximum revenue.

Exercise 4.60. Profit In planning a restaurant, it is estimated that a profit of $8 per seat will
be made if the number of seats is no more than 50 , inclusive. On the other hand, the profit on
each seat will decrease by 10φ for each seat above 50.

a) Find the number of seats that will produce the maximum profit.

b) What is the maximum profit?

Exercise 4.61. A farmer wants to fence in a rectangular plot of land adjacent to the north wall
of his barn. No fencing is needed along the barn, and the fencing along the west side of the
plot is shared with a neighbor who will split the cost of that portion of the fence. If the fencing
costs $20 per linear foot to install and the farmer is not willing to spend more than $5000, find
the dimensions for the plot that would enclose the most area.

Exercise 4.62. Maximizing area. A carpenter is building a rectangular shed with a fixed
perimeter of 54 ft. What are the dimensions of the largest shed that can be built? What is its
area?
 47

Exercise 4.63. Maximizing area. Of all rectangles that have a perimeter of 42 ft, find the
dimensions of the one with the largestarea. What is its area?

Exercise 4.64. Minimizing surface area. Ever Green Gardening is designing a rectangular
compost container that will be twice as tall as it is wide and must hold 18 ft3 of composted food
scraps. Find the dimensions of the compost container with minimal surface area (include the
bottom and top).

Exercise 4.65. A steel pipe is being carried down a hallway that is 9 ft wide. At the end of the
hall there is a right-angled turn into a narrower hallway, 6 ft wide. What is the length of the
longest pipe that can be carried horizontally around the corner?

Fig. 4.24

Exercise 4.66. A man 6 ft tall wants to construct a greenhouse of length L and width 18 ft
against the outer wall of his house by building a sloping glass roof of slant height y from the
ground to the wall, as shown in Figure 4.25 on page 47. He considers space in the greenhouse
to be usable if he can stand upright without bumping his head. If the cost of building the roof
is proportional to y, find the slope of the roof that minimizes the cost per square foot of usable
space. Hint: Notice that this amounts to minimizing y/ x.

Fig. 4.25

Exercise 4.67. ABCD is a square piece of paper with sides of length 1 m. A quarter-circle is
drawn from B to D with center A . The piece of paper is folded along EF , with E on AB and
F on AD , so that A falls on the quarter-circle. Determine the maximum and minimum areas
that the triangle AEF can have.
48 Chapter 4. Derivatives

Exercise 4.68. A rectangular page is to contain 24 square inches of print. The margins at the
1
top and bottom of the page are to be 1 inches, and the margins on the left and right are to be
2
1 inch. What should the dimensions of the page be so that the least amount of paper is used?

Fig. 4.26. The quantity to be minimized is area: A = ( x + 3)( y + 2).

Exercise 4.69. Use of Materials A mathematics book is to contain 36in2 of printed matter per
page, with margins of 1 in. along the sides and 1 12 in. along the top and bottom. Find the
dimensions of the page that will require the minimum amount of paper. (See the figure.)

Fig. 4.27

Exercise 4.70. A certain poster requires 96 in2 for the printed message and must have 3 -in
margins at the top and bottom and a 2-in margin on each side. Find the overall dimensions of
the poster if the amount of paper used is a minimum.
 49

Exercise 4.71. Each rectangular page of a book must contain 30 cm2 of printed text, and each
page must have 2 cm margins at top and bottom, and 1 cm margin at each side. What is the
minimum possible area of such a page?
Exercise 4.72. Minimum Area A rectangular page is to contain 30 square inches of print.
The margins on each side are 1 inch. Find the dimensions of the page such that the least
amount of paper is used.
Exercise 4.73. Minimum Area A rectangular page is to contain 36 square inches of print.
1
The margins on each side are 1 inches. Find the dimensions of the page such that the least
2
amount of paper is used.
Exercise 4.74. Maximizing area. A publisher decides that each page in a new book must
have an area of 73,125in2 , a 0.75 -in. margin at the top and at the bottom of each page, and a
0.5 − in. margin on each of the sides. What should the outside dimensions of each page be so
that the printed area is a maximum?
Exercise 4.75. A cylindrical can is to be made to hold 1 L of oil. Find the dimensions that will
minimize the cost of the metal to manufacture the can.
Exercise 4.76. A closed cylindrical can is to hold 1 liter 1000 cm3 of liquid. How should we
¡ ¢

choose the height and radius to minimize the amount of material needed to manufacture the
can?
Exercise 4.77. Minimizing Area A company wants to manufacture cylindrical aluminum
cans with a volume of 1000 cm3 (1 liter). What should the radius and height of the can be to
minimize the amount of aluminum used?
Exercise 4.78. Minimizing Material: Surface Area. A manufacturer of food-storage con-
tainers makes a cylindrical can with a volume of 500 milliliters (mL; 1 mL = 1 cm3 ). What
dimensions (height and radius) will minimize the material needed to produce each can, that
is, minimize the surface area?

Fig. 4.28

Exercise 4.79. A rectangle of tin whose sides are a and b is to be made into an open-top box
by cutting a square from each corner and bending up the flaps to form the sides. How large a
square should be cut from each corner to make the volume of the box as large as possible?
50 Chapter 4. Derivatives

Exercise 4.80. Find the dimensions of the rectangle of largest area whose base is on the x-axis
and whose upper two vertices lie on the parabola y = 12 − x2 .

