LEARNER’S ACADEMY

WHERE LEARNING MEETS EXCELLENCE

SCIENCE (086)
CLASS 10TH

COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS

FROM ACTIVITIES INSIDE (N.C.E.R.T.)
 ACTIVITY 1 (Page 1) 4. Is the nature of magnesium oxide (MgO) acidic or
Objective To study the combustion reaction (exothermic) basic?
by taking the example of burning of magnesium in air. 5. Burning of magnesium is an exothermic or
endothermic reaction?
Materials Required Magnesium ribbon (approximately 2
cm long), sandpaper, a pair of tongs, burner and watch glass.
Procedure
ACTIVITY 2 (Page 6)
Objective To study an exothermic combination reaction
1. Take a piece of magnesium ribbon of nearly 2 cm
with the help of the reaction between calcium oxide and
length and rub it with a sandpaper.
water.
2. Now, hold it with a pair of tongs and heat over the
flame of a burner. Materials Required Quicklime, water, beakers (2),
thermometer and glass rod.
3. Collect the white powder formed in a watch glass.
Procedure
Tongs
1. Take a small amount (approximately 5 g) of quicklime
(calcium oxide) in a beaker with a glass rod in it.
Burner 2. Take some water in another beaker and measure its
Magnesium ribbon
temperature.
Watch glass 3. Now, add water slowly to the beaker containing quicklime.
Magnesium oxide 4. Observe the changes and note the temperature change
(White powder) of the solution formed.
Burning of a magnesium ribbon in air and
collection of magnesium oxide in watch glass Glass rod

Beaker
Observation Magnesium ribbon burns with a dazzling or Water
brilliant white flame and a white powder of magnesium
oxide is formed. Calcium oxide (quicklime)
Chemical Reaction Formation of slaked lime by the
2Mg(s) + O 2 (g) ⎯→ 2MgO(s) + Heat reaction of calcium oxide with water
Magnesium ribbon (From air) Magnesium oxide
(White powder) Observation The reaction is vigorous and the temperature
Conclusion Given reaction is a combustion (exothermic) rises as the reaction proceeds.
reaction accompanied by the evolution of heat and light. Chemical Reaction
Moreover, here oxidation of magnesium occurs. CaO(s) +H 2 O(l) ⎯→Ca(OH)2 (aq) + Heat
Quicklime Water Slaked lime
Note When MgO is dissolved in water, it forms magnesium hydroxide
which is basic in nature, i.e. it turns red litmus blue because of its Conclusion It is a combination reaction which is highly
basic nature.
exothermic in nature.
Viva Questions
Viva Questions
1. Combustion reaction is an example of physical change
or chemical change. 1. Write the chemical formula of quicklime.
2. What are the burning characteristics of magnesium 2. Name the product formed when quicklime reacts with
ribbon? water.
3. Name the type of reaction between magnesium and 3. Is there any change in temperature during the given
oxygen. reaction?

Chapter 01 : Chemical Reaction and Equations 01

 4. A solution of a substance X is used for white washing. 
Name the substance X. FeSO 4  7H2 O(s) ⎯→ FeSO 4 (s) + 7H2 O(g)
(Green crystals) (Dirty white) Water
5. Name the compound used to test the evolution of
carbon dioxide gas. 2FeSO (s) ⎯H⎯⎯eat→Fe O (s) +SO (g) +SO (g)
4 2 3 2 3
Ferrous Ferric oxide Sulphur Sulphur
sulphate (Brown) dioxide trioxide
ACTIVITY 3 (Page 8)
Decomposition of lead nitrate,
Objective To study the decomposition of ferrous sulphate He at
and lead nitrate. 2Pb(NO ) (s) ⎯→ 2PbO(s) + 4 NO (g) + O (g)
3 2 2 2
Lead nitrate Lead Nitrogen Oxygen
Materials Required Ferrous sulphate crystals (2 g) lead oxide dioxide
nitrate crystals (2g), boiling tube, burner and a pair of tong.
Conclusion Decomposition of ferrous sulphate is an
Procedure
example of dehydration and thermal decomposition as the
1. Take some ferrous sulphate crystals in a dry boiling crystals first lose water molecules then break into the
tube and heat it on the flame of a burner. constituents on heating.
2. Observe the changes. The characteristic odour of burning sulphur is due to SO 2
SO2 and SO3 gases and SO 3 gases.
Decomposition of lead nitrate is also an example of thermal
decomposition reaction.
A pair of tong
Viva Questions
Boiling tube
1. What is the formula of crystalline ferrous sulphate?
Ferrous sulphate 2. What is the other name of hydrated ferrous sulphate?
crystals
3. Name the products formed when anhydrous ferrous
sulphate is heated.
Burner
4. What is the type of reaction when crystals of ferrous
sulphate are heated strongly?
5. What are the products formed in the decomposition
of ferrous sulphate?

Decomposition of ferrous sulphate crystals ACTIVITY 4 (Page 9)

Objective To study the electrolysis of water.
3. Similarly, perform the same procedures for lead nitrate
crystals and observe the changes. Materials Required Plastic mug with 2 holes, a few drops
of concentrated sulphuric acid, 2 graphite rods, 2 test tubes,
Observation When green coloured ferrous sulphate
water, wires and battery (6 V), rubber stopper etc.
crystals are heated, firstly a dirty white powder is formed
(anhydrous salt), then on further heating, a brown Procedure
residue is formed and characteristic odour of sulphur is 1. Take a plastic mug, drill two holes at the base, fit rubber
observed. stoppers in these holes and insert graphite rods (electrodes)
When lead nitrate is heated, emission of brown fumes is in these rubber stoppers.
observed which is due to the formation of nitrogen dioxide 2. Now connect these electrodes to a 6V battery with the
(NO2 ). help of wires.
Chemical Reactions 3. Fill the mug (upto half ) with acidulated water. Remember
Reactions involve in decomposition of ferrous sulphate. that the electrodes should be immersed in water.

02 ll ne Science 10th
 4. Now take two test tubes filled with water and invert 2. Place this China dish in
them over the two graphite electrodes. Test the gases sunlight for some time and
evolved in test tubes. observe the colour change.
Plastic mug Sunlight

Oxygen Hydrogen
Observation After some time,
the colour of the white silver China dish
Test tube Silver chloride
Water chloride changes to grey.
Graphite Chemical Reaction
rod S unl ight
2AgCl(s) ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ → 2Ag(s) +Cl (g)
Rubber
stopper 2
Anode Cathode Silver chloride Silver Chlorine
6V (White) (Grey)
Switch
Battery
Conclusion This is a decomposition reaction. As it takes
Electrolysis of water place in the presence of light, so it is also called photolysis or
photochemical decomposition.
Observation After some time, some gas bubbles arising
in water at both the electrodes. Viva Questions
The gases formed at two electrodes go on collecting in the 1. What change in colour is observed when white silver
top parts of the inverted test tubes. In one test tube chloride (AgCl) is left exposed to sunlight?
(at cathode), the volume of the gas (H2 ) is double than 2. What type of chemical reaction is this?
the other (O2 ) at anode.
3. Name the products obtained when silver chloride is
Chemical Reaction exposed to sunlight.
2H O(l) ⎯E⎯lect⎯ric→ 2H (g) +O (g) 4. Name two salts that are used in black and white
2 current 2 2
Water Hydrogen Oxygen photography.
Conclusion This reaction is an example of decomposition 5. Write the decomposition reaction of silver bromide
(AgBr).
reaction. As it takes place by passing electric current, so it
is called electrolysis.
In water, H2 and O2 gases are present in ratio 2 : 1 by ACTIVITY 6 (Page 2, 10)
volume. Objective To study the displacement reaction with the example
Note A few drops of acid are added to water that make it good of reaction between zinc and dilute hydrochloric acid.
conductor of electricity. Materials Required Zinc granules, [Link], conical flask,
thistle funnel, cork with three bores, delivery tube, gas jar and
Viva Questions
thermometer.
1. Which one is a chemical change, electrolysis of
water or sodium chloride exposed in sunlight? Procedure
1. Take a few zinc granules in a conical flask and place a
2. In what ratio H 2 and O 2 are present in electrolytic
decomposition of water? cork over it with a thistle funnel, thermometer and
delivery tube.
3. Why decomposition reaction of water is called
electrolysis of water? 2. Now, add some dil. HCl solution in the conical flask with
the help of thistle funnel.
4. What conclusion can you draw from electrolysis of
water? Thistle Thermometer Delivery tube
funnel
5. Name the gas which burns with pop sound. [Link]
Cork Hydrogen gas
Gas jar
ACTIVITY 5 (Page 9) Conical
flask
Objective To study the effect of sunlight on silver Zinc
granules Water
chloride.
Materials Required Silver chloride and China dish.
Procedure Formation of hydrogen gas by the action of dilute
hydrochloric acid on zinc granules
1. Place a small amount of silver chloride (about 2 g) in
a China dish. Observe its colour.

