Chapter no 1

page no 6

Only Sunlight + Sunlight + Water

Day
Seeds Soil Water + Soil + Soil

Dry, no Soil moist, Soil moist, seed

1 Dry soil, no
visible seed starting starting to swell
observation sprouting
change to swell slightly

No Small sprout Slight growth,

Soil dry, seed
change, emerging, yellowish sprout,
changes appears
seeds leaves beginning weak
wrinkled
still dry to appear development

Healthy green
No sprouting, Weak yellow
No sprout
2 Observation seed drying sprout, limited
growth forming
out growth
leaves

Rapid growth,
Seed Growth is
green leaves
No visible appears slow, leaves
Changes appear, plant
development damaged or are pale and
standing
shriveled weak
upright

Skill Sharpener

Page 9:

What is the main process by which plants make their own food?

Ans: ii) Photosynthesis

What is the primary source of energy for photosynthesis?

Ans: ii) Sunlight

Which part of the plant absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis?

Ans: ii) Leaves

True or False:

i) Photosynthesis occurs only in the leaves of plants. → True

ii) Sunlight is essential for Photosynthesis. → True

iii) Plants grow well in absence of water. → False

What do plants need to make their own food through photosynthesis?

Ans: Plants need sunlight, water, carbon dioxide, and minerals.

✅ Skill Sharpener – Transport of Water in Plants (Page 14)

What is the main function of roots in a plant?

Ans: iii) To anchor the plant in the soil

True or False:

Plants absorb water and minerals through their leaves. → False

Match the following:

i. Roots → Absorbs water in plant

ii. Leaves → Photosynthesis occurs here

Explain how water reaches the leaves of a plant from the soil.

Ans: Water is absorbed by the roots and travels up through the stem to the leaves in a unidirectional
path:

Soil → Roots → Stem → Leaves → Air

page 17

Plant Name Flowering (Yes/No) Characteristics for Classification Visual Representation

Rose Yes Has colorful petals and blooms visibly 🌹

Sunflower Yes Large flower head with visible seeds 🌻

Fern No Has fronds, reproduces with spores 🌿

Skill Sharpener – Types of Plants (Page 20)

1 Which of the following is an example of a flowering plant?

Ans: ii) Rose

2 All plants produce flowers.

Ans: False

3 The colorful part of a flower that attracts insects is called the:

Ans: Petal

4 explain the Difference between flowering and non-flowering plants with one example:

Flowering Plants:

1 Produce flowers and seeds. Example: Sunflower

2 Their seeds are enclosed in fruits.

3 They have have flat and broad leaves

Non-Flowering Plants:

1 Do not produce flowers. Example: Fern

2 Their seeds are naked

3 Their seeds are needle like or narrow

page 23

Dat Seed Drawin

e Observation g

Day Seed is intact, no

1 visible changes.

Day Seed coat softening,

2 slightly swollen.

Day Seed coat splits, tiny

3 root (radicle) appears.

Skill Sharpener – (Page 25)

1 What is the first thing a seed needs to start germinating?

Ans: i) Water
2 Put the following stage of life cycle of a flowering plant in the correct order:

Ans: Germination → Flowering → Pollination → Seed dispersal

3 Match the following stages:

i) Pollination → Transfer of pollen to the stigma

ii) Seed Dispersal → Transport of seeds

iii) Germination → Seed starts to grow into a new plant

iv) Flowering → Plant produces seeds

4 Describe the process of seed germination:

Ans: The seed absorbs water, causing it to swell.

1 The seed coat splits.

2 A tiny root grows downward and a shoot grows upward.

3 This producesa seedling of a plant . which ultimately grows into a new plant .

Page 26 – Mastery Challenge (MCQs)

i) Which of the following is essential for photosynthesis to occur?

Answer: A) Carbon dioxide

ii) Which of the following is a characteristic of flowering plants?

Answer: C) Produce flowers

iii) What is the first thing a seed does during germination?

Answer: A) Develop roots

iv) Which stage comes after germination?

Answer: A) Seedling

v) Which of the following is a non-flowering plant?

Answer: B) Fern

Identify if the following statement is true or false :

i) Plants carry out photosynthesis to make their own [Link]

i) All plants produce flowers for reproduction. False

iii) Seed germination is the process of a seed growing into a new plant. True

iv) The life cycle of a plant starts with the seedling [Link]

v) Fruiting is the final stage in the life cycle of a flowering plant. True

3. Fill in the blanks:

i) During photosynthesis, plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen.

ii) Flowering plants reproduce by seeds, while non-flowering plants reproduce by spores.

iii) When a seed begins to grow, the first part to emerge is usually the root.

iv) The seedling stage of a plant's life cycle begins when a seed starts to grow.

v) Oxygen is released into the air as a by-product of photosynthesis.

Page 28 –

4. Answer the following questions briefly :

i) What happens to sunlight, CO₂, and water during photosynthesis?

→ Plants absorb sunlight using chlorophyll, take in carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil,
and convert them into glucose and oxygen.

ii) How do flowering plants attract pollinators?

→ With colorful petals, sweet scents, and nectar.

iii) Three things a seed needs to germinate:

→ Water, air (oxygen), and warmth.

iv) Three stages of the plant life cycle (starting from germination):

→ Germination, growth, flowering

v) Why is chlorophyll important?

→ It helps plants absorb sunlight for photosynthesis, and gives plants their green color.