Exercise 4.81. Two vertices of a rectangle are on the positive x-axis. The other two vertices
5
are on the lines y = 2 x − 1 and y = − x + 5. What is the maximum area of rectangle?
4

Exercise 4.82. Find the point on the parabola y2 = 2 x that is closest to the point (1, 4).

Exercise 4.83. Find a point on the curve y = x2 that is closest to the point (18, 0).

Exercise 4.84. A rectangle is to be inscribed under the arch of the curve y = 4 cos(0,5 x) from
x = −π to x = π. What are the dimensions of the rectangle with largest area, and what is the
largest area?

Exercise 4.85. Find the dimensions of the rectangle of greatest area that can be inscribed in
a semicircle of radius a.

Exercise 4.86. Find the dimensions of a right circular cylinder of maximum volume that can
be inscribed in a sphere of radius 10 cm. What is the maximum volume?

Exercise 4.87. Maximum Volume A rectangular package to be sent by a postal service can
have a maximum combined length and girth (perimeter of a cross section) of 108 inches (see
Figure 4.29 on page 50). Find the dimensions of the package of maximum volume that can be
sent. (Assume the cross section is square.)

Fig. 4.29
 51

Fig. 4.30

Exercise 4.88. Minimizing surface area. A closed-top cylindrical container is to have a

volume of 250 cm2 . What dimensions (radius and height) will minimize the surface area?

Exercise 4.89. Minimizing surface area. An open-top cylindrical container is to have a

volume of 400 cm2 . What dimensions (radius and height) will minimize the surface area?

Exercise 4.90. The trough in the figure is to be made to the dimensions shown. Only the angle
θ can be varied. What value of θ will maximize the trough’s volume?

Fig. 4.31

Exercise 4.91. A manufacturer of cylindrical soup cans receives a very large order for cans of
a specified volume V0 . What dimensions will minimize the total surface area of such a can, and
therefore the amount of metal needed to manufacture it?

Exercise 4.92. Find the ratio of the height to the diameter of the base for the cylinder of
maximum volume that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius R .

Exercise 4.93. Honeycomb The surface area of a cell in a honeycomb is

Ãp !
3 s2 3 − cos θ
S = 6 hs +
2 sin θ
52 Chapter 4. Derivatives

where h and s are positive constants and θ is the angle at which the upper faces meet the
altitude of the cell (see figure). Find the angle θ (π/6 ⩽ θ ⩽ π/2) that minimizes the surface
area S .

Fig. 4.32

Exercise 4.94. A spider at a corner S of the ceiling of a cubic room 8 ft on each side wishes
to catch a bug at the opposite corner B of the floor (Figure 4.33 on page 52). The spider, who
must walk on the ceiling, the walls, or the floor, wishes to find the shortest path to the bug.
Find a shortest path

a) by using calculus;

b) without calculus, by merely thinking.

Fig. 4.33
 53

Exercise 4.95. Paper folding A rectangular sheet of 8,5 inches × 15 inches. paper is placed
on a flat surface. One of the corners is placed on the opposite longer edge, as shown in the
figure, and held there as the paper is smoothed flat. The problem is to make the length of the
crease as small as possible. Call the length L. Try it with paper.

Fig. 4.34

2 x3
a) Show that L2 = .
(2 x − 8,5)

b) What value of x minimizes L2 ?

c) What is the minimum value of L?

Exercise 4.96. A long sheet of paper is a units wide. One corner of the paper is folded over as
shown in Figigure.

Fig. 4.35

Find the value of x that minimizes

54 Chapter 4. Derivatives

a) the area of the triangle ABC ;

b) the length of the crease AC .

Exercise 4.97. Constructing cylinders Compare the answers to the following two construc-
tion problems.

Fig. 4.36

a) A rectangular sheet of perimeter 36 cm and dimensions x cm by y cm is to be rolled into

a cylinder as shown in part (a) of the figure. What values of x and y give the largest
volume?

b) The same sheet is to be revolved about one of the sides of length y to sweep out the
cylinder as shown in part (b) of the figure. What values of x and y give the largest
volume?

Exercise 4.98. An east-west and a north-south road intersect at a point O . A diagonal road
is to be constructed from a point A east of O to a point B north of O , passing through a town
C which is a miles east and b miles north of O . Find the ratio of O A to OB if the triangular
area O AB is as small as possible. Show that this minimal area is attained when C bisects the
segment AB.

Exercise 4.99. The cone of smallest possible volume is circumscribed about a given hemi-
sphere. What is the ratio of its height to the diameter of its base?

Exercise 4.100. If the volume of a cone is fixed, what shape (ratio of height to diameter of
base) minimizes its total surface area?

Exercise 4.101. A pyramid has a square base and four equal sloping triangular faces. If the
total
p area of the bottom and faces is given, show that the volume is greatest when the height
is 2 times the edge of the base.

Exercise 4.102. A cylinder is generated by revolving a rectangle about the x-axis, where the
x
base of the rectangle lies on the x-axis and its upper vertices lie on the curve y = 2 . What
x +1
is the largest volume such a cylinder can have?

Exercise 4.103. An aquarium is to be 4 ft high and is to have a volume of 88 ft3 . The base,
ends, and back are to be made of slate, and the front is to be made of special reinforced glass
that costs 1,75 times as much as the slate per square foot. What should the dimensions be to
minimize the cost of materials?
 55

Exercise 4.104. A given cone has height H and radius of base R . A second cone is inscribed
in the first with its vertex at the center of the base of the given cone and its base parallel to the
base of the given cone. Find the height of the second cone if its volume is as large as possible.

