0% found this document useful (0 votes)

16 views70 pages

Regional Innovation Scoreboard 2025 Methodology

Uploaded by

deela

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

0% found this document useful (0 votes)

16 views70 pages

Regional Innovation Scoreboard 2025 Methodology

Uploaded by

deela

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Regional Innovation

Scoreboard 2025

Methodology Report
Regional Innovation Scoreboard 2025 – Methodology Report

European Commission
Directorate-General for Research and Innovation
Directorate G — Common Policy Centre
Unit G.1 — Common R&I Strategy & Foresight Service
Contact Paolo Pasimeni, Chief Economist and Head of Unit G.1
Athina Karvounaraki
Haya Al-Ajlani
Email RTD-STATISTICS@[Link]
RTD-PUBLICATIONS@[Link]

Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs

Directorate A – Strategy and Economic Analysis
Unit A.1 – Chief Economist
Contact Román Arjona, Chief Economist and Head of Unit A.1
Xosé-Luís Varela-Irimia
Email GROW-A1@[Link]

European Commission
B-1049 Brussels

Manuscript completed in July 2025

The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the position or opinion of the European Commission.

© European Union, 2025

The Commission’s reuse policy is implemented under Commission Decision 2011/833/EU of 12 December 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents
(OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39, ELI: [Link]
Unless otherwise noted, the reuse of this document is authorised under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence
([Link] This means that reuse is allowed, provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are
indicated.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION

Regional Innovation
Scoreboard 2025
Methodology Report

The report was prepared by

Jonas Antanavičius and Ignas Bernotas (Visionary Analytics)
David Rosenfeld (Technopolis Group)

for the European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation under the Specific
Contract LC-03213706
implementing framework contract European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS) and the Regional Innovation
Scoreboard (RIS) 2024-2027 N° FW-00154786

2025 Directorate-General for Research and Innovation EN

Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs
Contents
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 3

2. Regional Innovation Scoreboard Indicators ...................................................... 3

2.1. RIS Measurement Framework ............................................................................. 3

2.2. RIS indicators ........................................................................................................ 7
2.3. Regional coverage .............................................................................................. 14
2.4. Regional data availability ................................................................................... 17

3. Methodology for calculating composite scores .............................................. 28

3.1. Step 1: Data collection and indicator calculation ............................................ 29

3.2. Step 2: Imputing data for regions impacted by revisions in NUTS ............... 30
3.3. Step 3: Setting reference years ......................................................................... 31
3.4. Step 4: Treating data breaks .............................................................................. 33
3.5. Step 5: Imputing for missing values ................................................................. 34
3.6. Step 6: Identifying and replacing outliers ........................................................ 35
3.7. Step 7: Transforming data if data are highly skewed ...................................... 38
3.8. Step 8: Determining Maximum and Minimum scores ..................................... 39
3.9. Step 9: Calculating re-scaled scores ................................................................ 39
3.10. Step 10: Calculating composite innovation indexes ....................................... 40
3.11. Step 11: Calculating relative to EU performance scores ................................ 43

4. Structural indicators ........................................................................................... 44

4.1. Selected indicators to measure regional structural differences ................... 44

4.2. Definitions of structural indicators ................................................................... 45

Annex A: A Manual for extracting and compiling RIS data ......................................... 48

Annex B: Report of a statistical audit of RIS done by JRC – COIN team… ............... 62

2
1. Introduction
The Regional Innovation Scoreboard (RIS) is the regional extension of the European Innovation
Scoreboard (EIS), which provides insights at a national level. Regions are crucial engines of
economic development, and measuring innovation performance at the regional level has
become ever more important. The RIS uses the EIS indicators or their proxies for which regional
level data is available and provides a comparative assessment of the performance of innovation
systems across regions. The RIS 2025 follows the methodology of the EIS 2025 and uses data
for 23 of the 32 indicators used in the EIS 2025. RIS 2025 covers 241 regions in 22 EU Member
States, Norway, Serbia, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (UK). Five countries (Cyprus,
Estonia, Latvia, Luxembourg, and Malta) are included in the RIS only at the country level
because their NUTS 1 and NUTS 2 regions are identical to their national territory.
Chapter 2 of the RIS Methodology Report presents the RIS measurement framework and how
it differs from the EIS, describes the indicators included in RIS 2025, and provides information
on regional coverage and data availability. Chapter 3 presents the methodology used to
calculate the composite indicator (regional innovation index) in detail, including information on
imputation techniques, treatment of data breaks, treatment of outliers, and the approach to
calculating the regional innovation index and relative to EU performance. Chapter 4 presents
the rationale and definitions for the structural indicators used in regional profiles and the online
tool. In addition, Annex A provides a detailed manual for extracting and compiling RIS indicators,
while Annex B presents the report of a statistical audit of RIS done by the JRC – COIN team.