5. Answer these questions comprehensively:

i) Imagine you are a seed about to germinate. Write a diary entry describing your thoughts
and feelings as you begin to sprout and grow into a seedling.

Today, something magical happened. After lying dormant for so long, I finally felt water soak
through my seed coat. It was like being gently woken up from a long nap. My shell began to
crack open, and a tiny root started pushing downward into the soil, searching for nutrients. Soon
after, a little shoot began to reach upward toward the light. I’m so excited! I can feel myself
growing every day—soon, I will have leaves and stretch toward the sky. It’s a brand-new
beginning for me!

ii) Compare and contrast the ways flowering and non-flowering plants reproduce. Which
method do you think is more efficient for plant survival, and why?

Answer:

Flowering plants reproduce through flowers. These flowers produce seeds through a process
involving pollination and fertilization. The seeds grow into new plants. Non-flowering plants,
such as mosses and ferns, reproduce using spores, which do not need flowers to grow.

Comparison:

 Flowering Plants: Use flowers, seeds, pollination, and fertilization.

 Non-Flowering Plants: Use spores, no need for pollinators.

I think flowering plants have a more efficient method for survival. Seeds are often protected
inside fruits and can be spread by wind, animals, and water, giving them a better chance to grow
in new areas. Pollinators also help increase the chances of successful reproduction.
iii) Reflect on the importance of plants in the ecosystem and the role of photosynthesis in
sustaining life on Earth. How would ecosystems be affected if photosynthesis did not occur?

Answer:

Plants are vital to all ecosystems. They provide food, oxygen, and shelter to many organisms.
Through photosynthesis, plants convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose (food)
and release oxygen. This oxygen is essential for animals and humans to breathe.

If photosynthesis did not occur, the entire food chain would collapse. There would be no oxygen
for living beings, and no plants to provide food. Ecosystems would become lifeless, and most life
on Earth would not survive. Photosynthesis is truly the foundation of life.

Chapter 2: Inside the Animal World

page 33

Animal Name Movement Physical Characteristics Group A (Vertebrate) / Group B (Invertebrate)

Cat Walks, runs Has a backbone, fur, four legs, tail Group A (Vertebrate)

Earthworm Wriggles No backbone, soft segmented body Group B (Invertebrate)

Skill Sharpener pg 36
Animals
Goldfish vertebrate

Jellyfish invertebrate

Lizard vertebrate

Butterfly invertebrate

Beetle invertebrate

Human vertebrate

Page 43

what is the main function of incisors?

 Answer:Main function of incisors is to cut and slice food.

2. What is the function of canines?

 Answer: Canines are used to tear food.

3. What are the functions of premolars and molars?

 Answer:
 Premolars: Crush and grind food.
 Molars: Grind and mash food thoroughly for swallowing.

Mastery Challenge ( page 44 )

1. Choose the correct answer:

i) Which of these is not a function of the stomach?

Answer: D) Absorbing nutrients

ii) What is the primary function of incisors in humans?

Answer: B) Cutting and slicing food
iii) Which of the following animals is an invertebrate?
Answer: B) Earthworm

iv) What is the role of the esophagus in the digestive system?

Answer: B) Transports food to the stomach

v) What helps prevent tooth decay?

Answer: B) Brushing teeth twice a day

2. True/False

i) The esophagus grinds down the food before it enters the stomach.
Answer: False

ii) All vertebrates have a backbone.

Answer: True

iii) Canine teeth are primarily used for grinding food.

Answer: False

iv) Invertebrates are animals that have an exoskeleton.

Answer: True

v) Bones move with the help of muscles.

Answer: True

3. Fill in the blanks:

i) Amphibians, like ________, can live both in water and on land during different life stages.
Answer: Frogs

ii) In the human digestive system, the _______ grinds the food, making it easier to digest.
Answer: Stomach

iii) After the stomach, food goes into the ________.

Answer: Small intestine

iv) The largest teeth in the mouth are called ________.

Answer: Molars
v) The _______ in the mouth starts the process of digestion by breaking down the food
chemically.
Answer: Saliva

4. Short Questions

i) Write any 3 differences between vertebrates and invertebrates.

vertebrates invertebrates
They have backbone They do not have backbone
They have internal skeleton They have external
skeleton
They are larger and more They are smaller and
complex simpler

ii) Why is it important for food to be broken down during digestion?

Answer

 So that nutrients can be absorbed easily into the blood and used by the body for energy,
growth, and repair.

iii) Describe the process that occurs in the stomach during digestion.

Answer

 The stomach churns and mixes food with digestive juices and acids, breaking it down
into a semi-liquid form for easier nutrient absorption.

iv) Write down the ways we can take care of our teeth.

Answer

 Brush teeth twice a day.

 Avoid too many sugary foods.
 Visit the dentist regularly.
 Floss daily.
v) Write about your favorite vertebrate or invertebrate animal. Why do you like this
animal?

Answer
Favorite Animal: Dolphin (Vertebrate)
Reason: Dolphins are intelligent, friendly, and excellent swimmers. They communicate with
each other and help humans sometimes too!

5. Design a Super Animal

Answer

 Skeleton: Combination of exoskeleton and internal skeleton.

 Advantages: Protection from outside and strong internal support.
 Super Animal: It can jump, fly, and swim with strong legs, wings, and gills.

(Drawing can be done based on imagination.)

UNIT NO 3

page 50

Living Non-Living
Interactions
Things Things

Tree Sun The tree uses sunlight to perform

 Living Non-Living
Interactions
Things Things

photosynthesis and grow.