Exercise 4.105. A right circular cylinder is inscribed in a sphere of radius r . Find the largest
possible volume of such a cylinder.

Exercise 4.106. A right circular cylinder is inscribed in a cone with height h and base radius
r . Find the largest possible volume of such a cylinder.

Exercise 4.107. A right circular cylinder is inscribed in a sphere of radius r . Find the largest
possible surface area of such a cylinder.
p
Exercise 4.108. Constructing cones A right triangle whose hypotenuse is 3 m long is
revolved about one of its legs to generate a right circular cone. Find the radius, height, and
volume of the cone of greatest volume that can be made this way.

Fig. 4.37

Exercise 4.109. The figure shows a rectangle inscribed in an isosceles right triangle whose
hypotenuse is 2 units long.

a) Express the y-coordinate of P in terms of x. (Hint: Write an equation for the line AB.)

b) Express the area of the rectangle in terms of x.

c) What is the largest area the rectangle can have, and what are its dimensions?

Fig. 4.38
56 Chapter 4. Derivatives

Exercise 4.110. A rectangle has its base on the x-axis and its upper two vertices on the
parabola y = 12 − x2 . What is the largest area the rectangle can have, and what are its di-
mensions?
Exercise 4.111. A cone-shaped drinking cup is made from a circular piece of paper of radius
R by cutting out a sector and joining the edges C A and CB. Find the maximum capacity of
such a cup.

Fig. 4.39

Exercise 4.112. Maximum Volume A sector with central angle θ is cut from a circle of radius
12 inches (see Figure 4.45 on page 58), and the edges of the sector are brought together to form
a cone. Find the magnitude of θ such that the volume of the cone is a maximum.

Fig. 4.40

Exercise 4.113. Maximum Area A Norman window is constructed by adjoining a semicircle

to the top of an ordinary rectangular window (see Figure 4.41 on page 56). Find the dimensions
of a Norman window of maximum area when the total perimeter is 16 feet.

Fig. 4.41

Exercise 4.114. A closed box with a square base is to have a volume of 2000 cubic inches. The
material for the top and bottom of the box is to cost 3 dollars per square inch, and the material
 57

for the sides is to cost 1.5 dollars per square inch. If the cost of the material is to be the least,
find the dimensions of the box.

4.0.1 Packaging Design

Exercise 4.115. Maximizing Volume. From a thin piece of cardboard 8 in. by 8 in., square
corners are cut out so that the sides can be folded up to make a box. What dimensions will
yield a box of maximum volume? What is the maximum volume?

Fig. 4.42

Exercise 4.116. An open box is to be made by cutting a square from each corner of a 12 − in.
by 12 − in. piece of metal and then folding up the sides (see Figure 4.43 on page 57). What size
square should be cut from each corner to produce a box of maximum volume?

Fig. 4.43

Exercise 4.117. Maximum Volume An open box with locking tabs is to be made from a
square piece of material 24 inches on a side. This is to be done by cutting equal squares from
the corners and folding along the dashed lines shown in the figure.
58 Chapter 4. Derivatives

Fig. 4.44

Exercise 4.118. A box with an open top is to be constructed from a 4 ft by 3 ft rectangular

piece of cardboard by cutting out squares or rectangles from each of the four corners, as shown
in the figure, and bending up the sides. One of the longer sides of the box is to have a double
layer of cardboard, which is obtained by folding the side twice. Find the largest volume that
such a box can have.

Fig. 4.45

Exercise 4.119. Packaging Design The packaging department of a corporation is designing

a box with a square base and no top. The volume is to be 32 m3 . To reduce cost, the box is
to have minimum surface area. What dimensions (height, length, and width) should the box
have?
Exercise 4.120. Packaging Design A company plans to package its product in a cylinder
that is open at one end. The cylinder is to have a volume of 27πin3 . What radius should the
circular bottom of the cylinder have to minimize the cost of the material?
Exercise 4.121. Maximizing volume. From a 50 cm × 50 cm sheet of aluminum, square cor-
ners are cut out so that the sides can be folded up to make a box. What dimensions will yield
a box of maximum volume? What is the maximum volume?
Exercise 4.122. You are planning to make an open rectangular box from an 8 inch × 15 inch
piece of cardboard by cutting congruent squares from the corners and folding up the sides.
What are the dimensions of the box of largest volume you can make this way, and what is its
volume?
Exercise 4.123. Maximizing volume. From a thin piece of cardboard 20 cm × 20 cm square
corners are cut out so that the sides can be folded up to make a box. What dimensions will
yield a box of maximum volume? What is the maximum volume?
 59

Exercise 4.124. Minimizing surface area. Drum Tight Containers is designing an open-
top, square-based, rectangular box that will have a volume of 62,5 in3 . What dimensions will
minimize surface area? What is the minimum surface area?

Exercise 4.125. Minimizing surface area. A soup company is constructing an open-top,

square-based, rectangular metal tank that will have a volume of 32 ft3 . What dimensions will
minimize surface area? What is the minimum surface area?

Exercise 4.126. Packaging Design A company wishes to manufacture a box with a volume
of 36ft3 that is open on top and is twice as long as it is wide. Find the dimensions of the box
produced from the minimum amount of material.