2. Regional Innovation Scoreboard Indicators

This chapter presents the RIS measurement framework, how it differs from the EIS, and the
indicators used. In addition, regional coverage of RIS and data availability is presented.

2.1. RIS Measurement Framework

Similarly to the EIS, the RIS measurement framework is divided into four main categories and
12 dimensions to assess regional innovation performance. The four main categories include:

Framework conditions: Innovation stems from knowledge-based activities, where information

and expertise come together to drive progress. A solid scientific foundation is therefore essential
for developing innovative solutions to address pressing challenges. Consequently, the RIS
assesses the prevalence of tertiary education, the trend towards international collaboration and
dissemination of research results, and the extent of digitalisation, recognising that advanced
digital skills are instrumental in accessing information and fostering innovation.

Investments: Financial resources play a vital role in developing new solutions and facilitating
their adoption by the market or firms. The RIS, therefore, evaluates the investments directed
towards R&D and innovation coming from diverse sources such as the public sector and
businesses. In addition, the RIS assesses the use of cloud computing services and employed
ICT specialists, acknowledging the expanding role of digitalisation in Europe and globally.

Innovation activities: To assess regional innovation activities, the RIS places an emphasis
on small and medium enterprises (SMEs). In this way, excessive concentration of innovation
data around company headquarters (typically located in capital cities), is avoided. In addition,
when large enterprises are included in the analysis, confidentiality concerns may limit data
availability for certain regions. This dimension measures the extent to which SMEs introduce

3
novel products or business processes and engage in collaboration or co-publication across
different sectors. An invention must be successfully commercialised or exploited to be
considered an innovation. Therefore, the RIS examines how often companies in a region
translate inventions into marketed products or related assets, using the number of patents,
trademarks, or designs.

Impacts: Lastly, the RIS evaluates the impact of innovation activities on employment, sales,
environmental sustainability, and labour productivity. The RIS assesses the success of new
product innovations in generating sales revenue. In addition, the RIS goes beyond economic
metrics and evaluates environmental impacts and labour productivity, underlining the intricate
relationship between innovation, economic development, and environmental sustainability.

As part of a small-scale revision of the indicator framework for the EIS and RIS in late 2024 and
early 2025, four indicators were updated1. The revision fine-tuned the measurement framework
in light of newly available data and to better reflect evolving European R&I policy priorities. It
introduced four new indicators designed to better capture the factors driving innovation, address
gaps identified during the review, and respond to emerging priorities such as digitalisation,
industrial resilience, and societal impact. These changes are implemented in the 2025 editions
of the EIS and RIS. The changes to the RIS indicators are described in Box 1.
Box 1: Description of changes in the 2025 RIS framework

Broadband penetration (proxy for High-speed internet access in EIS, 1.3.1) replaces the
previous indicator measuring broadband penetration in enterprises, which did not have regional
data. The new RIS indicator measures share of households with broadband access. As a result,
Individuals with above basic overall digital skills (1.3.2) is removed, as it was previously measured
with a proxy indicator regionalising the EIS indicator based on the regional score for Households
with broadband access2.

Cloud computing in enterprises (2.3.1) assesses the share of businesses using advanced
online services like data storage, accounting, or customer management tools. It reflects the extent
to which enterprises are adopting more advanced digital technologies.

Sales of new-to-market and new-to-firm innovations is retained within the framework but now
replaces Employment in knowledge-intensive activities (4.1.1).

Exports of medium and high technology products (4.2.1) was added to the Trade impacts
dimension. It is a proxy calculated based on the FIGARO regional dataset 3 and EIS indicator
values. The indicator was selected after an analysis of five alternatives.