Chapter 01 : Chemical Reaction and Equations 03

 3. Note the temperature at the beginning and at the end of 3. Tie one iron nails with a thread and immerse it in test
the reaction. tube B, for about 20 min.
4. Collect the gas produced in the gas jar and test it for 4. Keep solution A as such and second iron nail aside for
identification. comparison.
Observation
1. Bubbles of the gas are evolved. On testing, the gas is Test tube (B)
Thread
found to be hydrogen (burns with pop sound).
2. The temperature rises during the reaction. Copper sulphate
Chemical Reaction solution (blue)
Stand
Iron nail
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ⎯→ ZnCl 2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Zinc Hydrochloric Zinc chloride Hydrogen
acid
Conclusion
1. It is a displacement reaction. Zinc is present above (a)
hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals. Hence, Zn (a) Iron nails dipped in copper sulphate solution
displaces it from HCl. in test tube B
2. The reaction is exothermic as it is accompanied by the
evolution of heat. Iron nail Iron nail taken
(before experiment) out from copper
Note This activity can also be performed by using dilute sulphuric acid sulphate solution
instead of dilute hydrochloric acid. The reaction is as follows: (Brown deposit)
Zn(s ) + H2SO 4 (aq) → ZnSO 4 (aq) + H2 ( g )
Zinc Sulphuric acid Zinc Hydrogen
(dilute) sulphate B
Viva Questions Ferrous sulphate
1. Which gas is produced when zinc granules react with Copper solution light (green)
sulphate Test tube stand
dilute hydrochloric acid? solution
2. Name the type of reaction when zinc reacts with dilute (blue)
hydrochloric acid.
3. Name the type of reaction in which heat is evolved. (b)
4. Why zinc granules are preferred over zinc strip for the (b) Iron nails and copper sulphate solutions compared
reaction of Zn with HCl? before and after the experiment

5. How will you test for the presence of hydrogen gas? Observation The blue colour of copper sulphate solution
in test tube B fades away, while the blue colour in test tube
ACTIVITY 7 (Page 10) A remains as such.
Objective To study the displacement reaction of copper by The brown deposits appeared on the iron nail that is taken
iron in copper sulphate solution. out from test tube B.
Materials Required Iron nails (2), test tubes (2), copper Chemical Reaction
sulphate solution and sand paper. Fe(s) + CuSO4 (aq ) ⎯→ Cu(s) + FeSO4 (aq )
Procedure Iron Copper sulphate Copper Ferrous sulphate
(Blue) (Light green colour)
1. Take two iron nails and clean them by rubbing with Conclusion The more reactive element, iron displaces
sandpaper.
copper from copper sulphate solution. This is a
2. Take two test tubes marked as A and B and put displacement reaction.
10 mL CuSO4 in both.

04 ll ne Science 10th
Viva Questions 5. Name the products formed in the reaction between
lead nitrate and potassium iodide.
1. What changes in the colour of iron nails and copper
sulphate solution do you observe after keeping the
iron nails dipped in copper sulphate solution for ACTIVITY 9 (Page 11)
about 20 min? Objective To study the double displacement reaction of
2. Why the blue colour of copper sulphate fades by barium chloride and sodium sulphate solution.
adding iron nails in it? Materials Required Test tubes (2), 3 mL barium chloride
3. What is the formula of crystalline copper sulphate? solution and 3 mL sodium sulphate solution, stirrer rod and
conical flask.
4. Is it safe to store the solution of iron (II) sulphate in a
copper vessel? Procedure
5. Name the type of reaction in this activity. 1. Take 3 mL of sodium sulphate solution in one test tube
and 3 mL of barium chloride solution in another test tube.
ACTIVITY 8 (Page 2/12) 2. Then add these two solutions in conical flask and
stirring it by using stirrer rod.
Objective To study double displacement reaction by taking
an example of reaction between lead nitrate and potassium
iodide.
Materials Required Two beakers, lead nitrate, potassium
Test tube
iodide and water. containing solution
of sodium sulphate
Procedure
1. Prepare the aqueous solutions of lead nitrate and
Test tube
potassium iodide in separate beakers. containing solution
of barium chloride
2. Now, add potassium iodide solution slowly to the lead
nitrate solution.
Observation A white substance, which is insoluble in
water is formed. This insoluble substance is a precipitate of
Potassium
iodide solution barium sulphate (BaSO4 ).
Lead nitrate
solution
Chemical Reaction
Lead iodide
(Yellow ppt.) Na 2 SO 4 (aq) + BaCl 2 (aq) ⎯→ BaSO 4  + 2NaCl (aq)
Formation of lead iodide (yellow Sodium sulphate Barium chloride Barium Sodium chloride
sulphate
precipitate) and potassium nitrate
(White ppt .)
Observation A yellow precipitate of lead iodide is formed. Conclusion The reaction is an example of double
Chemical Reaction displacement reaction and precipitation reaction.
Pb(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) + 2KI(aq) ⎯→ PbI2 () + 2KNO 3 (aq) Viva Questions
Lead Potassium Lead iodide Potassium
nitrate iodide (Yellow ppt.) nitrate 1. Name the type of reaction in which two compounds
Conclusion This reaction is an example of double exchange their ions to form two new compounds.
displacement reaction as well as precipitation reaction. 2. What is the insoluble substance formed in a reaction
between barium chloride and sodium sulphate?
Viva Questions
3. What is the colour of barium sulphate precipitate in a
1. Name the type of reaction between lead nitrate and reaction?
potassium iodide. 4. State the physical conditions of reactants in which the
2. What is the colour of the precipitate formed? reaction between barium chloride and sodium sulphate will
not take place.
3. Reaction between lead nitrate and potassium iodide is
an example of two types of reactions. Name them. 5. Write a chemical equation if ammonium sulphate is used in
place of sodium sulphate in this activity.
4. What is the valency of lead (Pb) in lead nitrate?