The bird breathes air and

Bird Air
uses it to fly.

Skill Sharpener (Page 54)

Fill in the blanks:

1. Habitat

2. Oxygen

3. Fish

4. Horses

5. Cacti

Answer the following questions:

1. Living things: trees, birds, insects;

Non-living things: rocks, water, air

2. Birds use trees for nesting; insects use flowers for nectar

3. If water is removed, many plants and animals would die or migrate.

Mastery Challenge (Page 63-64)

True/False:

1. False

2. False

3. False

4. True

5. False
Choose the correct answer:

i) B) Rainforest
ii) B) Thick fur for insulation
iii) D) Bird
iv) C) Swimming
v) C) Cause habitat loss

Fill in the blanks:

i) Cactus
ii) Polar bear
iii) Migration
iv) Water lily
v) Hibernation

Animal Interesting How Can We

Habitat Physical Adaptations Behaviours
Name Facts Protect It

Desert Thick fur for cold nights, Hops on large Preserve desert
Desert Nocturnal
Hopper stores water feet habitats

4 Answer the following short questions

1. It Stores water in thick stems; spines reduce water loss.

2. Causes habitat loss, pollution, and disrupts ecosystems.

3. To find food, better climate, or breeding grounds (e.g., birds migrate during winter).

4. Broad floating leaves, air-filled tissues to float.

5. Polar bear: Thick fur and fat layers to survive Arctic cold.

Pg 56
 Guess their
Organism Desert Arctic Pond Rainforest Grassland Ocean
Adaptation

Stores water in hump, long eyelashes, wide feet for walking on

Camel ✅
sand.

Thick fur, fat layer for insulation, white fur for

Polar Bear ✅
camouflage.

Frog ✅ Webbed feet for swimming, moist skin for absorption.

Bright feathers, strong beak, adapted for climbing and eating

Parrot ✅
fruits.

Strong hind legs for hopping, tail for balance, survives on dry
Kangaroo ✅
grass.

Streamlined body, waterproof feathers, swims well in cold

Penguin ✅ ✅
water.

Cactus ✅ Thick stem stores water, spines reduce water loss.

Needle-like leaves to reduce water loss, adapted to cold

Pine Tree ✅
climates.

Broad floating leaves to absorb sunlight, air-filled

Water Lily ✅
tissues.

Grows on trees, absorbs moisture from air through aerial

Orchid ✅
roots.
Chapter 4 Matter Mysteries

page 72

Experiment explaination of change properties observed

ice melting solid to liquid liquid

water boiling liquid to gas gas

water freezing liquid to solid solid

page 76

Fill in the blanks

1 Solid
2 Liquid

3 Gas

Skill Sharpener (Page 85)

Fill in the blanks:

1. Metal is a good conductor of heat, which is why it's commonly used for making cooking pots and
pans.

2. Ice is the solid state of water, and it turns into a liquid when it melts.

3. Objects made of metal will usually sink in water because they are denser than water.

4. Plastic is a material that does not conduct electricity well, making it a good choice for insulating
electrical wires.

5. Aluminium is often used for window frames because it is strong and doesn’t rust or rot like
some other materials.

Mastery Challenge (Page 86-87)

Choose the correct answer:

i) C) Has a definite shape and volume

ii) B) They expand and become less dense
iii) C) Metal
iv) B) It conducts heat well
v) D) Freezing

True/False: i) Gases have a definite shape and volume. — False

ii) Density is the amount of space an object takes up. — False
iii) All metals are magnetic. — False
iv) Liquids cannot be compressed like gases. — True
v) Wood is a better conductor of heat than metal. — False

Match the states of matter with their properties:

States of Matter Properties

Solid Has a definite shape and volume

Liquid Has a definite volume but no definite shape

States of Matter Properties

Gas Has no definite shape or volume

Short Questions (Page 87-88)

1. Explain how ice (solid) changes into water (liquid) and then to steam (gas):

 Ice melts into water when heated (solid to liquid). On further heating, water boils and
turns into steam (liquid to gas).

2. Describe why is metal used in electrical wires?

 Metals are good conductors of electricity, which allows electric current to flow easily
through them.

3. Why do some objects float in water while others sink?

 Objects that are less dense than water float, while objects that are denser than water
sink.

4. Give an example of a good and poor heat conductor from daily life and their uses:

 Good conductor: Metal pan (heats food quickly)

 Poor conductor: Wooden spoon (does not get hot easily, safe to handle)

5. Choose a material you use daily and explain how its properties would make it suitable for its
purpose.

 Example: Plastic bottles —

 lightweight, durable, non-reactive with liquids.

Q5. If you could invent a new material, what properties would it have? Think about the uses
of this material and how its unique properties would make it helpful or interesting.

Answer:
If I could invent a new material, it would be super light, very strong, waterproof, and able to change
shape as needed. It would also be able to conduct electricity like metal but stay cool to touch like
plastic.
This material could be used to build smart clothes that adjust to weather, lightweight buildings that
can survive earthquakes, and safe, flexible electronics.
Its unique combination of strength, flexibility, and conductivity would make it helpful for space travel,
emergency shelters, and wearable technology.
Connect and Create (Page 88)

Example:

 Solid: Students standing tightly packed together.

 Liquid: Students loosely connected and flowing slowly.

 Gas: Students moving freely in all directions.