Labour productivity (4.3.3) reflects how much economic value is created for each hour worked.
Higher scores reflect greater efficiency and innovation-driven growth.

Ideally, the RIS should use the same measurement framework as the EIS, i.e. using regional
data for the same indicators applied to measure innovation performance at the country level.

1
Reid, A., et al. (2025). European Innovation Scoreboard 2025: Technical report on the revision of the scoreboard
methodology. Independent expert report prepared for the European Commission, Directorate-General for
Research and Innovation.
2
The indicator was calculated using the following formula: Individuals with above basic overall digital skills =
Regional score for Households with broadband access / Country score for Households with broadband access *
Country score for Individuals with above basic overall digital skills.
3
Lopez Alvarez, Jorge; Galiano Bastarrica, Luis Antonio; Rueda-Cantuche, José Manuel (2017): FIGARO-REG
2017 10 sectors. European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC) [Dataset]
PID: [Link]

4
However, for several indicators used in the EIS, regional data are not available, therefore, the
RIS is limited to using data for 23 of the 32 EIS indicators. For seven indicators, slightly different
definitions have been applied to reflect the underlying regional data (see also Table 1 for an
overview):

• Regional data is not available for High-speed internet access. Therefore, Households
with broadband access is used as a proxy, as both indicators refer to household-level
connectivity. While the EIS indicator specifically measures household access to very
high-capacity fixed networks (VHCN), the RIS indicator covers a broader range of
broadband technologies and serves as the closest available proxy at the regional level.
• For the three indicators using expenditure data from the Community Innovation Survey
(CIS) – Non-R&D innovation expenditures, Innovation expenditures per person
employed in innovation active enterprises, and Sales of new-to-market and new-to-
enterprise innovations – the data in the RIS refer only to SMEs and not to all
enterprises4.
• Regional data are not available for Employed ICT specialists. The indicator correlates
highly at the country level with Employment in information and communication (NACE
J). Regional data for the latter are available from Eurostat and is used to calculate
regional estimates for this indicator using the following formula:
Regional score for Employed ICT specialists = Regional score for
Employment in information and communication (NACE J) / Country score
for Employment in information and communication (NACE J) * Country
score for employed ICT specialists.
• Exports of medium and high technology products is not available at the regional level.
A proxy for this indicator is calculated using 2017 FIGARO regional dataset5 and the
EIS indicator values. Regional shares derived from the 2017 data are applied to the
latest country-level values to estimate regional scores. The indicator is calculated in the
following steps:
1) Calculating ratio between exports at region and country level based on 2017
FIGARO data:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑈𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝐻𝑇 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑈𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ; 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑀𝐻𝑇 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑈𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑦 𝑀𝐻𝑇 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑈𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑦

MHT stands for medium and high technology products:

2) Calculating regional score for Exports of medium and high technology
products
𝑀𝐻𝑇 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠𝐸𝐼𝑆 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 ∗ 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑀𝐻𝑇
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠𝐸𝐼𝑆 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 ∗ 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
• Production-based CO2 productivity is not available at the regional level. Air emissions
by fine particulates serves as the proxy indicator for the RIS.

4
The CIS assigns the innovation activities of multi-establishment enterprises to the region where the head office
is located. There is a risk that regions without head offices score lower on the CIS indicators, as some of the
activities in these regions are assigned to other regions with head offices. To minimise this risk, the regional CIS
data excludes large firms - which are more likely to have multiple establishments in different regions - and focuses
on SMEs only.
5
Lopez Alvarez, Jorge; Galiano Bastarrica, Luis Antonio; Rueda-Cantuche, José Manuel (2017): FIGARO-REG
2017 10 sectors. European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC) [Dataset]
PID: [Link]

5
Table 1: A comparison of the indicators included in the European Innovation Scoreboard and the Regional
Innovation Scoreboard