Chapter 01 : Chemical Reaction and Equations 05

 ACTIVITY 1 (Page 19) M(s) + 2HCl(aq) ⎯→ MCl 2 (aq ) +H 2 (g)
Objective To study the reaction of acids or bases with active
metals. 2 M(s) +H2SO 4 (aq ) ⎯→ M 2SO4 (aq ) +H 2 (g)
Materials Required Zinc granules, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric
acid, acetic acid, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, test tube,
test tube stand, delivery tube, soap, water, rubber cork and
M(s) +2CH 3COOH(aq ) ⎯→ (CH 3COO) 2 M (aq )
candle.
Procedure + H 2 (g)
1. Take some zinc granules in the test tube and then add dilute Zn(s) +Ca(OH)2 ⎯→ No reaction
sulphuric acid to it. Set the apparatus as shown below. Zn(s) + 2NaOH(aq ) ⎯ → Na 2 ZnO 2 (s) + H2 (g)
Zinc Sodium Sodium Hydrogen
2. Observe the surface of zinc granules. Take a burning candle hydroxide zincate gas
(Strong base)
near the soap bubbles filled with the gas and observe.
3. Repeat the same procedure with hydrochloric acid, acetic Viva Questions
acid, sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide and observe 1. Which gas is produced by the reaction of zinc
the result in each case. and dilute sulphuric acid?
2. How will you test for the presence of the gas
Delivery
tube Burning of hydrogen produced?
Stand gas with a pop sound
3. Why zinc granules are preferred over zinc strip
for the reaction of Zn with HCl?
Candle
4. Name the salt produced when zinc metal reacts
Test tube Hydrogen with sodium hydroxide solution to produce
Dilute
sulphuric
hydrogen gas.
Soap bubble 5. Can all bases react with active metals to produce
granules filled with hydrogen gas?
hydrogen
gas
Soap
solution
ACTIVITY 2 (Page 20)
Objective To study the reaction of metal carbonates
Reaction of zinc granules with dilute sulphuric and bicarbonates with acids.
acid and testing the gas evolved
Observation Some effervescence is observed near zinc surface Materials Required Marble pieces (calcium
and the soap bubbles which burst with ‘pop’ sound are obtained carbonate, CaCO 3 ), baking soda (sodium
when sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO 3 ), dilute hydrochloric acid
hydroxide is used but no bubble is produced with calcium (HCl), lime water, 2 test tubes, thistle funnel rubber
hydroxide. cork and delivery tube (bent at two places).
Conclusion Active metals evolve hydrogen gas with all acids but Procedure
not with all bases. In case of base, only strong base like sodium 1. Take some marble pieces in the test tube and set
hydroxide is capable to release hydrogen gas with active metals. the apparatus, as shown in the figure

Chapter 2 : Acids, Bases and Salts 01

 2. Now add dilute HCl with the help of thistle funnel and ACTIVITY 3 (Page 21)
pass the gas evolved in lime water. Observe the colour
Objective To study the neutralisation reaction of an acid
of lime water.
and a base.
Thistle funnel
Delivery Materials Required Dilute sodium hydroxide solution,
tube dilute hydrochloric acid, phenolphthalein, test tube, test tube
Stand
Cork stand and dropper.
Test tube
Procedure
Test tube
1. Take some sodium hydroxide solution in a test tube
Carbon dioxide and add a few (one or two) drops of phenolphthalein.
gas Calcium
Dilute hydroxide 2. Observe the colour.
hydrochloric solution 3. Now add hydrochloric acid drop by drop with the help
acid Calcium
carbonate of a dropper and observe the change.
(marble pieces)
Observation When phenolphthalein is added to sodium
Passing carbon dioxide gas through
hydroxide solution, pink colour is obtained which gets
calcium hydroxide solution disappeared when hydrochloric acid is added in excess. The
pink colour reappear if sodium hydroxide is added again to
3. Repeat the same experiment with baking soda.
resulted solution.
Observation The lime water turns milky due to the Conclusion Acid nullified the effect of a base and base
formation of calcium carbonate. If the gas is passed for a nullified the effect of an acid. This reaction is called
longer time, milkiness disappears due to the conversion of neutralisation reaction.
white calcium carbonate into soluble calcium bicarbonate. NaOH(aq) +HCl(aq) ⎯→ NaCl(aq) +H2O(l)
CO 2 (g) +Ca(OH) 2 ⎯→ CaCO 3 (s) +H 2 O(l) Base Acid Salt Water
Carbon Lime water Calcium Water
dioxide carbonate
(White ppt.) Viva Questions
CaCO 3 (s) +H 2 O(l) +CO 2 (g) ⎯→ Ca(HCO 3 )2 1. Write the products formed when an acid reacts with a
Calcium Water Carbon Calcium base.
carbonate dioxide bicarbonate
(Soluble) 2. Write the equation of an acid (HCl) with a base
(NaOH).
Conclusion Carbon dioxide gas is evolved when metal
carbonates and bicarbonates react with acids. 3. Write the colour of phenolphthalein indicator in
CaCO 3 + 2HCl(dil.) ⎯→ CaCl 2(aq) +H 2O(l) +CO 2(g) sodium hydroxide solution.
Calcium Hydrochloric Calcium
chloride
Water Carbon 4. What happens if we add dilute HCl in the above
Carbonate acid dioxide
(Marble) solution drop by drop?
2NaHCO + 2HCl(dil.) ⎯→ 2 NaCl(aq) + 2H O(l) 5. What change in colour you observed when sodium
3 2
Sodium Hydrochloric Salt Water hydroxide solution is added again to the above test
bicarbonate acid + 2CO 2(g) tube solution?
Carbon
dioxide ACTIVITY 4 (Page 22)
Viva Questions
Objective To investigate whether the given solution
1. Which gas is evolved when calcium carbonate reacts
conduct electricity or not.
with hydrochloric acid?
Materials Required Glucose, ethanol, hydrochloric acid,
2. How will you test for the presence of carbon dioxide
gas (CO2 )? sulphuric acid, beaker, wire, metal strip/nail (iron), rubber
cork, one bulb, a 6V battery and a switch.
3. What is the nature of carbon dioxide gas evolved?
Procedure
4. Why the lime water turns milky in this activity?
1. Firstly take aqueous solution of HCl in a beaker and set
5. What happens when CO2 gas is passed for a longer
time? the apparatus, as shown in the diagram given below. As

02 ll ne Science 10th
 current flows through the solution, observe the bulb Procedure
and record the observations. Take about 1g solid NaCl in a clean and dry test tube. Add a
Battery 6V small amount of conc. H2SO 4 to the test tube.
Bulb
A gas is evolved. Test it with dry and wet litmus papers.
Switch
Record the observations.
Moist litmus
paper
Beaker
Delivery tube
Dropper Cork
containing
Iron nail concentrated
Dil. HCl solution H2SO4
tube
Rubber cork A pair of tongs
A pair of tongs

Acid solution in water conducts electricity

tube
2. Repeat the same experiment using glucose, sulphuric
acid and ethanol solution. Sodium
chloride
Observation and Reason
Guard tube containing
[Link]. Solutions Glucose Ethanol HCl H2SO4 calcium chloride
Preparation of HCl gas
1. Observation Bulb does Bulb does Bulb Bulb
not glow not glow glows glows
Note If the climate is very humid, the students should pass the
2. Reason Ions are Ions are Ions are Ions are gas produced through a guard tube (drying tube) containing
absent absent present present calcium chloride to dry the gas.
Observation
Conclusion Glowing of bulb indicates that there is a flow
(i) Dry HCl gas
of electric current through the solution by ions.
• Only the colour of wet (moist) blue litmus paper
Solutions like ethanol and glucose does not conduct turns to red.
electricity as they does not produce ions in.
• No change occur in dry blue litmus paper.
Viva Questions (ii) HCl solution
1. Why do HCl, HNO 3 etc, show acidic character in The colour of both wet and dry blue litmus papers turns
aqueous solution? to red.
2. Why do compounds like alcohol and glucose do not Conclusion This experiment suggests that hydrogen ion in
show acidic character? HCl are produced in the presence of water. The separation
+
3. Why does an aqueous solution of an acid conduct of H ion from HCl molecules cannot occur in the absence
electricity? of water. As only colour of wet (moist) blue litmus paper
change to red, no change is occur in dry litmus paper.
4. If we take benzene (C 6H6 ) in the above experiment,
bulb will glow or not? Viva Questions
5. Which type of compound shows electrical 1. What is the effect of dry HCl gas on (i) dry litmus
conductivity? paper (ii) moist litmus paper?
2. Write the chemical equation for the preparation of
ACTIVITY 5 (Page 23) HCl gas and also give the role of CaCl 2 taken in the
Objective To study the effect of dry and wet blue litmus guard tube.
paper on (i) dry HCl gas (ii) HCl solution. 3. Name the acid formed when the chlorine gas is
Materials Required Test tubes, NaCl salt, Conc. H2SO 4 , dissolved in water.
dry and wet litmus paper strips, delivery tube and one cork, 4. Which gas is come out from the test tube in the given
dropper, pair of tongs. activity?
5. In which case does the litmus paper change colour?