Chapter no 5

page 94

Shadow Experiment Record Table

Time of Observation Length of Shadow Direction of Shadow

Morning Long West

Midday Shortest Directly beneath object

Afternoon Long East

Reflection Experiment Record Table

Mirror Angle (Approximate) Direction of Reflected Light Reflection Quality (e.g., clear, dim)

Morning Downward toward the east Clear

Midday Horizontally reflected Very clear

Afternoon Downward toward the west Clear

Page 98
1. How does light behave?
Answer:
Light travels in a straight line from the light source to our eyes.

2. What would happen if a book is placed between the light source and the eyes of every child shown
in the last question? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
If a book is placed between the light source and the children’s eyes, it would block the light and cast a
shadow.
This happens because light cannot pass through opaque objects like a book, which results in the
formation of a shadow behind the object.

Page 99

3. Read each statement and circle whether it is True or False based on what you've learned about
light:

Statement Answer

i) Light always travels in zigzag patterns. False

ii) Shadows are created when light is blocked by an object. True

iii) Light cannot reflect off surfaces like mirrors. False

iv) Rainbows are formed when light passes through water droplets in the air. True
 Statement Answer

v) The shape and size of a shadow never change regardless of the light source's position. false

page 102

Rubber Band Sound Experiment Record Table

Rubber Band Type Sound Pitch Sound Loudness
Observations on Vibration
(Thickness/Tension) (High/Low) (Soft/Loud)

Thin/Loose Low Soft Slow, wide vibrations; less energy

Thin/Tight High Loud Fast, tight vibrations; more energy

Slight, heavy movements; not

Thick/Loose Low Soft
very responsive

Strong, firm vibrations; consistent

Thick/Tight Medium to High Loud
and powerful

page 106
Fill in the blanks:

a) When things move back and forth rapidly, they create sound waves.

b) The pitch of a sound is determined by how fast the vibrations are.

c) A fast vibration will produce a high-pitched sound.

d) The loudness of the sound is affected by the strength of the vibration.

e) Our voice box produces sound by vibrating when we speak or sing.

Page 109
Temperature Experiment Record Table

Container Material Initial Temperature 2 Min 4 Min 6 Min 8 Min 10 Min

Metal 60°C 50°C 42°C 36°C 32°C 29°C

Plastic 60°C 55°C 50°C 47°C 45°C 43°C

Glass 60°C 53°C 48°C 44°C 41°C 39°C

Skill Sharpener (Page 112)

1. What is the name of the instrument shown on the right?

Answer:

 The instrument is a thermometer.

2. What is this instrument used for?

Answer:

 A thermometer is used to measure temperature.

3. How does this instrument work?

Answer:

 A thermometer works by using a liquid (like mercury or alcohol) that expands and rises in a
narrow tube as the temperature increases, and contracts as it cools down.

4. What does each mark on this instrument represent?

Answer:

 Each mark on the thermometer represents a degree of temperature, often measured in degrees
Celsius (°C) or degrees Fahrenheit (°F).

5. Give one example of how this instrument is used.

Answer:

 A thermometer is used to check if someone has a fever or measure the temperature of the air.
6. Match each image to the thermometer showing the correct temperature:
(Students have to match images to thermometers showing suitable temperatures — examples might be:)

 Hot tea → High temperature reading

 Snowy day → Low temperature reading

 Room temperature → Moderate temperature reading

True/False (Page 113)

Statement Answer

i) A higher temperature always means an object is cooler. False

ii) Heat moves from cooler objects to hotter ones. False

iii) A thermometer is used to measure temperature. True

iv) An anemometer is used to measure wind speed, not temperature. True

v) Clinical thermometers are used to measure the air temperature. False

page 116

LED Circuit Record Table

Step in Experiment Observation Circuit Status (Complete/Incomplete)

Connecting Positive Wire to LED LED remains off Incomplete

Connecting Negative Wire to LED LED still does not light up Incomplete

Completing the Circuit LED lights up brightly Complete

Disconnecting Either Wire LED turns off immediately Incomplete

Skill Sharpener - Page 119

3. Write the best option in front of the sentences given below:

 Sentence Correct Answer

i) The part inside a bulb that glows when electricity flows through it. Filament

ii) The process where electrical energy turns into visible light, like in a bulb. Electrical Energy to Light

iii) Tiny particles that create electricity when they move. Electric Charge

iv) A path for electric charge to flow through, often involving wires. Circuit

v) When the path of electricity is interrupted, stopping the flow of electricity. Broken Circuit

Page 120 - Mastery Challenge

Choose the correct answer:

i) What is the primary role of light energy in plants?

➔ A) To help plants grow

ii) How does sound travel?

➔ A) Through vibrations in the air

iii) What is necessary for a simple electrical circuit to work?

➔ B) A complete (unbroken) pathway

iv) How does the temperature of an object relate to the degree of its hotness or coldness?
➔ C) Higher temperature means hotter objects

v) What happens to shadows throughout the day?

➔ B) They change length and direction

Page 121 - Fill in the blanks

Fill in the blanks with appropriate terms from the chapter:

i) Electrical energy in a circuit can be transformed into light, heat, and sound.

ii) The degree of hotness or coldness of an object is measured as its temperature.

iii) Vibrating objects, like strings or drumheads, produce sound.

iv) Shadows are formed when an object blocks the path of light.

v) To measure the temperature of an object, we commonly use a device called a thermometer.

Short Questions (Page 121)

i) Draw a diagram of a simple electric circuit to light up a bulb. Label the power source, wires, and
bulb.
Answer:

 (Since I can't draw here, I will describe it for you.)