Exercise 4.127. Container Design An open box will be made by cutting a square from each
corner of a 3 − ft by 8 − ft piece of cardboard and then folding up the sides. What size square
should be cut from each corner in order to produce a box of maximum volume?

Exercise 4.128. Packaging Design A television manufacturing firm needs to design an open-
topped box with a square base. The box must hold 32in3 . Find the dimensions of the box that
can be built with the minimum amount of materials. (See the figure.)

Fig. 4.46

Exercise 4.129. An open box of maximum volume is to be made from a square piece of mate-
rial, 24 inches on a side, by cutting equal squares from the corners and turning up the sides
(see figure). Then find the maximum volume.

Fig. 4.47
60 Chapter 4. Derivatives

Fig. 4.48

Exercise 4.130. A box with a lid is to be made from a square sheet of cardboard 18 in on a
side by cutting along the dotted lines as shown in figure 4.49 on page 60. The cardboard is
then folded up to form the ends and sides, and the flap is folded over to form the lid. What are
the dimensions of the box of greatest volume?

Fig. 4.49

Exercise 4.131. A manufacturer wants to design an open box having a square base and a
surface area of 108 square inches. What dimensions will produce a box with maximum volume?

Fig. 4.50. Open box with square base: S = x2 + 4 xh = 108.

Exercise 4.132. Designing a box with a lid A piece of cardboard measures 10 inches × 15
inches. Two equal squares are removed from the corners of a 10 in. side as shown in the figure.
Two equal rectangles are removed from the other corners so that the tabs can be folded to form
a rectangular box with lid.
 61

Fig. 4.51

a) Write a formula V ( x) for the volume of the box.

b) Find the domain of V for the problem situation and graph V over this domain.

c) Use a graphical method to find the maximum volume and the value of x that gives it.

d) Confirm your result in part c) analytically.

Exercise 4.133. Designing a suitcase A 24 inches × 36 inches sheet of cardboard is folded in

half to form a 24 inches × 18 rectangle as shown in the accompanying Figure 4.52 on page 61.
Then four congruent squares of side length x are cut from the corners of the folded rectangle.
The sheet is unfolded, and the six tabs are folded up to form a box with sides and a lid.

Fig. 4.52

The sheet is then unfolded.

Fig. 4.53
62 Chapter 4. Derivatives

a) Write a formula V ( x) for the volume of the box.

b) Find the domain of V for the problem situation and graph V over this domain.

c) Use a graphical method to find the maximum volume and the value of x that gives it.

d) Confirm your result in part c) analytically.

e) Find a value of x that yields a volume of 1120 in3 .

f) Write a paragraph describing the issues that arise in part b).

Exercise 4.134. Minimizing costs. A rectangular box with a volume of 320 ft3 is to be
constructed with a square base and top. The cost per square foot for the bottom is 15 ¢, for the
top is 10 ¢, and for the sides is 2,54. What dimensions will minimize the cost?

Fig. 4.54

Exercise 4.135. Maximizing volume. The postal service places a limit of 84 in. on the
combined length and girth of (distance around) a package to be sent parcel post. What dimen-
sions of a rectangular box with square cross-section will contain the largest volume that can
be mailed? (Hint: There are two different girths.)

Fig. 4.55
 63

4.0.2 Minimizing the sum of two distances

Exercise 4.136. If a ray of light travels from a point A to a point P on a flat mirror and is then
reflected to a point B, as shown in Fig. 4.56 on page 63, then the most careful measurements
show that the incident ray and the reflected ray make equal angles with the mirror: α = β.
Assume that the ray of light takes the shortest path from A to B by way of the mirror, and
a b
prove this law of reflection by showing that the path APB is shortest when α = β or = .
x c−x

Fig. 4.56

Exercise 4.137. Two towns, A and B, lie on the same side of a straight highway. Their distance
apart is c, and their distances from the highway are a and b. Show p that the length of the
2
shortest road that goes from A to the highway and then on to B is c + 4ab.

Exercise 4.138. A math professor participating in the sport of orienteering must get to a
specific tree in the woods as fast as possible. He can get there by traveling east along the trail
for 300 m and then north through the woods for 800 m. He can run 160 m per minute along
the trail but only 70 m per minute through the woods. Running directly through the woods
toward the tree minimizes the distance, but he will be going slowly the whole time. He could
instead run 300 m along the trail before entering the woods, maximizing the total distance but
minimizing the time in the woods. Perhaps the fastest route is a combination, as shown in
Figure 4.57 on page 64. Find the path that will get him to the tree in the minimum time.
64 Chapter 4. Derivatives

Fig. 4.57

Exercise 4.139. Two posts, one 12 feet high and the other 28 feet high, stand 30 feet apart.
They are to be stayed by two wires, attached to a single stake, running from ground level to
the top of each post. Where should the stake be placed to use the least amount of wire?