Chapter 2 : Acids, Bases and Salts 03

 ACTIVITY 6 (Page 21) Note As the reaction is too vigorous, safety tips must be taken.

Objective To study the reaction of metallic oxide with an Observation A rise in temperature is observed.
acid. Conclusion Dissolution of conc. H2SO 4 in water is an
Materials Required Copper oxide, dilute hydrochloric exothermic reaction, as heat is evolved in the reaction.
acid, beaker and stirrer.
Viva Questions
Procedure
1. Name the type of reaction between any concentrated
1. Take 1g of copper oxide in a beaker. acid and water.
2. Now, add dilute acid such as dil. HCl to it with constant 2. What precautions must be taken while mixing
stirring. conc. H2SO 4 with water?
3. Observe the change in the reaction mixture. 3. What happens when water is added to concentrated
acid?
Observation The colour of the solution becomes
blue-green due to the formation of copper (II) chloride. 4. Is there any change in temperature during this
CuO(s) + 2HCl (aq ) ⎯→CuCl 2 (aq ) +H2O(l ) activity?
Copper Hydrochloric Copper (II) Water 5. What conclusion can you draw from this experiment?
oxide acid chloride
(Blue-green)
Conclusion Metallic oxide, i.e. CuO behaves as a base and ACTIVITY 8 (Page 18)
forms salt and water when it reacts with an acid like HCl. In Objective To study the effect of indicators on the given
other words, a metallic oxide is basic in nature. samples of acids and bases.
Viva Questions Materials Required HCl, H2SO 4 , HNO 3 , CH3 COOH,
1. What happens when metal oxides react with acids? NaOH, Ca(OH)2 , Mg(OH)2 , KOH, NH4 OH, litmus (blue
2. Write the reaction of magnesium oxide with and red) solutions, phenolphthalein, methyl orange, test
hydrochloric acid. tube stand and test tubes.
3. What is the nature of metallic oxides? Procedure
4. What colour is observed when hydrochloric acid is 1. Take all acid and base solutions in separate test tubes.
mixed with copper oxide? 2. Now add a few drops of red litmus solution to each.
5. What is the nature of non-metallic oxides? 3. Note down the colour change.
4. Repeat the same procedure with blue litmus solution,
ACTIVITY 7 (Page 24) phenolphthalein and methyl orange for every acid and
Objective To study the reaction of dissolution of base solution.
concentrated sulphuric acid (or any other) with water. Observation
Materials Required Water, conc. H2SO4 , beaker, Methyl
Sample Red litmus Blue litmus Phenolphthalein
thermometer, stand, test tube and glass rod. orange
solutions solution solution solution
solution
Procedure
HCl No change Red Colourless Red
1. Take 10 mL water in a beaker.
H2SO4 No change Red Colourless Red
2. Note the initial
HNO3 No change Red Colourless Red
temperature with the help
of a thermometer. CH3COOH No change Red Colourless Red
Water NaOH Change to No change Pink Yellow
3. Take a small amount of
+ H2SO4 blue
conc. H2SO 4 in a test
Ca(OH)2 Blue No change Pink Yellow
tube and pour it drop by
drop in the beaker (very Mg(OH)2 Blue No change Pink Yellow
slowly) along its sides. KOH Blue No change Pink Yellow
4. Continue to stir the mixture with the help of a glass NH4 OH Blue No change Pink Yellow
rod. Again note down the temperature.

04 ll ne Science 10th
Conclusion Acid solutions turn blue litmus red. Basic ACTIVITY 10 (Page 18)
solutions turn red litmus blue. Phenolphthalein is colourless
in acids while pink in bases. Methyl orange gives red colour Objective To test the given samples of acids and bases with
in acids and yellow in basic solutions. the help of olfactory indicators.
Materials Required Dilute hydrochloric acid, sodium
Viva Questions hydroxide solution, onion juice, clove oil, dilute vanilla
1. What is the effect of litmus paper on curd and lemon? essence and test tubes.
2. Methyl orange is added to a solution and the solution Procedure
turns red. What information do you get about the 1. Check the odour of onion juice and add its few
solution?
(but equal) drops in dil. HCl and dil. NaOH solutions
3. Which acid is present in vinegar? taken in different test tubes.
4. If the aqueous solution of slaked lime is tested with 2. Again check the odour.
methyl orange. It produces yellow colour. What is the 3. Repeat the same procedure with clove oil and dilute
nature of slaked lime solution?
vanilla essence.
5. Phenolphthalein is added to a solution and the
solution turns pink. What information do you get Observation Odour of onion, clove oil and vanilla essence
about the solution? get diminished in a base but remains unaffected in an acid.
Conclusion Onion juice, clove oil, dilute vanilla essence all
ACTIVITY 9 (Page 20) are olfactory indicators as they have lost their smell in one
of the medium (either acidic or basic).
Objective To test the given samples of water, acid and base
with the turmeric (haldi) solution, a natural indicator. Viva Questions
Materials Required Lemon, soap, water and turmeric 1. What is the odour of onion juice in dilute hydrochloric
solution. acid?
Procedure 2. What is the odour of onion juice in sodium hydroxide
solution?
1. Take the samples of lemon juice and soap solution in
separate test tubes. 3. How olfactory indicator can be used as an acid-base
indicator by visually impaired student?
2. In a separate test tube, take a sample of water too.
4. Write the odour test for clove oil in dil. HCl and dil.
3. Now add a few drops of turmeric solution (in water) in NaOH solution.
all the test tubes. 5. A strip of absolutely clear cloth is sprayed with onion
4. Record the observations. juice. The strip is then rubbed with few drops of
hydrochloric acid. Will the strip smell like onion?
Observation The colour of turmeric is yellow in lemon
and water but turns red in soap solution.
Conclusion Turmeric is a natural indicator. It gives yellow
ACTIVITY 11 (Page 26)
colour in acid solution (lemon) as well as in water while Objective To determine the pH values of the given
gives red colour in basic solution (soap). solutions with the help of pH paper.
Materials Required Lemon juice, tomato juice, saliva,
Viva Questions carrot juice, soda water, coffee, tea, tap water, 1 M NaOH
1. When yellow stain of turmeric rubbed with soap. solution, 1 M HCl solution and pH paper, strip.
What will you observe? What is the nature of soap?
Procedure
2. What is the colour of turmeric in acid solution?
1. Take different solutions in different test tubes.
3. What colour is obtained when turmeric is mixed with 2. Now, place one or two drops of lemon juice on a
water?
pH paper strip.
4. What is the colour of turmeric in basic solution? 3. Note the colour obtained.