 Diagram: Draw a simple loop.

 Draw a battery (label it Power Source).

 Connect it with two wires (label them Wires).

 Add a bulb in between the wires (label it Bulb).

 Make sure the loop is complete without any gaps!

ii) How do shadows at noon compare to shadows in the early morning or late evening in terms of
length and direction?
Answer:

 At noon, shadows are shortest and almost directly below the object because the sun is
overhead.

 In the early morning and late evening, shadows are longer and stretch sideways because the
sun is low in the sky.

iii) What happens to an object when it produces sound? Give an example of an everyday object that
vibrates to produce sound.
Answer:

 When an object produces sound, it vibrates.

 Example: A guitar string vibrates to produce sound when plucked.

iv) Name two instruments used to measure temperature. What are the main differences between
them?
Answer:

 Two instruments are:

 Clinical Thermometer (measures body temperature)

  Room Thermometer (measures air temperature)

 Difference:

 Clinical thermometers have a narrow range (e.g., 35°C–42°C), while room thermometers
measure a wider range of temperatures.

v) Describe how a flashlight converts electrical energy into light. What role does the battery play in
this process?
Answer:

 A flashlight converts electrical energy from the battery into light energy in the bulb.

 The battery provides the electrical energy needed for the bulb to glow.

CHAPTER NO 6
page 129

Force and Distance Travelled Table

Force Distance Travelled

Less Force Shorter Distance

More Force Longer Distance

pg 130

Table 2:

Type of Ball Distance Travelled

Cricket Hard Ball Shorter Distance (heavier, more friction)

Tennis Ball Medium Distance

Ping Pong Ball Longest Distance (lighter ball)

Table 3:

Slope Height Distance Travelled

Low Shorter Distance

Medium Medium Distance

High Longer Distance

Table 4

Type of Surface Type of Ball Distance Travelled

Grass Ping Pong Short Distance (high friction)

Type of Surface Type of Ball Distance Travelled

Grass Tennis Short Distance (high friction)

Concrete Ping Pong Longer Distance (less friction)

Concrete Tennis Longer Distance (less friction)

Wooden Ping Pong Longest Distance (very smooth surface)

Wooden Tennis Longest Distance (very smooth surface)

Activity - Page 136

1. What kind of forces are playing a role in each of the following scenarios? Name at least three.

Scenario Forces Acting

i) Pushing a door Muscular force, friction, air resistance

ii) Kicking a ball Muscular force, gravity, air resistance

iii) Opening a drawer Muscular force, friction, gravity

iv) Carrying a shoulder bag Muscular force, gravity, friction (between bag strap and shoulder)

2. Which of these is not a force:

Answer:
➔ A) Charge

3. What do you think would happen if we did not have a force like gravity?
Answer:

 Without gravity, everything would float away.

 We would not stay on the ground, water would not flow downward, and planets would not
orbit around the sun.

 Life as we know it would not be possible!

Skill Sharpener - Pages 141-142

1. How does high friction affect speed?

➔ B) Decreases speed

2. Encircle the scenario in which there is more friction:

➔ Rubbing hands together in winter (More friction produces heat)

3. In which scenario is friction helpful?

➔ B) Brakes on a bicycle

4. Rough surfaces have:

➔ A) More friction

Skill Sharpener - Page 146

1. If an object is in motion, the forces acting on it are:

➔ B) Unbalanced

2. What is an example of unbalanced forces?

➔ C) A ball rolling downhill

3. How would you design an experiment to test balanced and unbalanced push force?
Answer:

 Use a rope and mark its center.

 Have two people pull on either side.

 If both pull equally, the center mark stays still (balanced forces).

 If one pulls harder, the center moves toward that person (unbalanced forces).

Page 153

Weight of the Cup Effort Position of the Fulcrum

(grams) Needed (cm)

100 10 cm (near
High .
g edge)
 Weight of the Cup Effort Position of the Fulcrum
(grams) Needed (cm)

100 25 cm
Low
g (centered)

Skill Sharpener (Page 153-154)

1. Identify the arm and fulcrum in the following:

For each diagram (since exact pictures are not visible here, based on standard understanding):

 a)

 Arm: The ruler (the part you press and the part holding the cup).

 Fulcrum: The triangular stack of pencils.

 b)

 Arm: Seesaw board (the long plank).

 Fulcrum: The center support or pivot (like a small stand under the board).

 c)

 Arm: Handle of a pair of scissors (the long handles you hold).

 Fulcrum: The point where the blades are joined (pivot or screw).

 d)

 Arm: The handle of a hammer used to pull out a nail.

 Fulcrum: The head of the hammer resting on the surface.

2. Identify where the axle is in a doorknob.

Answer:

 The axle in a doorknob is the rod or spindle that runs through the door and connects the two
knobs together.

 When you turn the knob, the axle rotates and moves the latch inside the door.
3. Name three simple machines you use every day.
Answer:

 Wheel and axle: Bicycle, doorknob

 Lever: Scissors, seesaw

 Inclined plane: Ramp, stairs

Mastery Challenge - Pages 155-156

1. Choose the correct answer:

i) What is friction?
➔ B) A force that opposes the motion of one moving object

ii) A pencil falling on the floor is an example of:

➔ B) Gravity

iii) What can you do to reduce friction on a slide?

