MODULE 2

Artificial
illumination
and
Daylighting.

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Natural Lighting Sources

Natural lighting refers to the use of sunlight to

illuminate a space. It is a cost-effective and
environmentally friendly way to light a
building. The primary source is the sun.

• Description: Sunlight enters a building

through windows, skylights, and other
openings. It can be direct (like a sunbeam)
or indirect (reflected off surfaces).

• Pros: It is a free and abundant source, it

can improve a person's mood and
productivity, and it doesn't generate heat
or use electricity.

• Cons: It is inconsistent and varies with the

time of day, season, and weather. It can
also cause glare and can fade furniture or
artwork over time.

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Natural Lighting Sources

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Artificial Lighting Sources

Artificial lighting uses electricity to create light and is essential for providing consistent, on-demand illumination.
The main types are incandescent, fluorescent, and LED.

• Incandescent Lighting: This is the oldest type of electric lighting.

○ Description: An incandescent bulb works by passing an electric current through a thin tungsten
filament, heating it to a high temperature until it glows.
○ Distinction: They are inefficient as they produce a lot of heat and have a short lifespan. They produce a
warm, yellowish light. They are being phased out in many places due to their low energy efficiency.

• Fluorescent Lighting: This technology became popular for its efficiency.

○ Description: A fluorescent bulb passes an electric arc through a gas, causing it to glow. This glow excites
a phosphor coating on the inside of the tube, which then emits visible light.
○ Distinction: They are more energy-efficient than incandescent bulbs and have a longer lifespan. They can
produce a range of light colors from warm to cool white. They are often used in commercial buildings and
schools, and require a ballast to regulate current.

• LED (Light-Emitting Diode) Lighting: This is the newest and most efficient type of lighting.

○ Description: An LED is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current passes through
it.
○ Distinction: They are the most energy-efficient and have a very long lifespan. They produce very little
heat and can be made to produce a wide range of colors and brightness levels. Due to their efficiency and
longevity, they are quickly becoming the standard for both residential and commercial applications.

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INCANDESCENT BULBS

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FLUORESCENT LIGHTING:

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LED (Light-Emitting Diode) Lighting

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What is Color Rendition?

Color rendition refers to how accurately

a light source reveals the colors of
objects compared to how those colors
appear under natural sunlight.

It's measured using the Color Rendering

Index (CRI), a scale from 0 to 100. A CRI
of 100 indicates perfect color rendering,
like that of natural sunlight.

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Influence on Visual Perception and Tasks

The CRI of a light source significantly influences how we see

and interact with our environment.

• High CRI (85-100): A high CRI light source accurately

and vibrantly reveals colors. This is crucial for
environments where color is important for work, safety,
or aesthetics.
○ Examples Include Art galleries, retail stores (where
customers can see the true color of clothing),
hospitals (for accurate diagnosis), and residential
homes (to make the space feel more natural and
appealing).

• Medium CRI (70-85): These light sources are a good

compromise between efficiency and color quality. They
are suitable for general lighting where color accuracy
isn't a top priority.
○ Examples: Office buildings, schools, and warehouses.

• Low CRI (below 70): A low CRI light source makes

colors appear dull, washed out, or even distorted. While
they might be very energy-efficient, they are not
suitable for tasks that require visual clarity.
○ Examples: Streetlights, some industrial lighting, and
parking lot lights.

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Appropriate lighting levels for a specific occupancy are determined by the tasks performed in that space and the
visual acuity required. The standard unit for measuring light levels is lux (lumens per square meter) or foot-candles
(lumens per square foot).

General Lighting Recommendations

Lighting levels are not one-size-fits-all. A factory floor has different needs than a quiet office. Here's how to match light
levels to common spaces:

• High-Accuracy Tasks (500-1000 lux):

○ Occupancy: Workshops, drafting rooms, laboratories, and fine assembly areas.
○ Reasoning: These spaces require bright, even light to see small details, minimize shadows, and reduce eye
strain over long periods.

• General Office Work and Retail (300-500 lux):

○ Occupancy: Offices, classrooms, retail stores, and general living spaces.
○ Reasoning: This range provides sufficient light for reading, writing, and computer work without causing
glare. In retail, it allows customers to see products clearly.

• Circulation and Storage Areas (100-200 lux):

○ Occupancy: Corridors, stairwells, lobbies, and storage rooms.
○ Reasoning: These areas don't require high light levels because tasks are minimal. The goal is to provide
enough light for safe movement and navigation.

• Low-Activity Areas (50-100 lux):

○ Occupancy: Warehouses (with some exceptions), parking garages, and public hallways.
○ Reasoning: These levels are for basic visibility and security. In warehouses, brighter task lighting might be
used at specific workstations.

Ultimately, the best lighting design is one that provides the correct amount of light for the intended use of the space,
promoting comfort, safety, and productivity.

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Basic lighting analysis helps
determine the number of fixtures and
the amount of light needed to properly
illuminate a space.