Chapter 2 : Acids, Bases and Salts 05

 4. Repeat the same procedure with each given solution 1. Take about 2g crystals of copper sulphate salt in a dry
using a new pH paper strip and note the colours boiling tube and note the colour of crystals.
obtained.
Red Yellow Green Blue

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Pair of tongs

Gastric juice Lemon juice Pure water, Milk of magnesia Sodium hydroxide
(about 1.2) (about 2.2) blood (7.4) (10) solution (about 14)

pH paper chart showing colours for different pH values

Observation
Colour of pH Approximate Nature of the
S. No. Solution
paper pH value solution Removing water of crystallisation
1. Lemon juice Pink 2 Acidic
2. Heat the boiling tube containing copper sulphate
2. Tomato juice Beige 4 Acidic crystals and observe the changes occur.
3. Saliva Green 7 Neutral
3. Some water droplets are formed in the boiling tube.
(before meal)
4. Carrot juice Yellow/Green 5.6 Acidic
4. Put off the burner after few minutes of heating. And
add 2-3 drops of water in same sample.
5. Soda water Orange-yellow 3.5 Acidic
5. Observe the colour change after addition of 2-3 drops
6. Coffee Yellow 5 Acidic
of water.
7. Tea Red 4.5 Acidic
Observation
8. 1M NaOH Purple 14 Basic
Before heating The copper sulphate crystals which seems to
9. 1M HCl Red 1 Acidic
be dry, contain water of crystallisation that’s why, salt is
10. Tap water Lime green 7 Neutral blue in colour.
Conclusion Solutions having pH value less than 7 are After heating On heating, this water (hydrated CuSO4 ) is
acidic while those having pH value greater than 7 are basic removed and the salt turns white. And when crystals are
in nature. As pH value of water is 7, therefore it is again moisten with few drops of water, blue colour of the
considered neither acidic nor basic but neutral. crystals reappears.
Chemical formula of hydrated copper sulphate is
Viva Questions
1. Which one is a stronger acid, acid with pH = 5 or with CuSO 4 5H2O.

pH = 2 ? CuSO 4 5H2O “
−5H 2 O
CuSO 4
+5 H2 O
2. What is the pH of distilled water and common salt (Blue) ( White)
solution? Conclusion The blue colour of copper sulphate is due to
3. What is the colour of tomato juice on pH paper? the presence of water of crystallisation, which can be
4. What is the minimum and maximum value of pH removed by heating.
scale?
Viva Questions
5. According to pH scale, which solutions are acid and
base? 1. What do you mean by water of crystallisation?
2. Name the chemical formula of hydrated copper
ACTIVITY 12 (Page 32) sulphate salt.
3. Name one salt (other than hydrated copper sulphate)
Objective To observe water of crystallisation in copper which show water of crystallisation.
sulphate crystals.
4. In the above activity, water droplets are formed near
Materials Required Boiling tube, pair of tongs copper the mouth of the boiling tube. What does it indicate?
sulphate crystals and Bunsen burner.
5. Why copper sulphate solution is blue in colour.
Procedure

06 ll ne Science 10th
 ACTIVITY 13 (Page 29) 2. The pH of an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid
is 2. What will be the pH of the acid after the addition
Objective To determine (a) the pH value and nature (b) of 10 g of sodium chloride?
solubility of the given samples of salts.
3. Arrange the following solutions in the order of
+
Materials Required Sodium chloride, potassium nitrate, decreasing H (aq) ions concentration.
aluminium chloride, zinc sulphate, copper sulphate, sodium (i) Ammonium hydroxide
acetate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, (ii) Gastric juice
water, test tubes beaker and pH paper. (iii) Vinegar
Procedure (iv) Sodium hydroxide
1. Make the solutions of the given salts in different test 4. Give example of salt formed from strong acid and
tubes by dissolving them in water. weak base.
2. Note down, whether the salt is soluble or not; and if 5. The pH of the solution formed by NaOH and HCl is
soluble, then upto what extent. 7. What will be its colour with pH paper?
3. Now, test all the solutions with the help of pH paper as
in the activity 11 and record the observations in the Activity 14 (Page 29)
observation table. Objective To determine the pH value of soil with the help
Observation of universal indicator paper.
Salt Solubility Colour with pH Acidic/ Acid and base from Materials Required Test tube, water, 2g soil, pH paper.
in water paper and pH basic which salt Procedure
value is formed
NaCl
1. Take about 2g of soil in a test tube and add 5 mL water
Yes Green, 7 Neutral HCl + NaOH
to it.
KNO3 Yes No change, 7 Neutral HNO3 + KOH
AlCl3 Yes Red, 2.3 Acidic HCl + Al(OH)3
2. Shake the mixture of the test tube.
ZnSO4 Yes No change, 4.5 Acidic H2SO4 + Zn(OH)2 3. Filter the mixture and collect the filterate in a test tube.
CuSO4 Yes Red, 3.4 Acidic H2SO4 + Cu(OH)2 4. Check the pH of the filterate.
CH3COONa Yes Blueish, 9.07 Basic CH3COOH+NaOH Observation
Na 2CO3 Yes Purple, 10.11 Basic H 2CO3 + NaOH pH value of the filterate is 6. It means that the soil is
NaHCO3 No Light blue, 8.5 Basic H 2CO3 + NaOH slightly acidic.
Conclusion This activity shows that nature of salt depends Conclusion
on its origin. It means that salts have four categories: The substance with pH 1-6 are considered as acidic, 7 is
(i) Salt of strong acid and strong base = Neutral (pH = 7). neutral and above 7 is basic.
(ii) Salt of weak acid and strong base = Basic (pH > 7). If we apply lime to the soil it will become neutral and can
(iii) Salt of strong acid and weak base = Acidic (pH < 7). be used for plant growth.
(iv) Salt of weak acid and weak base = Neutral (pH = 7). Viva Questions
Viva Questions 1. What is the pH range of normal fertile soil?
1. Give two examples of: 2. Which soil has more alkaline?
(i) soluble bases 3. Does fertilizer affect the pH soil?
(ii) partially soluble bases 4. What is the ideal pH of soil?
(iii) insoluble bases 5. Why is soil pH important?

Chapter 2 : Acids, Bases and Salts 07

 ACTIVITY 1(a) (Page 37, 38) 4. Metals are generally ductile. Most of the metals are
Objective To study the following physical properties of available as wires like Cu, Al, Ag, Au, Pt, Fe etc.
metals
Viva Questions
⚫ Metallic lustre • Hardness
1. What happens when we rub the surface of the metals
⚫ Malleability • Ductility with sand paper?
⚫ Sonority
2. Name a metal which can be cut with a knife.
Materials Required Samples (ribbon/pieces/wires) of
3. Name the two metals which are most malleable?
some metals like Fe, Cu, Al, Mg, Pb, Zn, Na etc., sand
paper, knife, filter paper and hammer. 4. What is ductility?
Procedure 5. Name the property of metals of producing sound.
1. Initially note the appearance, i.e. brightness of the
surface of each metal. Then, rub their surfaces with the ACTIVITY 1(b) (Page 38, 39)
sand paper and note the changes observed.
Objective To study the (i) electrical conductivity (ii)
2. Take small pieces of Fe, Al and Mg. Try to cut them
thermal conductivity in metals.
with a knife to check their hardness. Then, take a piece
of sodium out of kerosene and dry it with a filter paper. Materials Required Wires of metals like Al, Cu etc., stand,
Then, try to cut it with a knife and note down all burner, pin, wax, battery, metal wire or piece (to be tested),
observations. clips, switch and bulb.
3. Take small blocks of Fe, Zn, Pb and Cu metals and Procedure
place Zn, Pb and Cu pieces over the block of iron one 1. Activity (i) Take an aluminium or copper wire and
by one and strike them with the help of a hammer for arrange the electric circuit as shown in the diagram
4-5 times. Observe and note the changes in the shape of given below. Placed the metal wire in between the
these metals. Also note, if any sound is produced. terminals of A and B, record the observations, whether
4. Collect some metals which are available in the form of the bulb glows or not.
wires. Note down the names of these metals.
Battery Bulb
Observations and Conclusions
1. Metals have metallic lustre. If some layer of oxide
covers the surface and hides its lustre then remove it Switch
Clips
with sand paper to bring the original lustre back.
A B
2. Iron, aluminium and magnesium metals are hard but
Insert sample
their degree of hardness vary. Mg can also be cut with to be tested
knife but with some difficulty. Sodium metal is soft and Electrical circuit diagram to show metals
can be easily cut with knife. It shows that metals are are good conductors of electricity
generally hard (except sodium or other alkali metals).
3. Metals are sonorous, i.e. they produce sound when 2. Activity (ii) Take a stand and fix an aluminium or
copper wire to it with the help of clamp. Fix a pin to
struck with a hard object like hammer. Metals are
the free end of the wire with the help of wax. Heat the
also malleable as they can be converted into sheets
wire near the place where it is clamped.
when hammered.
Record the changes.