Fig. 4.58

Exercise 4.140. Life science: flights of homing pigeons. It is known that homing pigeons
tend to avoid flying over water in the daytime, perhaps because the downdrafts of air over
water make flying difficult. Suppose that a homing pigeon is released on an island at point C ,
which is 3 mi directly out in the water from a point B on shore. Point B is 8 mi downshore from
the pigeon’s home loft at point A . Assume that a pigeon flying over water uses energy at a rate
1,28 times the rate over land. Toward what point S downshore from A should the pigeon fly in
order to minimize the total energy required to get to the home loft at A ? Assume that

Total energy = (Energy rate over water) · (Distance over water)

+ (Energy rate over land) · (Distance over land).
 65

Fig. 4.59

Exercise 4.141. Business: minimizing costs. A power line is to be constructed from a power
station at point A to an island at point C , which is 1 mi directly out in the water from a point
B on the shore. Point B is 4 mi downshore from the power station at A . It costs $5 000 per mile
to lay the power line under water and $3 000 per mile to lay the line under ground. At what
point S downshore from A should the line come to the shorepin order to minimize cost? Note
that S could very well be B or A . (Hint: The length of CS is 1 + x2 .)

Fig. 4.60

Exercise 4.142. Two towers 30 m apart are 30 and 70 m high, respectively. A taut wire fas-
tened to the top of each tower is anchored to the ground between the towers. How far from the
shorter tower will the wire touch the ground if its total length is a minimum? (Can you solve
this problem without calculus?)

Exercise 4.143. Pigeon Flight Homing pigeons avoid flying over large bodies of water, pre-
ferring to fly around them instead. (One possible explanation is the fact that extra energy is
required to fly over water because air pressure drops over water in the daytime.) Assume that
a pigeon released from a boat 1 mile from the shore of a lake (point B in the figure) flies first
to point P on the shore and then along the straight edge of the lake to reach its home at L.
If L is 2 miles from point A , the point on the shore closest to the boat, and if a pigeon needs
4/3 as much energy per mile to fly over water as over land, find the location of point P , which
minimizes energy used.
66 Chapter 4. Derivatives

Fig. 4.61

Exercise 4.144. Travel Time A hunter is at a point along a river bank. He wants to get to his
cabin, located 3 miles north and 8 miles west. (See the figure.) He can travel 5 mph along the
river but only 2 mph on this very rocky land. How far upriver should he go in order to reach
the cabin in minimum time?

Fig. 4.62

Exercise 4.145. A 24-in. piece of wire is cut in two pieces. One piece is used to form a circle
and the other to form a square. How should the wire be cut so that the sum of the areas is a
minimum? A maximum?

Fig. 4.63

Exercise 4.146. A straight piece of wire of L cm is cut into two pieces. One piece is bent into a
square and the another piece is bent into a rectangle with aspect ratio 3 . What are dimensions,
in centimeters of the square and the rectangle such that the sum of their area is minimized?

Exercise 4.147. A L cm piece of wire is cut into two pieces and once piece is bent into a square
and the another is bent into an equilateral triangle. Where should the wire cut so that the total
area enclosed by both is
 67

a) minimum?

b) maximum?

Exercise 4.148. A piece of wire L cm long is cut two pieces. One piece is bent into the shape
of a circle and the other into the shape of a square. How should the wire be cut so that

a) the combined area of the two figures is as small as possible.

b) the combined area of the two figures is as large as possible.

c) one piece of wire is bent into the shape of an equilateral triangle and the other piece is
bent into the shape of a square.

Exercise 4.149. A wire of length L is to be cut into two pieces, one being bent to form a square
and the other to form a circle. How should the wire be cut if the sum of the areas enclosed by
the two pieces is to be

a) a maximum?

b) a minimum?

Exercise 4.150. Find the dimensions of the rectangle of largest area that can be inscribed in
an equilateral triangle of side L if one side of the rectangle lies on the base of the triangle.

Exercise 4.151. A window is to be constructed in the shape of an equilateral triangle on top of

a rectangle. If its perimeter is to be L cm, what is the maximum possible area of the window?

Exercise 4.152. A mosque window is to be in the shape of a rectangle surmounted by a semi-

circle. If the perimeter of the window is L cm, express its area as a function of its semicircular
radius r . What is its maximum area?

Exercise 4.153. Maximizing light. A Norman window is a rectangle with a semicircle on

top. Suppose that the perimeter of a particular Norman window is to be 24 ft. What should its
dimensions be in order to allow the maximum amount of light to enter through the window?

Fig. 4.64

Exercise 4.154. Surfing A mathematician is surfing in Long Beach, New York. He is standing
on the shore and wants to paddle out to a spot 40 ft from shore; the closest point on the shore
to that spot is 40 ft from where he is now standing. (See the Figure 4.65 on page 68.) If he can
walk 5 ft per second along the shore and paddle 3 ft per second once he’s in the water, how far
68 Chapter 4. Derivatives

along the shore should he walk before paddling toward the desired destination if he wants to
complete the trip in the shortest possible time? What is the shortest possible time?

Fig. 4.65

Exercise 4.155. A drainage channel is to be made so that its cross section is a trapezoid with
equally sloping sides. If the sides and bottom all have a length of 5 ft, how should the angle θ
(0 ⩽ θ ⩽ π/2) be chosen to yield the greatest cross-sectional area of the channel?

Fig. 4.66

Exercise 4.156. A trapezoid is inscribed in a semicircle of radius 2 so that one side is along
the diameter. Find the maximum possible area for the trapezoid. [Hint: Express the area of
the trapezoid in terms of θ .]

Fig. 4.67

Exercise 4.157. The shoreline of Circle Lake is a circle with diameter 2 mi. Nancy’s training
routine begins at point E on the eastern shore of the lake. She jogs along the north shore to
 69

a point P and then swims the straight line distance, if any, from P to point W diametrically
opposite E . Nancy swims at a rate of 2 mi/h and jogs at 8 mi/h. How far should Nancy jog in
order to complete her training routine in

Fig. 4.68

a) the least amount of time

b) the greatest amount of time?