6
Categories and Indicator in EIS Indicator in RIS
dimensions
3.2.2 Public-private co- Identical
publications
3.2.3 Job-to-job mobility of No regional data
HRST
3.3.1 PCT patent Identical
applications
Intellectual assets
3.3.2 Trademark applications Identical
3.3.3 Design applications Identical
Impacts
Same indicator but data only for
4.1.1 Sales of new-to-market
enterprises with 10-249
Sales and employment and new-to-firm innovations
employees, inclusive
impacts
4.1.2 Employment in Identical
innovative enterprises
4.2.1 Exports of medium and Proxy using EIS indicator data
high technology products and FIGARO regional dataset6
4.2.2 Knowledge-intensive No regional data
Trade impacts
services exports
4.2.3 High tech imports from No regional data
partners outside of the EU27
4.3.1 Resource productivity No regional data
Resource and labour 4.3.2 Production-based CO2 Air emissions by fine
productivity productivity particulates as a proxy
4.3.3 Labour productivity Identical

2.2. RIS indicators

This section provides the definition, rationale, data source, and data availability for each
indicator. For data from Eurostat, the code used by Eurostat is also provided. For some
indicators, more than one data source has been used, e.g. GDP data are taken from Eurostat,
but for countries not covered by Eurostat, data from the OECD or national sources have been
used. The numbering of the indicators follows that of the indicators in the RIS 2025, as shown
in Table 1. Annex A provides a manual for extracting and compiling RIS data.

Human resources
1.1.2 Population with tertiary education
Numerator Number of persons in age class with some form of post-secondary education
Denominator Population between and including 25 and 34 years
Rationale This is a general indicator of the supply of advanced skills. It is not limited to
science and technical fields, because the adoption of innovations in many
areas, including the service sectors, depends on a wide range of skills. The

6
While FIGARO provides regional data only for 2017, the indicator is updated to 2024 using regional shares
derived from 2017 and applied to the most recent country-level data from the EIS. In addition, NACE aggregation
in FIGARO database is available only at a high level, thus the following is considered medium and high technology
products: NACE B-E. As a result, the calculations include sectors that are not considered as medium and high
technology sectors by Eurostat. See Annex A for a detailed description of indicator calculation. FIGARO regional
dataset available at: Lopez Alvarez, Jorge; Galiano Bastarrica, Luis Antonio; Rueda-Cantuche, José Manuel
(2017): FIGARO-REG 2017 10 sectors. European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC) [Dataset]
PID: [Link]

7
indicator focuses on a narrow share of the population aged 25 to 34 and will
relatively quickly reflect changes in educational policies leading to more
tertiary graduates.
Data source Eurostat [edat_lfse_04]
Data availability NUTS 2: 2000-2024

1.1.3 Population involved in lifelong learning

Numerator Number of persons in private households aged between 25 and 64 years
who have participated in the four weeks preceding the interview, in any
education or training, whether or not relevant to the respondent's current or
possible future job
Denominator Total population aged between 25 and 64 years
Rationale Lifelong learning encompasses all purposeful learning activity, whether
formal, nonformal or informal, undertaken on an ongoing basis with the aim of
improving knowledge, skills and competence. The intention or aim to learn is
the critical point that distinguishes these activities from non-learning activities,
such as cultural or sporting activities.
Data source Eurostat [trng_lfse_04]
Data availability NUTS 2: 2000-2024

Attractive research systems

1.2.1 International scientific co-publications
Numerator Number of scientific publications with at least one co-author based abroad
Denominator Total population
Rationale International scientific co-publications are a proxy for the quality of scientific
research as collaboration increases scientific productivity
Data source Numerator: Scopus. Data calculated by Science Metrix (Elsevier) as part of a
contract to the EC
Denominator: Eurostat [demo_r_d2jan] and the Office for National Statistics
for the UK (used to calculate approximate regional values based on the
national population growth rate)
Data availability NUTS 2: 2000-2024

1.2.2 Scientific publications among the top 10% most cited

Numerator Number of scientific publications among the top-10% most cited publications
worldwide
Denominator Total number of scientific publications
Rationale The indicator is a measure for the quality of the research system as highly
cited publications are assumed to be of higher quality. There could be a bias
towards small or English-speaking countries given the coverage of Scopus’
publication data.
Data source Scopus. Data calculated by Science Metrix (Elsevier) as part of a contract to
the EC
Data availability NUTS 2: 2000-2022

Digitalisation
1.3.1 Broadband penetration
Numerator Households with broadband access
Denominator Total number of households
Rationale The indicator serves as a regional proxy for High-speed internet access in the
EIS. It provides a measure of digitalisation at the household level.