Chapter 03 : Metal and Non-Metals 01

 Metal wire Procedure
Stand
Clamp
1. Take coal/graphite (carbon), sulphur and iodine as the
Free end of wire
Wax samples of non-metals. Examine them as described in
Pin Activity 1 (a) and 1 (b) Note their physical properties and
make a comparative chart of the physical properties of
Burner metals and non-metals.
2. Take a magnesium ribbon and sulphur powder.
(i) First hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of
Experimental set up to show that metals are tongs over flame and let it burn. Collect the ashes
good conductors of heat formed and dissolve them in water.
Test this solution with litmus and note the
Observations and Conclusions
observations.
1. Activity (i) When a metal wire is placed between the
(ii) Take some sulphur powder in a dry test tube and
terminals A and B, the bulb will glow. It shows that the
heat it over flame. Collect the fumes produced in
metals are good conductors of electricity.
another test tube by inverting the test tube over the
2. Activity (ii) The wax melts and pin falls down but fumes. Then, add some water to the test tube with
metal does not melt (except tin). It shows that given fumes and shake it. Test this solution with litmus
metals are good conductors of heat. Metals also have
high melting points in most of the cases (as metal wires and note the observations.
does not melt on heating). 3. Take some samples of metals like Na, Fe, Ag and
non-metals like sulphur, iodine, graphite (C) and put
Viva Questions small pieces of these samples in beaker half filled with
1. When the copper wire is placed between the terminals cold water and observe reactivity of each. Put the
A and B in the given activity (i), the bulb glows. unreacted samples in beaker half filled with cold water
Which property of metals are shown by this?
and observe. Again, put still unreacted samples in the
2. Name the metal which is the best conductor of apparatus for studying their reaction with steam.
electricity.
3. What is thermal conductivity?
Metal sample
4. Aluminium metal does not melt in the given activity Hydrogen
(ii). Why? Glass wool
soaked in Cork
5. Name the metals which have low melting point. Water
water
Burner Stand Delivery
ACTIVITY 2 (Page 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44) tube

Objective To study
(i) the physical properties of non-metals and compare
Experimental setup to study the action of steam on a metal
them with those of metals.
Note In the same way, perform the experiments with water, dilute acids
(ii) the chemical properties of metals and non-metals and and other salt solutions. Record the results in the table.
compare them with each other.
4. Take all the samples given in point 3 except sodium
Materials Required Iron, sodium, silver, coal or graphite (Na) and clean them with sand paper (if tarnished) and
(carbon), sulphur, iodine, magnesium ribbon, water, dil. HCl, put them one by one separately in test tubes containing
litmus (red and blue), burner, a pair of tongs and test tubes, dilute hydrochloric acid. Suspend thermometers in the
beakers. test tubes, so that their bulbs are dipped in the acid.

02 ll ne Science 10th
Observations
1. Physical properties of metals and non-metals.
Element Lustre Hardness Malleability Ductility Conductivity Sonority
Carbon Diamond has lustre Diamond is No Diamond is ductile Poor No
(Diamond/graphite) hard
Sulphur No Soft No No Poor No
Iodine Yes Soft No No Poor No
Sodium Yes Soft Yes Yes Good Yes
Iron Yes Hard Yes Yes Good Yes
Silver Yes Hard Yes Yes Good Yes

2. Chemical properties of metals and non-metals.

M + O ⎯→ MO M + H O ⎯→ M(OH) + H M + HA ⎯→ MA + H
2 X 2 X 2 2

Element Reaction with oxygen Reaction with water Reaction with dilute acids
C Reacts on heating No reaction to give H2 No reaction to give H2

S Reacts on heating No reaction to give H2 No reaction to give H2

I Reacts on heating No reaction to give H2 No reaction to give H2

Na Vigorous at room temperature Vigorous at room temperature Reacts to give H2

Fe Vigorous for Fe filings Reacts with steam Reacts to give H2

Ag No reaction, even at high temperature. No reaction No reaction

Conclusions 4. Metals form basic oxides (turns red litmus blue) and
1. Most non-metals do not have lustre. Most of non-metals form acidic oxides (turns blue litmus red)
non-metals are soft (if solid) except diamond (hardest on burning in air.
known substance) and brittle. 5. Metals release H2 when reacts with water whereas
2. Non-metals are neither malleable nor ductile. If non-metals do not react with water to release hydrogen.
sulphur is hammered, it breaks into pieces. Diamond is Similarly, when metals react with dilute acids, they
non-ductile (mhard). again release hydrogen gas whereas non-metals do not
release hydrogen on reaction with dilute acids. This is
3. Non-metals are non-sonorous, poor conductors of heat
due to the fact that non-metals are electron acceptors
and electricity, have low melting and boiling points. But
and cannot give electrons to hydrogen ions to from H2
solid non-metals have comparatively high boiling points.
gas (whereas metals are electron donors).

Chapter 03 : Metal and Non-Metals 03

Viva Questions Battery Bulb
(–) (+)
1. Generally non-metals are non-lustrous. Which non-metal Switch
have lustrous appearance?
2. Name the non-metal which is in liquid state at room Beaker
temperature. Graphite rod

3. Write the nature of oxides of metals and non-metals. Salt solution

und er test
4. Name the non-metal which is very hard.
5. What happens when metals react with dilute acids?
Testing the conductivity of a salt solution

ACTIVITY 3 (Page 48)

Observations and Conclusions
Objective To study the properties of ionic compounds.
1. Ionic compounds are solid, these are generally
Materials Required Sodium chloride, potassium chloride,
brittle and break into pieces when pressure is
burner, spatula, beaker, electrodes, battery, bulb, switch, test
applied.
tubes, water, petrol etc.
2. Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling
Procedure
points.
1. Take the samples of some salts like sodium chloride,
3. Ionic compounds are generally soluble in water
potassium chloride etc.
and insoluble in solvents such as kerosene, petrol,
2. Examine the physical state of these salts. etc.
3. Take a small amount of a sample on spatula and heat it over 4. Ionic compounds in the solid state do not conduct
the flame. Repeat the process with the other sample too. electricity because movement of ions in the solid is
Spatula not possible, but they conduct electricity in the
containing molten state.
sample
Thus NaCl and KCl both are ionic solids, soluble
in water and conduct electricity in molten state.
Viva Questions
Burner 1. Why does sodium chloride conduct electricity in
aqueous solution but not in solid state?
2. Melting points of ionic compounds are ...............
(high/low).
3. Dissolve the sample of sodium chloride in water
Heating a salt sample on a spatula and petrol in separate test tubes. In which test
4. Try to dissolve these samples in water and petrol in separate tube, sodium chloride is soluble?
test tubes. Note their solubility. 4. What is the physical state of ionic compounds?
5. Make a circuit as shown in the figure and insert the 5. Take the sugar solution in water and test the
electrodes in the solution of one salt. Note if the bulb glows. conductivity, will the bulb glow?
Repeat the process with other salt solution too.