Three common methods are the

1. Single Point Method

2. Zonal Cavity Method
3. Natural Lighting Analysis

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Single Point Method

The single-point method is a basic way to calculate the illuminance at a specific point from a single light source. It
uses the Inverse Square Law, which states that the illuminance on a surface is inversely proportional to the
square of the distance from the light source.
• Formula: E=d2I
○ E = Illuminance in lux (or foot-candles)
○ I = Luminous intensity of the light source in candelas (cd)
○ d = Distance from the light source to the point of measurement in meters (or feet)
• Use Case: This method is useful for a quick estimate of light at a specific location, like a workbench or desk. It's
not accurate for an entire room, as it doesn't account for light from other fixtures or reflections off surfaces.

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Zonal Cavity Method (Lumen Method)

This is the most widely used method for calculating the

average illuminance for a room. It accounts for the light
reflected off the ceiling, walls, and floor.

• Formula: N=LLF×CU×LPFXE×A
○ N = Number of fixtures required
○ E = Desired average illuminance (in lux or foot-
candles)
○ A = Area of the room (m2 or ft2)
○ LLF (Light Loss Factor) = Accounts for dirt, lamp
depreciation, and other factors.
○ CU (Coefficient of Utilization) = The ratio of light
that reaches the work surface to the total light
emitted by the lamps. It depends on the room's
shape and surface reflectance's.
○ LPF (Lamp Lumen per Fixture) = The total
lumens produced by all lamps in a single fixture.

• Use Case: The Zonal Cavity Method is best for a

uniform lighting design in a space, like an office or
classroom, where you need to know how many
fixtures are required to achieve a specific average
light level.

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Natural lighting analysis, or daylighting analysis, assesses
the amount of sunlight that can illuminate a building to
reduce the need for artificial lighting.

• Method: This is usually done using computer modeling

software that simulates the sun's position throughout
the day and year. It considers factors such as:

○ Window size and placement

○ Building orientation
○ Surrounding obstructions (e.g., trees, other
buildings)
○ Interior surface finishes (reflectivity)

• Use Case: This analysis is crucial for sustainable building

design. By maximizing the use of natural light, designers
can reduce energy consumption, lower electricity costs,
and create more comfortable and visually appealing
spaces.

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Lux is a standardized unit of measurement of the light intensity
(which can also be called "illuminance" or "illumination")

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Interpreting lighting design information involves understanding how a designer intends to use both natural
and artificial light to achieve a desired effect, whether for functionality, aesthetics, or energy efficiency. This
information is typically found on architectural and electrical drawings, specifications, and schedules.

Design documents for natural lighting (daylighting) show how sunlight is intended to enter and be controlled
within a building.

• Window and Skylight Details: The size, placement, and type of glazing (the glass) of windows and skylights
are specified to control the amount of light and heat that enters a space. Notes on the drawings may specify
features like low-e (low-emissivity) glass to reduce heat transfer or tinted glass to control glare.

• Shading Devices: Designs may include details for external shades, overhangs, louvers, or internal blinds to
control direct sunlight, minimize glare, and prevent overheating. These are crucial for spaces where occupants
will be working on computer screens.

• Surface Finishes: The color and reflectivity of interior surfaces (walls, floors, ceilings) are important. Light-
colored, highly reflective surfaces help to bounce natural light deeper into a room, reducing the need for
artificial lighting.

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SKYLIGHT DETAIL PLAN

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INTERPRETING ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING DESIGN

Artificial lighting designs specify the type, location, and control of

electrical lighting fixtures.

• Lighting Fixture Layout: Electrical plans show the location of

every light fixture using standardized symbols. The drawing will
often include a lighting schedule, which is a table that lists each
fixture by a code (e.g., "A," "B") and provides its specifications, such
as the manufacturer, model number, light source (LED,
fluorescent), and wattage.

• Fixture Types: The design specifies different types of fixtures for

different purposes:
○ Ambient Lighting: Provides general, uniform illumination for
a whole space. This might be from recessed downlights or
large fluorescent fixtures.
○ Task Lighting: Provides focused light for a specific task, like a
desk lamp for reading or under-cabinet lights in a kitchen.
○ Accent Lighting: Draws attention to specific objects, like
artwork or architectural features. This might be from
spotlights or track lighting.

• Controls: The design specifies how the lights are controlled. This
includes the location of switches (e.g., three-way switches for a
hallway), as well as more advanced systems like dimmers for
mood control, occupancy sensors to save energy by turning lights
off when a room is empty, and daylight sensors that automatically
dim artificial lights when enough natural light is available.

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KITCHEN AREA

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LIVING AREA

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OFFICE AREA

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ACTIVITY:

Make an Electrical and Lighting Materials Schedule based on the plan that you proposed. All necessary materials must
be reflected on the schedule. This schedule must be submitted on the link provided. The deadline for submission is
September 30.

Link:

[Link]

LOCATION IMAGE ITEM SPECIFICATION AND QUANTITY UNIT OF UNIT TOTAL SUPPLIER REMARKS
DESCRIPTION MODEL NUMBER MEASURE PRICE COST

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