Perkenalan
Geomorphology Perkenalan
• Short Profile
Dr. Eng. Guruh Samodra is a faculty
member in the Department of
Environmental Geography, Faculty of
Introduction Geography, UGM. His research area
includes applied geomorphology
associated with landslide using GIS,
Dr. Eng. Guruh Samodra, [Link]. remote sensing and geo-spatial
[Link]@[Link] modeling.
• Professional Degrees
(S1) Faculty of Geography UGM (2008)
(S2) Faculty of Geography UGM (2010)
Faculty Geography (S3) Faculty of Engineering Kyushu University, Japan (2014)
Universitas Gadjah Mada Email: [Link]@[Link]
What we are going to learn Assessment
Dasar Klasifikasi Dasar Klasifikasi
1. Introduction: definition, geomorphology and geography, formation of Earth, Earth’s interior
2. Theory of Continental drift and tectonic plates • Final Exam 35%
3. Geomorphology concepts and aspects • Mid-semester Exam 35%
4. Geomorphic processes and its factors
• Quiz 15%
5. Geomorphic processes and landform classification
6. Architecture of the Earth and structural landform • Individual assignment 15%
7. Volcanism and volcanic landform – Nb:
8. Fluvial landform
• Quizzes are short questions that can be answered in < 10'. A quizz can
9. Aeolian and marine landforms
be given at the beginning or end of a lecture.
[Link] processes and glacial landform
[Link] landform • There are no remedial for final and mid-semester exams except with
[Link] landform permission given before the exam takes place.
[Link] Geomorphology
[Link] review
What do you see? Geomorphology
Dasar Klasifikasi
Go to [Link] and use the code 3715 9364
The word geomorphology derives from three Greek words:
• Gê (the Earth);
• Morphḗ (Form);
• Lógos (Study).
Mountainous Hilly
Foto: Prof. Junun Sartohadi Foto: Prof. Junun Sartohadi
Hilly
Hilly-plateau
Foto: Prof. Junun Sartohadi Foto: Prof. Junun Sartohadi
Flat
[Link]/351XnWg
Some researchers include submarine landforms within the scope of
geomorphology; and some would add the landforms of other
terrestrial-type planets and satellites in the Solar System – Mars, the
Moon, Venus, and so on.
Foto: Prof. Junun Sartohadi
What is Geomorphology? A volcanic landform which has cone shape
Zuidam and Cancelado (1979, 1985): “Geomorphology is the study that
describes landforms and the processes which arrange their formation, and
investigates the interrelationship of these forms and processes, and their
special arrangement”.
Verstappen, [Link]. (1983): “Geomorphology can be defined as ‘science’ dealing
with which landform making up the earth surface, both above and below sea
level, and stressing their genesis and future development, as well as their
environmental contexts”.
Anderson and Anderson (2010): “Geomorphology is the study of the shape of
the Earth’s surface and of the processes that are responsible for its evolution”.
How is cone shaped formed? The volcanic shape is different from the previous
picture
• Cone shaped is formed by depositional processes of volcanic
material through a series of eruption processes
• Volcanic material erupts through the crater
• Most of the volcanic material was deposited around the
crater
• As a result, the volcano tends to form a cone that keeps
getting higher
Describing the evolution of volcanic cone shaped
How is it different from the previous one? Why study geomorphology
• Volcanic cones undergo landslide and erosion processes
• to understand why landscapes look the way they do;
• If the eruption has stopped, the volcanic cone will have deep
• to understand landform history and dynamics; and
incisions
• to predict future changes through a combination of field
• Landslides and erosion will form gullies
observation, physical experiment, and numerical modeling;
• The processes leave distinct shape
• to detect natural and environmental hazards efficiently, e.g.
earthquake, flooding, landslide, tsunami, volcanism etc.
Describing the evolution of volcanic cone shaped with gullies
Geomorphology and Geography How we learn geomorphology?
• Geomorphology has three objects of study:
– Land surface morphology
– Landform material
– Geomorphological processes
• Ilmu tentang morfologi permukaan bumi melalui pendekatan
Geology
proses yang membentuk dan mengubahnya dari waktu ke waktu
Economics
Economic Geography Geomorphology
GEOGRAPHY atas dasar bukti-bukti kuat hasil analisis karakteristik fisik dan
kimia material penyusun
What we see is morphology, what we analyze is process that form and change
morphology. The analysis is based on the physical and the chemistry of the material
• Geomorphology is a branch of physical geography and geology
(soil and rock)
• Geomorphology is interwoven with other sciences
How earth was shaped: Uniformintarism vs Catatrophism Geologic Time
• The geologic history of Earth is marked by major
Uniformitarianism The principle states that geologic change
changes in Earth’s surface, climate, and types of
occurs over long periods of time, by a sequence of almost organisms. Geologists use these indicators to
imperceptible events. divide the geologic time scale into smaller units.
• Rocks groups within each unit contain similar
It is frequently summarized as "the present is the key to the
fossils. In fact, a unit of geologic time is generally
past," because it holds that all things continue as they were from characterized by fossils of a dominant life-form.
the beginning of the world.