04 ll ne Science 10th
 ACTIVITY 1 (Page 58) Procedure Calculate the difference in the formulae and
Objective To identify the composition of items present in molecular masses for (a) CH3OH and C 2 H5OH, (b)
house (presence of carbon). C 2 H5OH and C 3H7 OH and (c) C 3H7 OH and C 4 H9OH.
Materials required Daily used items like tooth brush, fan, Observation
spoon, tumbler pencil, books, bread, pen, clothes etc. (a) CH3OH and C 2 H5OH
Procedure Make a list of 10 things that are commonly These differ by a ⎯CH2 unit.
used daily and also mention their constituents with the help of Mass of CH3OH
your teacher and parents. = (12  1) + (1 3) + (16  1) + (1  1) = 32 u
Observation The list of ten things that are used daily are Mass of C 2 H5OH
mentioned below:
Things Metals Other materials
= (12 2) + (1 5) + (16 1) + (1 1) = 46 u
Toothbrush — Plastic, nylon (carbon) Difference = (46 − 32) u = 14 u
Fan Aluminium/ Iron — (b) C 2 H5OH and C 3H7 OH
Spoon Stainless steel — These differ by a — CH2 unit.
Tumbler — Glass
Mass of C 2 H5OH = 46 u
Pencil Graphite (carbon) Wood (carbon)
Books — Paper obtained from Mass of C 3H7 OH
woods (carbon) = (12 3) + (1 7) + (16 1) + (1 1) = 60 u
Bread — Wheat (carbon) Difference = (60 − 46) u = 14 u
Pen Steel Plastic (carbon) (c) C H OH and C H OH
3 7 4 9
Clothes — Cotton (carbon)
These also differ by a —CH2 unit.
Note You can also mention any substance different from the
above. Mass of C 3H7 OH = 60 u
Mass of C 4 H9OH
Conclusion It can be clearly seen that most of the
substances contain carbon in it. = (12 4) +(1 9) +(16 1) +(1 1) = 74 u
Difference = (74 − 60) u = 14 u
Viva Questions
Note Other homologous series that you can considered are:
1. Write some materials which are made up of wood
only. Carboxylic
Chloroalkane Aldehyde Ketone
2. Which element is found in most of the items that are acid
found around us? O
3. Out of pen, tumbler, fan, spoon which material is 
made up of glass? CH3Cl HCHO CH3 ⎯C ⎯CH3 HCOOH
O
4. Name the source from which paper is obtained? 
5. Write some compounds which are not made up of C2H5Cl CH3CHO C2H5 ⎯C ⎯CH3 CH3COOH
carbon. O

ACTIVITY 2 (Page 67) C3H7 Cl C2H5CHO C3H7 ⎯C ⎯CH3 C2H5COOH
O
Objective To show that successive members of a 
homologous series differ by a ⎯CH2 unit in formula and C4H9Cl C3 H 7 CHO C4H9 ⎯C ⎯CH3 C3 H 7 COOH
by 14-unit in molecular mass.
Conclusion All of these groups possess a similarity, i.e. ACTIVITY 4 (Page 69)
two consecutive members differ by a —CH2 group and
in molecular mass by14 u. Objective To check the conditions in which complete or
incomplete combustion of fuels occurs.
Viva Questions Materials Required Bunsen burner and a controller (to
1. By how many carbon and hydrogen atoms, do any control the amount of gas coming out of the burner).
two adjacent numbers homologous series differ? Procedure Light a Bunsen burner and adjust the air hole at the
2. Which two of the following compounds could base to get different types of flames in the presence of smoke.
belong to the same homologous series? Observation
C 2 H 6 O 2 , C 2 H 6 O, C 2 H 5 , CH4 O ◆ If hole is closed, yellow, sooty flame is produced and on
3. Give the formulae of any two higher homologues of placing a spoon above the flame, black deposits of carbon is
methane. obtained.
4. Name the second member of alkyne homologous ◆ If hole is open, blue flame is produced and on placing a
series. What is its structural formula? spoon above the flame, no deposit is obtained.
5. Give the IUPAC name of HCOOH. Conclusion In excess of air, complete combustion takes place
and blue flame is produced. If there is insufficient supply of air,
ACTIVITY 3 (Page 69) incomplete combustion takes place and yellow flame is
produced.
Objective To study the nature of compound, whether it
is saturated or unsaturated by burning. Viva Questions
Materials Required Naphthalene, camphor, alcohol, 1. On placing a spatula above the flame (if hole is closed),
spatula, spirit lamp/burner etc. the black deposits of which substance are obtained ?
Procedure Take some carbon compounds (naphthalene, 2. On closing the hole, we get yellow sooty flame, why?
camphor, alcohol) one by one on a spatula and burn 3. What is the advantage of air hole (inlet) in the Bunsen
them. burner?
Observation On heating these carbon compounds, 4. Which gas is produced during incomplete combustion of
following observations were made. fuels?
Deposits on 5. Which gas is produced during the complete combustion
Carbon compounds Nature of flame
spatula of fuels?
Naphthalene Smoky flame Carbon deposits
Camphor Smoky flame Carbon deposits ACTIVITY 5 (Page 70)
Alcohol Non-sooty flame No carbon Objective To study the oxidising properties of KMnO 4 .
Conclusion Non-sooty flame of alcohol indicates Materials Required Ethanol, 5% alk. KMnO 4 , beaker,
complete combustion or saturated nature whereas smoky dropper, test tubes, water bath, burner etc.
flame of camphor and naphthalene indicates incomplete Procedure
combustion and presence of multiple bonds or
1. Take about 3 mL of ethanol in a test tube and warm it
unsaturated nature.
gently in a water bath.
Viva Questions 2. Add 5% solution of alkaline potassium permanganate drop
1. How can saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons by drop to this solution.
be differentiated on the basis of combustion? Observation The colour of KMnO 4 slowly fades and
2. Why unsaturated hydrocarbons burn with a sooty gradually it disappears completely. When excess of KMnO 4 is
flame? added, the colour will not disappear.
3. Which type of bond indicates the incomplete Reaction Involved
combustion? Alk. KMn O4
CH3CH2 ⎯OH ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ CH3COOH
4. Name two compound which gives smoke flame on Ethanol  Ethanoic acid
heating.
Conclusion Alcohol decolourises KMnO 4 but acid does not .
5. Out of saturated and unsaturated compounds, In excess of KMnO 4 , alcohol gets completely converted into
which are usually not very reactive? acid which does not decolourise KMnO 4 .