➔ D) All of the above

iv) What force does a parachute use to slow things down before hitting the ground?
➔ B) Air resistance

v) If two different balls, one bigger than the other, are kicked with the same force, which ball will go the
farthest?
➔ B) The ball that is lighter

2. Identify if the following statements are True or False:

Statement Answer

i) Stairs are an example of a simple machine. True

ii) Force can change the direction of motion of an object. True

iii) If all forces on an object are balanced, they are unequal. False

iv) The fixed point of a lever where it balances and pivots is called the
False (Correct term: Fulcrum)
axle.

v) A toy car does not move on carpet because of high friction. True
3. Fill in the blanks:

i) Muscular force, also known as muscular force, is the force exerted by using our muscles like arms or
legs.

ii) We can always increase or decrease friction by using more rough or smooth surfaces respectively.

iii) The horizontal bar or rope we loop around the pulley is called an axle.

iv) Ramps at building entrances are an example of a simple machine known as an inclined plane.

v) For an object to change its speed or direction, the forces must be unbalanced.

Short Questions (Page 156-157)

4. Answer the following questions briefly:

i) Three instances of forces in daily life where you encounter different types of forces ( e.g muscular
force , friction , gravity )

 Muscular force: Lifting a school bag.

 Friction: Walking without slipping.

 Gravity: A ball falling down.

ii) Walk around your home and find examples where friction is either harmful or helpful.

 Helpful: Carpet stops you from slipping.

 Harmful: Friction wears out shoe soles.

Iii) Think about a sport you enjoy. How do different forces come into play during the game ? Consider
aspects like a football being kicked , or doing a handstand .

 Football: Muscular force to kick, friction to stop, gravity pulls ball down.

iv) What would happens to a car driving on the road if friction disappears?

 The car would keep sliding uncontrollably and could not stop easily.

Comprehensive Questions (Page 157-158)

5. i) Cyclist Example:

a. Friction helped stop the cyclist when brakes were applied.

 If the road is wet, friction is reduced, making stopping harder and more dangerous.
b. Balanced Forces: When pedalling steadily.
Unbalanced Forces: When brakes are applied (slowing down and stopping).

5. ii) Skydiver Example:

 After jumping, gravity pulls the skydiver down.

 When the parachute opens, air resistance increases and slows the descent.

5. iii) Hammer and Feather (Moon vs. Earth):

 On Earth, air resistance slows the feather more than the hammer.

 On the Moon (no air), only gravity acts, so both fall together.
Chapter no 7

page 163

Source
Use Can Humans
Material Source in
s Make It?
Nature

Breathing,
Naturally
Air Atmosphere combustion, wind No
present in air
energy

Trees, shrubs, Grows from Food, oxygen,

Plant No
crops soil/sunlight medicine, paper

No (but
Found in Foil, cans, airplane
Bauxite ore refined
Aluminium Earth's parts,
(mined) by
crust construction
humans)

Ground/ Naturally Growing plants,

Soil No
earth occurring construction

Toys,
Factory- Rubber from Ye
Balloon experiment
made rubber tree s
s

Yes
Petroleu Moisturizer, (from
Petroleum Fossil fuel
m lubricant, natura
jelly underground
refining medical use l
source
Skill Sharpener - Page 166

1. The gas that makes up most of the air is:

➔ C) Nitrogen

2. Why is recycling important?

➔ Recycling is important because it reduces waste, saves natural resources, and protects the
environment.
It helps reuse materials so that Earth's limited resources are not used up quickly.

3. What is the difference between renewable and non-renewable resources?

➔

 Renewable Resources:

 Can be naturally replaced over time.

 Examples: Sunlight, wind, water.

 Non-renewable Resources:

 Cannot be replaced quickly; they take millions of years to form.

 Examples: Coal, oil, natural gas.

4. Identify renewable and non-renewable resources from the following list:

Resource Type

a) Sunlight Renewable

b) Oil Non-renewable

c) Wood Renewable

d) Wind Renewable

e) Bananas Renewable

f) Coal Non-renewable
 Resource Type

Skill Sharpener
Page 173 -

1. The change of state from a liquid to a gas is called:

➔ B) Evaporation

2. Match the words:

Description Answer

Light from the sun causes puddles of water to disappear Evaporation

Water falling to land as rain or snow Precipitation

Water vapours turn into a liquid (cloud formation) Condensation

3. What sources of water would be the largest contributor to evaporation ?

➔ Oceans

4. What happens to salt when ocean water evaporates?

➔ Salt remains behind.

5. How do water droplets form on surface of your water bottle when you fill it up with a cold liquid ?
➔ Water vapour in the air cools down and condenses into droplets on the cold surface.

Page 177

Source of Water Colour Odour Weight Before (g) Weight After (g) Colour of Particles

Tap Clear None 120 118 White (tiny salt/mineral spots)

Rain Clear Fresh 118 117.5 Almost none

Pond Murky Slightly earthy 122 120 Brown (sediment visible)

Source of Water Colour Odour Weight Before (g) Weight After (g) Colour of Particles

Filtered Clear None 119 118.2 None or negligible

Salt Water Clear Slightly salty 125 121 White (salt crystals)

Skill Sharpener (Page 180 - Water Quality)

1. When mixing salt into water, salt is a:

➔ C) Solute

2. Why do we boil water?

➔ B) To make the water safer to drink

3. Why is water called a universal solvent?

➔ Water dissolves more substances than any other liquid.

4. Based on what you know about water . Do you think Rani was wise to take a sip from the pond
water ?
➔ No, because pond water may contain germs and unsafe dissolved substances.