Exercise 4.158. A man at point A on the shore of a circular lake of radius 1 mi wants to reach
the opposite point C as soon as possible. He can walk 6 mi/h and row his boat 3 mi/h. At what
angle θ to the diameter AC should he row?

Fig. 4.69

Exercise 4.159. A woman is at point A on the shore of a circular lake of radius 2 kilometers
(see figure). She wants to walk around the lake to point B and then swim to point C in the
least amount of time. Point C lies on the diameter through point A . Assume that she can walk
at v1 kilometers per hour and swim at v2 kilometers per hour, and that 0 ⩽ θ ⩽ π.
70 Chapter 4. Derivatives

Fig. 4.70

a) Find the distance walked from point A to point B in terms of θ .

b) Find the distance swam from point B to point C in terms of θ .

c) Write the function f (θ ) that represents the total time to move from point A to point C .

d) Find f ′ (θ ).

e) If v1 = 5 and v2 = 2, approximate the critical number (s) of f . Does the critical number(s)
correspond to a relative maximum or a relative minimum? Where should point B be
located in order to minimize the time for the trip from point A to point C ? Explain.

f) Repeat part e) for v1 = 3 and v2 = 2.

Exercise 4.160. At a price of $1.50, a door-to-door salesperson can sell 500 potato peelers that
cost 70 cents each. For every cent that the salesperson lowers the price, the number sold can
be increased by 25. What selling price will maximize the total profit?

Exercise 4.161. Maximizing revenue. A university is trying to determine what price to

charge for tickets to football games. At a price of $18 per ticket, attendance averages 40 000
people per game. Every decrease of $3 adds 10 000 people to the average number. Every person
at the game spends an average of $4,50 on concessions. What price per ticket should be charged
in order to maximize revenue? How many people will attend at that price?

Exercise 4.162. Maximizing profit. Gritz-Charlston is a 300-unit luxury hotel. All rooms
are occupied when the hotel charges $80 per day for a room. For every increase of x dollars in
the daily room rate, there are x rooms vacant. Each occupied room costs $22 per day to service
and maintain. What should the hotel charge per day in order to maximize profit?

Exercise 4.163. Business: Determining a Ticket Price. Promoters of international fund-

raising concerts must walk a fine line between profit and loss, especially when determining
the price to charge for admission to closed-circuit TV showings in local theaters. By keeping
records, a theater determines that at an admission price of $26, it averages 1000 people in
attendance. For every drop in price of $1, it gains 50 customers. Each customer spends an
average of $4 on concessions. What admission price should the theater charge in order to
maximize total revenue?

Exercise 4.164. Business: Minimizing Inventory Costs. A retail appliance store sells
2500 television sets per year. It costs $10 to store one set for a year. To reorder, there is a fixed
cost of $20, plus a fee of $9 per set. How many times per year should the store reorder, and in
what lot size, to minimize inventory costs?
 71

Exercise 4.165. A ladder 13 ft long is leaning against a wall. The bottom of the ladder is being
pulled away from the wall at the constant rate of 6 ft/min. How fast is the top of the ladder
moving down the wall when the bottom of the ladder is 5 ft from the wall?
Exercise 4.166. A ladder 20 ft long is leaning against a wall 12 ft high, with its top projecting
over the wall. Its bottom is being pulled away from the wall at the constant rate of 5 ft/min.
Find how rapidly the top of the ladder is approaching the ground
a) when 5 ft of the ladder projects over the wall;

b) when the top of the ladder reaches the top of the wall.
Exercise 4.167. A conical tank with its vertex down is 12 ft high and 12 ft in diameter at the
top. Water is being pumped in at the rate of 4 ft3 /min.

Fig. 4.71

Find the rate at which the water level is rising

a) when the water is 2 ft deep;

b) when the water is 8 ft deep.

Exercise 4.168. Spherical Radius A large weather balloon is being inflated with air at the
rate of 0.9 ft3 per minute. Find the rate of change of the radius when the radius is 1.7 ft .
Exercise 4.169. A long rectangular tank has a sliding panel that divides it into two adjustable
tanks of width 4 ft. Water is pumped into the left compartment at the rate of 12ft3 /min. At the
same time the panel is moved steadily to the right at the rate of 1 ft/min.

Fig. 4.72
72 Chapter 4. Derivatives

In each of the following situations determine whether the water level is rising or falling,
and how fast:

a) the left compartment contains 144 ft3 of water and is 9 ft long;

b) the left compartment contains 144 ft3 of water and is 18 ft long.

Exercise 4.170. Water Level A water trough 2 ft across, 4 ft long, and 1 ft deep has ends in the
shape of isosceles triangles. (See the figure.) It is being filled with 3.5 ft3 of water per minute.
Find the rate at which the depth of water in the tank is changing when the water is 1/3ft deep.

Fig. 4.73

Exercise 4.171. A fertilizer producer finds that it can sell its product at a price of

p = 300 − 0,1 x

dollars per unit when it produces x units of fertilizer. The total production cost (in dollars) for
x units is
C ( x) = 15 000 + 125 x + 0,025 x2
If the production capacity of the firm is at most 1 000 units of fertilizer in a specified time, how
many units must be manufactured and sold in that time to maximize the profit?