02 ll ne Science 10th
Viva Questions 2. Warm in a water bath for atleast five minutes as shown
1. What is the colour of KMnO 4 solution? in the figure.
3. Pour into a beaker containing 20-50 mL of water and
2. Which acid is formed, when excess of KMnO 4 is smell the resulting mixture.
added to the ethanol?
Test tube
3. Which reaction is involved in the conversion of containing
alcohol to carboxylic acid? reaction
mixture
4. Name the substance used for the oxidation of ethanol.
Beaker
5. Name the compound formed on oxidation of ethanol. Water
Wire gauze
ACTIVITY 6 (Page 72)
Tripod stand
Objective To show that hydrogen gas is evolved when
alcohol is treated with sodium metal or to check the acidic Burner
nature of alcohol (ethanol).
Materials Required Piece of sodium, ethanol, test tubes,
matchstick.
Formation of ester
Procedure
1. Drop a small piece of sodium, about the size of a couple Observation A compound having pleasant fruity smell is
observed.
of grains of rice, into ethanol (taken in a test tube).
2. Bring a matchstick near the mouth of the test tube. Reaction Involved
C onc . H S O
CH3 ⎯ COOH +C 2 H 5 ⎯ OH ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯2⎯ ⎯→
4
Observation A gas is evolved which burns with pop sound. Dehydrating agent
Acetic acid Ethanol
Reaction involved CH3COOC 2 H 5 +H 2 O
Ester Water
2C 2 H5OH+ 2Na ⎯→ 2C 2 H 5 ONa
– +
+ H2  Conclusion
Sodium
Ethanol
metal
Sodium ethoxide Hydrogen
gas
The obtained compound is known as ester. This process of
making ester is called esterification.
Conclusion The evolved gas burns with a pop sound. This
indicates the presence of hydrogen gas and the reaction of Viva Questions
alcohol with metal show its acidic nature. 1. What is glacial acetic acid?
Viva Questions 2. What are esters?
1. Which gas is evolved on adding sodium metal into 3. Complete the equation,
ethanol? Dehydrating
Acid + Alcohol ⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2. How will you test the presence of H 2 gas? agent

3. How sodium ethoxide is formed? Write the reaction. 4. Name the process of ester formation from acid and
alcohol in the presence of H 2 SO 4 .
4. If the same experiment is repeated with acetic acid,
what happens? 5. What is the role of concentrated sulphuric acid in an
esterification reaction?
5. Write the reaction of sodium metal with ethanoic acid.

ACTIVITY 7 (Page 73) ACTIVITY 8 (Page 73)

Objective To study the formation of esters. Objective To compare the pH of dilute acetic acid and
Materials Required Glacial acetic acid, absolute alcohol, dilute hydrochloric acid.
conc. H2 SO4 , test tubes, beaker, wire gauze, tripod stand, Materials Required Dil. acetic acid, dil. HCl, universal
burner, water bath. indicator, litmus paper, test tubes.
Procedure Procedure Compare the pH of dilute acetic acid and dilute
1. Take 1 mL ethanol (absolute alcohol) and 1 mL glacial hydrochloric acid using both, litmus paper and universal
acetic acid alongwith a few drops of concentrated indicator.
sulphuric acid in a test tube.

Chapter 4 : Carbon and Its Compounds 03

Observation Reaction Involved
– +
Acid pH Litmus test 2CH3COOH+Na 2 CO 3 ⎯→2CH3COONa +H 2 O +CO 2 
Acetic acid Sodium Sodium Carbon
Dil. HCl 2-3 (more acidic) Blue litmus turns red carbonate acetate dioxide
–
Dil. CH3COOH 5-6 (less acidic) Blue litmus turns red CH 3 COOH+NaHCO 3 ⎯→CH3COONa ++ H 2 O+CO 2 
Acetic acid Sodium Sodium Carbon
carbonate acetate dioxide
Conclusion Dil. HCl is more acidic than the dilute acetic
acid as pH of dil. HCl is less than dilute acetic acid. Conclusion The brisk effervescence of carbon dioxide
gas is produced which on passing through lime water turns
Viva Questions it milky.
1. Two acids A and B have pH values of 2 and 6
respectively. Which of the two will be more acidic? Viva Questions
2. Write the correct order of pH values for acid and base 1. What will you get when dilute ethanoic acid is treated
solution. with sodium carbonate? Write the reaction.
3. What is the pH value of a neutral solution? 2. The formation of brisk effervescence indicates the
presence of which gas?
4. What change in colour is observed when red litmus
paper is dipped in acidic solution? 3. What happens when lighted splinter is brought near
5. Why ethanoic acid is a weak acid? the mouth of CO 2 gas?
4. Which type of bonds are present between atoms of
ACTIVITY 9 (Page 74) carboxylic acid?
5. What happens when same procedure is repeated with
Objective To show that carbon dioxide gas is evolved when sodium bicarbonate?
ethanoic acid is treated with sodium carbonates and
bicarbonates. ACTIVITY 10 (Page 74)
Materials Required Sodium carbonate, dilute ethanoic Objective To study the phenomenon of dirt cleaning by soap.
acid, sodium hydrogen carbonate, lime water, test tubes,
spatula, stand, cork, thistle funnel, delivery tube. Materials Required Water, soap or detergent, oil, test tubes.
Procedure Procedure
1. Take a spatula full of sodium carbonate in a test tube 1. Take about 10 mL of water each in two test tubes.
and add 2 mL of dilute ethanoic acid. 2. Add a drop of oil (cooking oil) to both the test tubes
and label them as A and B. To test tube B, add a few
2. Pass the gas produced through freshly prepared
drops of soap solution.
lime water.
3. Now, shake both the test tubes vigorously for the same
3. Repeat the above procedure with sodium hydrogen
period of time.
carbonate instead of sodium carbonate.
4. Now leave them undisturbed for some time.
Thistle funnel
Delivery tube Observation In test tube A, oil and water form separate
Stand layers and no such layer is formed in test tube B.
Cork Test tube
Calcium Conclusion This shows the phenomenon of dirt-cleaning
hydroxide by soap. As we know, dirt is oily in nature. Hydrophobic
solution part of soap bonds with dirt and hence, dirty clothes are
Carbon dioxide gas cleaned.
Ethanoic acid
Test tube Viva Questions
1. Which part of soap bind with dirt?
Sodium 2. Why does soap solutions appear cloudy?
carbonate
Showing the release of carbon dioxide gas when
3. How the soap molecules are arranged in a soap
ethanoic acid is treated with sodium carbonate micelle?
4. Name the hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends of a
Observation Brisk effervescence is produced and lime soap?
water turns milky. 5. What is a micelle?

04 ll ne Science 10th
 ACTIVITY 11 (Page 76) ACTIVITY 12 (Page 76)
Objective To study the working of soap with soft and Objective To compare the cleansing action of soaps and
hard water. detergents with hard water.
Materials Required Distilled water, hard water, soap Materials Required Detergent, soap, sample of hard water,
solution, test tubes. test tubes.
Procedure Procedure
1. Take about 10 mL of distilled water (or rain water) 1. Take two test tubes with about 10 mL of hard water in
and 10 mL hard water (from a tubewell or handpump) each and label them as A and B.
in separate test tubes.
2. Add five drops of soap solution to test tube A and five
2. Add a couple of drops of soap solution to both. drops of detergent solution to the other test tube B.
3. Shake the test tubes vigorously for an equal period of 3. Shake both the test tubes for the same period of time.
time.
Observation Same amount of foam is not produced in both
Observation Test tube containing hard water, produces the test tubes. Solution of detergent and hard water forms foam,
curdy white precipitate while the test tube containing while solution of soap and hard water produces curdy white
distilled water, produces foam. precipitate.
Conclusion Soaps work well with soft water but form Conclusion Detergent works better in hard water in
scum (insoluble substance) with hard water. comparison to soap.
Viva Questions Viva Questions
1. Write the name of species responsible for the 1. What will you get on treating soaps and detergents
hardness of water. with hard water, separately?
2. When soap is dissolved in hard water, what happens? 2. What are detergents?
3. What are soaps? 3. Which process is involved in dirt cleaning?
4. How can hardness of water be tested with the help of 4. Why washing clothes with hard water is not effective?
soap solution? 5. What is the advantage of detergents over soaps for
5. Why washing of clothes with hard water is difficult? washing clothes?

Chapter 4 : Carbon and Its Compounds 05