Mastery Challenge

1. Choose the correct answer:

Question Answer

i) The Earth's atmosphere is mainly made of: D) Air

ii) Which is not an example of precipitation? A) Wind

iii) Most evaporation happens on which day? B) Warm and sunny

iv) During which stage do clouds form? A) Condensation

v) Water in gas form is called: A) Water vapour

vi) Which is a non-renewable source? B) Coal

2. True/False:
 Statement Answer

i) Oxygen is the most common gas in the atmosphere. False (Nitrogen is)

ii) The opposite of condensation is evaporation. True

iii) Non-renewable resources can be remade easily. False

iv) Water from ponds is always safe to drink. False

v) The water you drink today has been around since the time of dinosaurs. True

3. Fill in the blanks:

i) When water evaporates, it changes from a liquid to a gas.

ii) 70% of our planet is covered with water and the rest is land.
iii) The Earth is surrounded by a layer of air called the atmosphere.
iv) When water goes up into the sky, it cools and condenses to form clouds.
v) To make sure water is safe to drink, we should either boil or filter it.

Short Questions

4. Answer briefly:

i) What is the meaning of the term “ natural resources “ and can you provide examples of different
types of natural resources ?

Natural resources are things found in nature that humans use. Examples: air, water, plants, animals,
minerals.

ii) Name the gasews present in the Earth’s atmosphere

Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), Carbon dioxide, Noble gases.

iii) Why are fossil fuels called non-renewable?

Because they take millions of years to form and cannot be replaced quickly.

iv) Why is most water on Earth not pure?

It contains dissolved substances like salts, minerals, and sometimes germs, which can make it unsafe to
drink.

v) What is recycling and why is it important?

Recycling is processing used materials into new products. It saves natural resources and reduces waste.
Comprehensive Questions

5. i)

 Evaporation: Water changes from liquid to vapour.

 Condensation: Vapour cools to form clouds.

 Precipitation: Clouds release water as rain, snow, or hail.

 Collection: Water gathers in lakes, oceans, and rivers.

ii)

 Renewable resources: These are reneweable because it can be replaced naturally (e.g., sunlight,
water, wind).

 Non-renewable resources:these are non renewable because it__take millions of years to form
(e.g., coal, oil, natural gas).

 Pakistan’s natural resources: Coal, salt, natural gas, minerals, wind, hydropower.

Chapter no 8

Skill Sharpener (Page 191)

1. Which planet is closest to the Sun?
➔ D) Mercury

2. Which planet has the Giant Red Spot?

➔ B) Jupiter

3. Name the inner four planets:

➔ Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars

4. If the Sun’s light suddenly vanished, how long would it take for you to notice?
➔ About 8 minutes

5. How is Earth optimal for life?

➔ Earth has water, air, a protective ozone layer, and a moderate temperature suitable for living beings.
Skill Sharpener (Page 197)

1. Approximately how long does it take for the moon to complete one orbit around the Earth ?
➔ C) 28 days

2. How many Moon phases are there?

➔ C) 8

[Link] imaginary line running through the center of Earth is the

➔ C) Axis

4. Why can’t we see the far side of the Moon?

➔ Because the Moon’s rotation speed and revolution speed are the same, so the same side always faces
Earth.

5. Why is the Moon called a natural satellite?

➔ Because it naturally orbits around Earth.

Page 201

Time Direction (N, W, E, S) Length of the Shadow (cm)

8:00 AM West 30 cm

10:00 AM North-West 22 cm

12:00 PM Directly under the stick 10 cm

Skill Sharpener (Page 203)

1. How many times does Earth spin about its axis in a year?
➔ D) 365 times

2. The change from day time to night time is caused by:

➔ D) Earth's rotation on its axis

3. What happens to shadows throughout the day?

➔ Shadows change length and direction; they are longer in the morning and evening, and shortest at
noon.

4. Perform the experiment once again when seasons change:

compare the results to your current results . Do you notice any difference ?
➔ Shadows may differ in size depending on the season due to the Sun’s position in the sky.

Page 208

1 solar eclipse

2 fullmoon

3 No the orbit around the earth is not constant .

4 During a lunar eclipse, the Moon turns red or golden because Earth's atmosphere refracts and
scatters sunlight, allowing longer wavelengths of red and orange light to reach the Moon's surface

Skill Sharpener (Page 209)

1. During which Moon Phase does the Moon show us half of its face?
➔ B) First Quarter

2. What determines the occurrence of a Total Solar Eclipse?

➔ B) Moon’s distance from Earth

3. Which planet has the largest orbit in the solar system?

➔ D) Neptune

4. Why does a lunar eclipse last longer than a solar eclipse?

➔ B) Earth's shadow size

5. Which of the following takes about one day?

➔ A) One rotation of the Earth on its axis

True/False Statements (Page 210)

Statement Answer

i) Moon has its own light. False

 Statement Answer

ii) Comets release gases and create a bright tail when they approach the Sun. True

iii) Moon phases are caused by the change of Moon’s distance from Earth. False

iv) The length of shadows is shortest in the evening due to increased sunlight intensity. False

v) We can look directly at the Sun during a solar eclipse. False

Fill in the Blanks (Page 211)

i) Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system and is a gas giant with at least 95 moons.
ii) Mercury and Venus do not have moons.
iii) A waning gibbous is when the Moon is getting smaller and is bright on the left side.
iv) Day and night are caused by the rotation of Earth on its axis.
v) The path of the Moon around the Earth is slightly tilted.