Exercise 4.172.

a) A chemical manufacturer sells sulfuric acid in bulk at a price of $100 per unit. If the
daily total production cost in dollars for x units is

C ( x) = 100 000 + 50 x + 0,002 5 x2

and if the daily production capacity is at most 7 000 units, how many units of sulfuric
acid must be manufactured and sold daily to maximize the profit?

b) Would it benefit the manufacturer to expand the daily production capacity?

c) Use marginal analysis to approximate the effect on profit if daily production could be
increased from 7 000 to 7 001 units.

Exercise 4.173. A firm determines that x units of its product can be sold daily at p dollars
per unit, where
x = 1 000 − p
The cost of producing x units per day is

C ( x) = 3 000 + 20 x

a) Find the revenue function R ( x).

b) Find the profit function P ( x).

 73

c) Assuming that the production capacity is at most 500 units per day, determine how many
units the company must produce and sell each day to maximize the profit.

d) Find the maximum profit.

e) What price per unit must be charged to obtain the maximum profit?

Exercise 4.174. In a certain chemical manufacturing process, the daily weight y of defective
chemical output depends on the total weight x of all output according to the empirical formula

y = 0,01 x + 0,000 03 x2

where x and y are in pounds. If the profit is $100 per pound of nondefective chemical produced
and the loss is $20 per pound of defective chemical produced, how many pounds of chemical
should be produced daily to maximize the total daily profit?

Exercise 4.175. An automobile manufacturer estimates that he can sell 5 000 cars a month at
$10, 000 each and that he can sell 500 more cars per month for each $200 decrease in price.

a) What price per car will bring the largest gross income?

b) If each car costs $4000 to make, what price will bring the largest total profit?

Exercise 4.176. Suppose a manufacturer can sell x bicycles per year at a price of p = 300 −
0,01 x dollars apiece, and that it costs him C ( x) = 60, 000 + 75 x dollars to produce the x bicycles.
For maximum profit, what should his production be and what price should he charge?

Exercise 4.177. If the government imposes on the manufacturer a tax of $25 for each bicycle
and the other features of the situation are unchanged, how much of the tax should he absorb
himself and how much should he pass on to his customers if he wishes to continue making the
maximum profit?

Exercise 4.178. If the marginal revenue from producing x units of a certain commodity is
1 2 1 2
40 − x dollars/unit and the marginal cost is 10 + x dollars/unit, how many units should
60 60
be produced to maximize the profit?

Exercise 4.179. A store has been selling 200 TV monitors a week at $350 each. A market
survey indicates that for each $10 rebate offered to buyers, the number of monitors sold will
increase by 20 a week. Find the demand function and the revenue function. How large a rebate
should the store offer to maximize revenue?

Exercise 4.180. Business: Maximizing Revenue. A stereo manufacturer determines that in

order to sell x units of a new stereo, the price per unit, in dollars, must be

p( x) = 1 000 − x.

The manufacturer also determines that the total cost of producing x units is given by

C ( x) = 3 000 + 20 x.

a) Find the total revenue R ( x).

b) Find the total profit P ( x).

c) How many units must the company produce and sell in order to maximize profit?
74 Chapter 4. Derivatives

d) What is the maximum profit?

e) What price per unit must be charged in order to make this maximum profit?

Exercise 4.181. Maximizing profit. Raggs, Ltd., a clothing firm, determines that in order to
sell x suits, the price per suit must be

p = 150 − 0,5 x

It also determines that the total cost of producing x suits is given by

C ( x) = 4 000 + 0,25 x2

a) Find the total revenue, R ( x).

b) Find the total profit, P ( x).

c) How many suits must the company produce and sell in order to maximize profit?

d) What is the maximum profit?

e) What price per suit must be charged in order to maximize profit?

Exercise 4.182. Maximizing profit. Riverside Appliances is marketing a new refrigerator.

It determines that in order to sell x refrigerators, the price per refrigerator must be

p = 280 − 0,4 x

It also determines that the total cost of producing x refrigerators is given by

C ( x) = 5 000 + 0,6 x2

a) Find the total revenue, R ( x).

b) Find the total profit, P ( x).

c) How many refrigerators must the company produce and sell in order to maximize profit?

d) What is the maximum profit?

e) What price per refrigerator must be charged in order to maximize profit?

Chapter 5

Applications of Definite Integrals

Exercise 5.1. Text Messaging The approximate rate of change in the number (in billions) of
monthly text messages is given by

f ′ ( t) = 7.50 t − 16.8

where t represents the number of years since 2000. In 2005 ( t = 5) there were approximately
9.8 billion monthly text messages. Source: Cellular Telecommunication & Internet Associa-
tion.

a) Find the function that gives the total number (in billions) of monthly text messages in
year t.

b) According to this function, how many monthly text messages were there in 2009? Com-
pare this with the actual number of 152.7 billion.

Exercise 5.2. Profit The marginal profit of a small fast-food stand is given, in thousands of
dollars, by
p 1
P ′ ( x) = x + ,
2
where x is the sales volume in thousands of hamburgers. The "profit" is −$1000 when no
hamburgers are sold. Find the profit function.

Exercise 5.3. Profit The marginal profit in dollars on Brie cheese sold at a cheese store is
given by

P ′ ( x) = x 50 x2 + 30 x
¡ ¢

where x is the amount of cheese sold, in hundreds of pounds. The "profit" is −$40 when no
cheese is sold.

a) Find the profit function.

b) Find the profit from selling 200 lb of Brie cheese.