8
Difference from Broadband penetration as a proxy for High-speed internet access
EIS
Data source Eurostat [isoc_r_broad_h]
Data availability NUTS 2: 2006-2021

Finance and support

2.1.1 R&D expenditure in the public sector
Numerator All R&D expenditures in the government sector (GOV) and the higher
education sector (HES)
Denominator Regional Gross Domestic Product
Rationale R&D expenditure represents one of the major drivers of economic growth in a
knowledge-based economy. Trends in the R&D expenditure indicator provide
key indications of the future competitiveness and wealth of a region. R&D
spending is essential for making the transition to a knowledge-based economy
as well as for improving production technologies and stimulating growth.
Data source Eurostat [rd_e_gerdreg]
Data availability NUTS 2: 2000-2023

Firm investments
2.2.1 R&D expenditure in the business sector
Numerator All R&D expenditures in the business sector (BERD)
Denominator Regional Gross Domestic Product
Rationale The indicator captures the formal creation of new knowledge within firms. It is
particularly important in the science-based sector (pharmaceuticals,
chemicals and some areas of electronics), where most new knowledge is
created in or near R&D laboratories.
Data source Eurostat [rd_e_gerdreg]
Data availability NUTS 2: 2000-2023

2.2.2 Non-R&D innovation expenditures

Numerator Sum of total innovation expenditure for SMEs, excluding intramural and
extramural R&D expenditures
Denominator Total turnover for SMEs
Rationale Several of the components of innovation expenditure, such as investment in
equipment and machinery and the acquisition of patents and licenses,
measure the diffusion of new production technology and ideas.
Difference from EIS indicator also includes large enterprises
EIS
Data source Numerator: Eurostat CIS 2022 [inn_cis13_exp_r]
Denominator: Eurostat CIS 2022 [inn_cis13_bas_r]
Regional data from CIS 2014-2020 have been collected from the National
Statistical Offices (NSOs) in several data requests as part of preparation of
the previous RIS editions
Data availability NUTS 1 and 2 for different countries for CIS 2014, CIS 2016, CIS 2018, CIS
2020, CIS 2022

2.2.3 Innovation expenditures per person employed

Numerator Innovation expenditure by SMEs
Denominator Total employment in innovative SMEs
Rationale The indicator measures the monetary input directly related to innovation
activities

9
Difference from EIS indicator also includes large enterprises
EIS
Data source Numerator: Eurostat CIS 2022 [inn_cis13_exp_r]
Denominator: Eurostat CIS 2022 [inn_cis13_bas_r]
Regional data from CIS 2014-2020 have been collected from the National
Statistical Offices (NSOs) in several data requests as part of preparation of
the previous RIS editions
Data availability NUTS 1 and 2 for different countries for CIS 2014, CIS 2016, CIS 2018, CIS
2020, CIS 2022

Investments in information technologies

2.3.1 Cloud computing in enterprises
Numerator Number of enterprises that buy cloud computing services used over the
internet
Denominator Total number of enterprises
Rationale The uptake of cloud computing services signals the extent to which
businesses integrate digital tools, which can influence innovation
Data source Eurostat [isoc_r_cicce_usen2]
Data availability NUTS 2: 2023

2.3.2 Employed ICT specialists

Numerator Rate between the share of employment in the information and
communication sector (NACE J) in the region and the country
Denominator Share of ICT specialists in total employment
Rationale Regional proxy for measuring the “employment in the industries most
implicated in the digital transformation” in proportion to the total employment
allowing to estimate the size of the digital economy in a country. ICT skills are
particularly important for innovation in an increasingly digital economy.
Difference from As there is no regional data for the exact indicator on Eurostat, this is a proxy
EIS using country level data and share of employment in information and
communication
Data source Regional and national employment by sector: Eurostat [lfst_r_lfe2en2].
National ICT specialist employment: Eurostat [isoc_sks_itspt]. Own
estimates combining EIS country level with regional data (Eurostat) on
Employment in information and communication (NACE J)
Data availability NUTS 1 and 2 for different countries for 2008-2024

