CELL STRUCTURE Function
COMPONENT
1 Cell Living membrane Is flexible.
Membrane Made up of two lipid Enables the cell to
layers and a protein engulf in food and
layer in between. other material by the
Found in both plant cell process called
and animal cell. Endocytosis as in
Amoeba.
Is semi permeable
and permits entry and
exit of selected
materials only.
2 Cell wall Made up of a layer of Provides Structural
cellulose.(nonliving) strength.
Present only in plant Helps the cell to
cells. withstand changes in
It is permeable the surrounding
medium.
Is permeable(It
allows everything to
pass through it)
3 Cytoplasm Dense Jelly like fluid Holds cell
inside the plasma organelles,(all cell
membrane. organelles are
membrane bound in
eukaryotic cell.)
4 Nucleus Has a Double membrane Has a role to
called the nuclear determine how the cell
membrane, which has will develop, by
pores called the nuclear directing chemical
pores. activities.
Contain Plays central role in
chromosomes. cellular reproduction
In the cell which is not (cell division).
dividing they are seen as Controls all the vital
jumbled thread like functions of the cell.
mass called chromatin Also called the brain of
Central dense mass the cell.
called Nucleolus.
5 Endoplasmic Network of membrane Serve as channels to
Reticulum. bound tubules, channels transport materials
or round or oblong bags. within the cell.
Membrane is similar to Provide surface for
plasma membrane. biochemical activity.
Smooth Endoplasmic Provides structural
reticulum (SER)- Has support as a
smooth surface, no cytoplasmic
ribosomes. framework.
Rough Endoplasmic RER manufactures
Reticulum (RER)-has proteins by ribosomes
Rough surface due to and are transported to
presence of ribosomes. the place where they
are required
SER-Manufacture of
fats and proteins, help
in building of cell
membrane. This
process is called
membrane Biogenesis.
6 Mitochondria Double membrane, Called the Powerhouse
Outer membrane is of the cell,
smooth, site of cellular
inner membrane is respiration, energy is
folded inwards into released in the form of
Cristae. ATP
The ground substance They have their own
is called matrix. DNA and can make
They have their own some of their own
DNA proteins.
7 Golgi bodies Consists of membrane bound Storage, modification and
vesicles arranged parallel to packaging of products into
each other in stacks, called vescicles.
cisternae. Materials synthesized by ER
They are connected to ER are packaged to various
targets inside and outside the
cell.
Also involved in formation of
Lysosomes.
8 Lysosomes Membrane bound sacs filled It is the waste disposal
with digestive enzymes. The system of the cell.
enzymes are made by RER Helps to keep the cell clean by
digesting any foreign
material, worn out cell
organelles or bacteria.
Contain enzymes capable of
breaking down all organic
matter.
In extreme cases,
lysosomes may digest their
own cell, so they are called
Suicidal Bags.
9 Vacuole Membrane bound storage sacs, In Plants- Vacuoles are full of
small sized in animal cell, large cell sap and provide turgidity
sized in plant cell, occupying and rigidity to the cell.
50-90% of space of the cell. Store amino acids, sugars,
organic acids, and proteins.
In Amoeba food vacuole
contains food, helps in
expelling excess water and
some wastes from the cell as
excretory vacuole.
10 Plastids(only Have a double membrane, Are of three types
in Plants) have Grana and Stroma. They [Link](green)-
have their own DNA. Photosynthesis
[Link] (coloured)-
Provide color to the part in
which they are present
[Link](colourless)-
Storage of materials