Exercise 5.4. Bachelor’s Degrees The number of bachelor’s degrees conferred in the United
States has been increasing steadily in recent decades. Based on data from the National Center
for Education Statistics, the rate of change of the number of bachelor’s degrees (in thousands)
can be approximated by the function

B′ ( t) = 0.06048 t2 − 1.292 t + 15.86

where t is the number of years since 1970. Source: National Center for Education Statistics.

75
76 Chapter 5. Applications of Definite Integrals

a) Find B( t), given that about 839,700 degrees were conferred in 1970( t = 0).

b) Use the formula from part a to project the number of bachelor’s degrees that will be
conferred in 2015 ( t = 45).

Exercise 5.5. Cavalieri’s principle says that solids with equal altitudes and identical cross-
sectional areas at each height have the same volume (Figure 6.7). This follows immediately
from the definition of volume, because the cross-sectional area function A ( x) and the interval
[a, b] are the same for both solids.

Fig. 5.1

Cavalieri’s Theorem Prove that if two solids have equal altitudes and all plane sections
parallel to their bases and at equal distances from their bases have equal areas, then the solids
have the same volume (see figure).

Fig. 5.2

Exercise 5.6. Two great circles lying in planes that are perpendicular to each other are drawn
on a wooden sphere of radius a. Part of the sphere is then shaved off in such a way that each
cross section of the remaining solid that is perpendicular to the common diameter of the two
great circles is a square whose vertices lie on these circles. Find the volume of this solid.
 77

Exercise 5.7. The axes of two cylinders, each of radius a, intersect at right angles. Find the
common volume. Hint: Drawing this figure is nine-tenths of the problem. To do this, draw
the usual x-axis and y-axis, and also a z-axis "coming out of the paper," so that the xz-plane
is horizontal. Let the axis of one cylinder be the x-axis and the axis of the other the z-axis,
but draw only the quarter of the first cylinder that lies in front of the x y-plane and above the
xz-plane, and the quarter of the second that lies to the right of the yz-plane and above the
xz-plane. Their intersection is one-eighth the total volume and is not difficult to sketch. Now
consider horizontal cross sections.

Exercise 5.8. A pyramid 3 m high has a square base that is 3 m on a side. The crosssection of
the pyramid perpendicular to the altitude x m down from the vertex is a square x m on a side.
Find the volume of the pyramid.

Fig. 5.3

Exercise 5.9. A curved wedge is cut from a circular cylinder of radius 3 by two planes. One
plane is perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder. The second plane crosses the first plane at a
45◦ angle at the center of the cylinder. Find the volume of the wedge.
78 Chapter 5. Applications of Definite Integrals

Fig. 5.4

Exercise 5.10. A wedge is cut from the base of a cylinder of radius a by a plane passing
through a diameter of the base and inclined at an angle of 45◦ to the base.

Fig. 5.5

Exercise 5.11. The shaded region inside the square of side a shown in Figure consists of all
points that are closer to the center of the square than to its boundary. Find the area of this
region.
 79

Fig. 5.6

Exercise 5.12. Commercial air traffic Two commercial airplanes are flying at an altitude of
40, 000ft along straight-line courses that intersect at right angles. Plane A is approaching the
intersection point at a speed of 442 knots (nautical miles per hour; a nautical mile is 2000yd).
Plane B is approaching the intersection at 481 knots. At what rate is the distance between the
planes changing when A is 5.

Fig. 5.7

Exercise 5.13. Making coffee Coffee is draining from a conical filter into a cylindrical coffeepot
at the rate of 10 in3 /min.
80 Chapter 5. Applications of Definite Integrals

Fig. 5.8

a) How fast is the level in the pot rising when the coffee in the cone is 5 in. deep?

b) How fast is the level in the cone falling.

Exercise 5.14. Designing a plumb bob Having been asked to design a brass plumb bob that
will weigh in the neighborhood of 190 g, you decide to shape it like the solid of revolution shown
here. Find the plumb bob’s volume. If you specify a brass that weighs 8,5 g/cm3 , how much
will the plumb bob weigh (to the nearest gram)?

Fig. 5.9

Exercise 5.15. Designing a wok You are designing a wok frying pan that will be shaped like a
spherical bowl with handles. A bit of experimentation at home persuades you that you can get
one that holds about 3 L if you make it 9 cm deep and give the sphere a radius of 16 cm. To be
sure, you picture the wok as a solid of revolution, as shown here, and calculate
¡ its volume with
an integral. To the nearest cubic centimeter, what volume do you really get? 1 L = 1 000 cm3 .
¢
5.1. Geometry in 3d 81

Fig. 5.10

5.1 Geometry in 3d
Exercise 5.16. A bird is flying in a straight line with velocity vector 10i + 6j + k (in kilometers
per hour). Suppose that ( x, y) are its coordinates on the ground and z is its height above the
ground.

a) If the bird is at position (1, 2, 3) at a certain moment, what is its location 1 hour later? 1
minute later?

b) How many seconds does it take the bird to climb 10 meters?

Exercise 5.17. An airplane is located at position (3, 4, 5) at noon and traveling with velocity
400i + 500j − k kilometers per hour. The pilot spots an airport at position (23, 29, 0).

a) At what time will the plane pass directly over the airport? (Assume that the plane is
flying over flat ground and that the vector k points straight up.)

b) How high above the airport will the plane be when it passes?