• Because Earth’s history is so long, Earth scientists
commonly use abbreviations when they discuss
Catastrophism states that the Earth was shaped by a series of
geologic time. For example, Ma stands for mega-
sudden, short-lived, violent events. annum, which means “one million years.”
Geologic Time Geologic Time
Rocks generally contain small amounts of radioactive material that can
act as natural clocks. Atoms of the same element that have different
numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. Radioactive isotopes have
nuclei that emit particles and energy at a constant rate regardless of
surrounding conditions.
How about before Geologic Time? How about before Geologic Time?
Hypothesis, theory, and natural law
• No one can go back in time to view the formation of the Solar
Scientists develop an understanding of the natural world according to a System and the Earth. Therefore, scientists will never be able to
set of guidelines known as the scientific method, which involves three describe the sequence of events with certainty.
basic steps:
(1) observation, • The hypothesis given here is based on calculations about the
(2) forming a hypothesis, and behavior of dust and gas in space and on observations of stars
(3) testing the hypothesis and developing a theory. and dust clouds in our galaxy.
Formation of our solar system: Formation of our solar system:
The nebular hypothesis (Kant, 1755) The nebular hypothesis (Kant, 1755)
Hydrogen (H), He (He) and “stardust”
(heavier elements that were formed
in previous stars)
Formation of our solar system:
Formation of our solar system: The nebular hypothesis (Kant, 1755)
The nebular hypothesis (Kant, 1755)
Earth formation
The solar system: Gravity pulls gas and dust inward, and rotation
Sun, terrestrial, and Juvian planets Nebula forms out of H, He clouds makes a accretionary disk. The proto-sun is at
and fusion products from now dead stars. the center and fusion begins when it is hot enough.
Gravity reshapes the
proto-Earth into a sphere
Terrestrial (inner) planets Juvian (outer) planets Heavier elements concentrate in the inner rings. Collisions and
•Small
Small •mostly
mostly volatile gases (H,He) gravitational attraction leads to the formation of planetesimals.
•contains
contains the heavier elements (Fe, Si, O) •same
same composition as the sun,
•rocky
rocky shell over a metallic core but internal pressure is too low
•Accretion
Accretion began 4.567 billion years ago for nucleo-
nucleo-synthesis to take place
•It
It took about 0.1 billion years
(100 million years) for planets to form
99.8 % of the total mass of the solar system resides in the sun Soon after Earth formed, a Mars-size planet collided with
Volcanic gases form the atmosphere, and as Earth
cools, moisture condenses and rains into oceans.
Earth, blasting debris into space that will form our Moon. Some gases may have come from passing comets.
Earth Facts Age of the Earth
• Distance from Sun: 150 million kilometers (93.2 million miles) Estimated age for the Earth and the rest of the solar system is about 4.55 billion
• Orbital period: 365.256 days years comes from Lead isotope measurements.
• Rotational period: 23.9345 hours
• Tilt of axis: 23.45 degrees
• Diameter: 12,756 kilometers (7,973 miles) The oldest Earth rocks:
• Mean density: 5.515 g/cc 3.8 to 3.9 billion years
• Mean surface temperature: 15°C
• Atmospheric pressure: 1.013 bars Oldest Earth minerals
• Atmosphere composition: 77% N, 21% O and 2% other. (zircons): 4.2 billion years
• Crustal rocks: Mid-ocean ridge basalt, andesites, granites, sandstones, shales,
limestones, metamorphic. Oldest Moon rocks: 4.44
• Magnetic field billion years
• Plate tectonics
• Hydrosphere
• Biosphere
References
Anderson, S.R., and S.P. Anderson (2010) Geomorphology, The Mechnics and Chemistry of Landscapes. Cambridge
University Prees: p. 1-637
Gabler, R.E., J.F. Petersen, and L.M. Trapasso, (2007). Essentials of Physical Geography. Eight Edition. International
Student Edition, Thomson Brooks/Cole, Australia: p. 1-658.
Grotzinger, G. and Jordan, T. H. 2014. Understanding Earth. 7th Ed. W.H. Freeman and Company. New York.
McGeary, G., Plummer, C.C., and Carlson (2004) Physical Geology, Earth Revealed, Fifth Editon,. McGraw Hill, New York:
p. 1-574,
Strahler, A.N., (1968); Physical Geography , 3th Edition. John Weiley and Sons, Inc,New York..p. 1- 733.
Strahler, A.N., and A.H. Strahler, (1978), Modern Physical Geography. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1-501.
Summerfield, M.A., (1991). Global Geomorphology, An Introduction to the Study of Landforms. Longman Science &
Technical:p. 1-509.
Thornbury, W.D. (1954) Principles of Geomorphology. Scond Edition. John Willy & Sons, Inc. New York: 1-594
Verstappen, H.,Th. (1983) Applied Geomorphology, Geomorphological Surveys for Environmental Development. Elsevier,
Amsterdam: p.1-437
Verstappen, [Link]. and R.A. Van Zuidam, (1975), ITC System of Geomorphological Survey, ITC Texbook of Photo
Interpretation, Vol. II. Enchede, the Netherlands: p. 1-52.
Zuidam, R.A. Van. (1985). Aerial Photo-Interpretation in Terrain analysis and Geomorphologic Mapping, international
Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences (ITC). The Hague:1-441