Innovators

3.1.1 SMEs introducing product innovations

Numerator Number of SMEs who introduced at least one product innovation
Denominator Total number of SMEs
Rationale Product innovation is a key ingredient to innovation as they can create new
markets and improve competitiveness. Higher shares of product innovators
reflect a higher level of innovation activities
Data source Eurostat CIS 2022 [inn_cis13_bas_r]
Regional data from CIS 2014-2020 have been collected from the National
Statistical Offices (NSOs) in several data requests as part of preparation of
the previous RIS editions
Data availability NUTS 1 and 2 for different countries for CIS 2014, CIS 2016, CIS 2018, CIS
2020, CIS 2022

10
3.1.2 SMEs introducing business process innovations
Numerator Number of SMEs who introduced at least one business process innovation
Denominator Total number of SMEs
Rationale Many firms innovate not by improving new products but by improving their
business processes. Business process innovations include process,
marketing and organisational innovations.
Data source Eurostat CIS 2022 [inn_cis13_bas_r]
Regional data from CIS 2014-2020 have been collected from the National
Statistical Offices (NSOs) in several data requests as part of preparation of
the previous RIS editions
Data availability NUTS 1 and 2 for different countries for CIS 2014, CIS 2016, CIS 2018, CIS
2020, CIS 2022

Linkages

3.2.1 Innovative SMEs collaborating with others

Numerator Number of SMEs with innovation co-operation activities (i.e. that have had
any co-operation agreements on innovation activities with other enterprises
or institutions)
Denominator Total number of SMEs
Rationale This indicator measures the degree to which SMEs are involved in innovation
co-operation. Complex innovations often depend on enterprises’ ability to
draw on diverse sources of information and knowledge, or to collaborate on
the development of an innovation. This indicator measures the flow of
knowledge between public research institutions and enterprises, and between
enterprises and other enterprises.
Data source Numerator: Eurostat CIS 2022 [inn_cis13_co_r]
Denominator: Eurostat CIS 2022 [inn_cis13_bas_r]
Regional data from CIS 2014-2020 have been collected from the National
Statistical Offices (NSOs) in several data requests as part of preparation of
the previous RIS editions
Data availability NUTS 1 and 2 for different countries for CIS 2014, CIS 2016, CIS 2018, CIS
2020, CIS 2022

3.2.2 Public-private co-publications

Numerator Number of scientific publications with at least one co-author based abroad
Denominator Total population
Rationale This indicator captures public-private research linkages and active
collaboration activities between business sector researchers and public sector
researchers resulting in academic publications
Data source Numerator: Scopus. Data calculated by Science Metrix (Elsevier) as part of a
contract to the EC
Denominator: Eurostat [demo_r_d2jan] and the Office for National Statistics
for the UK (used to calculate approximate regional values based on the
national population growth rate)
Data availability NUTS 2: 2000-2024

Intellectual assets

3.3.1 PCT patent applications

Numerator Number of patent applications filed under the Patent Co-operation Treaty, by
year of filing
Denominator Gross Domestic Product in Purchasing Power Standard

11
Rationale The capacity of firms to develop new products determines their competitive
advantage. One indicator of the rate of new product innovation is the number
of patent applications
Data source Numerator: OECD, REGPAT
Denominator: Eurostat [nama_10r_2gd] and OECD (for CH and UK)
Data availability NUTS 2: two-year averages for 2000-2022

3.3.2 Trademark applications

Numerator Number of trademark applications applied for at EUIPO
Denominator Gross Domestic Product in Purchasing Power Standard
Rationale Trademarks are an important innovation indicator, especially for the service
sector. The Community trademark gives its proprietor a uniform right
applicable in all Member States of the EU through a single procedure which
simplifies trademark policies at European level. It fulfils the three essential
functions of a trademark: it identifies the origin of goods and services,
guarantees consistent quality through evidence of the company's commitment
vis-à-vis the consumer, and is a form of communication, a basis for publicity
and advertising.
Data source Numerator: European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO). Data
provided by Fraunhofer-ISI.
Denominator: Eurostat [nama_10r_2gd] and OECD (for CH and UK)
Data availability NUTS 2: two-year averages for 2000-2023