Short Questions (Page 212)

4. Answer the following questions briefly:

i) Why is Mercury not the hottest planet even though it is the closest to the Sun?
➔ Because Mercury has no atmosphere to trap heat, while Venus has a thick atmosphere that traps
heat.

ii) Why don’t we observe a lunar and solar eclipse every month?
➔ Because the Moon’s orbit is slightly tilted compared to Earth's orbit around the Sun.

iii) What is the asteroid belt?

➔ A region between Mars and Jupiter filled with rocky objects orbiting the Sun.

iv) Name the phases of the Moon:

➔ New Moon, Waxing Crescent, First Quarter, Waxing Gibbous, Full Moon, Waning Gibbous, Last
Quarter, Waning Crescent.

v) What is a satellite?
➔ A body that orbits around another body; the Moon is Earth’s natural satellite.
Comprehensive Questions (Page 212)

5. i) Discuss the solar system, describing its planets, asteroids, comets, and moons:
➔ The solar system consists of the Sun, 8 planets, their moons, asteroids (rocky bodies mainly in the
asteroid belt), and comets (icy bodies with bright tails).

5. ii)

Solar Eclipse Lunar Eclipse

Occurs when the Moon blocks the Sun’s light from Occurs when the Earth blocks sunlight from
reaching Earth. reaching the Moon.

Happens during a New Moon. Happens during a Full Moon.

Lasts only a few minutes. Can last for a few hours.

5. iii)
➔ The Moon phases are caused by the changing angles of sunlight hitting the Moon as it revolves
around Earth. We see different portions lit up each night, creating phases like New Moon, Crescent, Full
Moon, etc.

Chapter no 9

page 220

Axillary Temperature (°C) Oral Temperature (°C)

36.5 37.0
Object Weight (Kg)

Trashcan 5.2

Plant Clay Pot 2.5

Backpack 4.0

Box of Books 6.8

Pulse Rate (beats

Condition Observation
per minute)

After completing a 110 Heart rate increased due to

lap bpm physical activity

75 Heart rate returned to normal

After rest
bpm after resting

Page 223

1. What is the purpose of shaking the thermometer before use?

➔ B) To make the liquid drop below the arrow

2. What do calculators do?

➔ D) Helps you do maths and calculations

3. Explain why it is important to have a first aid box.

➔
It is important to have a first aid box because it contains basic medical supplies that can help treat small
injuries, cuts, burns, and emergencies quickly before professional medical help arrives.
A first aid box can save lives, prevent infections, and make injuries less severe by providing immediate
care.

Page 228
1 prism

2 cylinder

3 A cube has 6 faces , 12 edges , 8 vertices

4 No it has no edge

page 232

1 By indicating a vertical line

2 The painting's center of mass will naturally hang directly below the nail due to gravity
pulling everything towards the center of the earth. The weight of the painting creates a
downward force, which is balanced by the upward force from the hook or nail, keeping the
painting suspended

Skill Sharpener (Page 233)

1. Choose the correct answer:

Question Answer

i) Which tool is used to measure blood pressure? D) Sphygmomanometer

ii) The surfaces of 3D shapes are called: A) Faces

iii) What force does the plumb line utilise? C) Gravity

iv) What happens to the liquid in a thermometer when it is hot? B) It rises

v) What is the temperature on this thermometer? C) 37°C

2. True/False:

Statement Answer

i) A sphere has one face and one vertex. False

ii) The plumb line is used to measure the height of the flagpole. False
 Statement Answer

iii) A triangle is a 3D shape. False

iv) A normal blood pressure can be measured right after jogging. False

v) A first aid box is used in case of emergencies. True

3. Fill in the blanks:

Sentence Answer

i) The digital balance measures weight by detecting force.

ii) Pulse rate is the number of times your heart beats.

iii) A cube has 8 vertices and 12 edges.

iv) A plumb line is used by architects to ensure verticality in construction.

v) Both digital balance and plumb line use the force of gravity for their function.

4 Answer the following questions briefly

i) How can you find your pulse?

 By gently pressing two fingers on your wrist or neck to feel the heartbeat.

ii) List essential items in a first aid box:

 Bandages, antiseptic wipes, gauze, adhesive tape, scissors, pain relievers, thermometer, gloves,
burn cream, and sometimes a blood pressure monitor or inhaler.

iii) What are calculators used for?

 Calculators are used for solving mathematical calculations quickly and accurately.

iv) What is the difference between 2D and 3D objects?provide examples.

 2D objects have length and width (e.g., a square, circle).

 3D objects have length, width, and height (e.g., a cube, sphere).

v) What is a plumb line? How do we measure systolic and diastolic blood pressure?
  A plumb line is a string with a weight used to find vertical alignment.

 Blood pressure is measured by recording two numbers:

 Systolic pressure (when the heart beats)

 Diastolic pressure (when the heart rests between beats).

vi) Draw a stopwatch and label it:

(You would draw a round watch shape, label "Start/Stop" button, "Reset" button, and "Timer Display".)

🎨 Connect and Create Activities (Page 235)

1. 3D Story Activity:

 Use paper or clay to make sculptures like a robot, car, or cartoon character using 3D shapes
(cube, sphere, cylinder).

2. Make a First Aid Box:

 Include bandages, antiseptic cream, thermometer, scissors, blood pressure monitor (if needed),
inhaler (for asthma), and snacks (like biscuits) for trips.

 Check and replace expired items regularly.