3.3.3 Design applications

Numerator Number of designs applied for at EUIPO
Denominator Gross Domestic Product in Purchasing Power Standard
Rationale A design is the outward appearance of a product or part of it resulting from the
lines, contours, colours, shape, texture, materials and/or its ornamentation. A
product can be any industrial or handicraft item including packaging, graphic
symbols and typographic typefaces but excluding computer programs. It also
includes products that are composed of multiple components, which may be
disassembled and reassembled. Community design protection is directly
enforceable in each Member State, and it provides both the option of an
unregistered and a registered Community design right for one area
encompassing all Member States.
Data source Numerator: European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO). Data
provided by Fraunhofer-ISI.
Denominator: Eurostat [nama_10r_2gd] and OECD (for CH and UK)
Data availability NUTS 2: two-year averages for 2001-2023

Sales and employment impacts

4.1.1 Sales of new-to-market and new-to-firm innovations

Numerator Sum of total turnover of new or significantly improved products for SMEs
Denominator Total turnover for SMEs
Rationale This indicator measures the turnover of new or significantly improved products
and includes both products which are only new to the firm and products which
are also new to the market. The indicator thus captures both the creation of
state-of-the-art technologies (new to market products) and the diffusion of
these technologies (new to firm products).
Difference from EIS indicator includes all enterprises
EIS
Data source Numerator: Eurostat CIS 2022 [inn_cis13_prodt_r]
Denominator: Eurostat CIS 2022 [inn_cis13_bas_r]

12
Regional data from CIS 2014-2020 have been collected from the National
Statistical Offices (NSOs) in several data requests as part of preparation of
the previous RIS editions
Data availability NUTS 1 and 2 for different countries for CIS 2014, CIS 2016, CIS 2018, CIS
2020, CIS 2022

4.1.2 Employment in innovative enterprises

Numerator Number of employed persons in innovative SMEs
Denominator Total employment in SMEs
Rationale Innovation in enterprises has a profound impact on the employability of
workers. Firm innovation proves to be specifically important during a time of
economic recession. Although high-skilled employees are less affected by a
recession than low-skilled employees, a notable positive effect is observed for
low-skilled employees in innovative firms as well.
Data source Eurostat CIS 2022 [inn_cis13_bas_r]
Regional data from CIS 2014-2020 have been collected from the National
Statistical Offices (NSOs) in several data requests as part of preparation of
the previous RIS editions
Data availability NUTS 1 and 2 for different countries for CIS 2014, CIS 2016, CIS 2018, CIS
2020, CIS 2022

Trade impacts

4.2.1 Exports of medium and high technology products

Numerator Value of medium and high tech exports
Denominator Value of total product exports
Rationale The indicator measures the technological competitiveness of the region, i.e.
the ability to commercialise the results of research and development (R&D)
and innovation. It uses FIGARO 2017 regional data to calculate ratio between
region export share in medium and high tech products. Approximate region
values for upcoming years using this ratio and country level export data are
calculated.
Difference from This indicator is a proxy using EIS indicator data and FIGARO regional dataset
EIS
Data source Regional: FIGARO regional dataset7
Country: Eurostat, UNComtrade
Data availability Country: 2010-2024. NUTS 2: 2017

Resource and labour productivity

4.3.2 Air emissions by fine particulates

Numerator Sum of air pollutant (PM2.5) concentration for each spatial unit
Denominator Total population across all spatial units
Rationale This indicator reflects the average concentration of fine particulate matter
(PM2.5) that people are exposed to, providing a population-weighted measure
of air pollution's potential impact on human health
Difference from Air emissions by fine particulates used as a proxy for Production-based CO2
EIS productivity
Data source European Environmental Agency
Data availability NUTS 3: 2005-2022

7
Lopez Alvarez, Jorge; Galiano Bastarrica, Luis Antonio; Rueda-Cantuche, José Manuel (2017): FIGARO-REG
2017 10 sectors. European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC) [Dataset] PID:
[Link]

13
4.3.3 Labour productivity
Numerator GDP in constant prices
Denominator Hours worked
Rationale Labour productivity per hour worked can serve as an impact indicator. By
measuring the real economic output generated per hour of work, it captures
the broader effects of technological advancements, digitalisation, and process
improvements on productivity.
Data source Annual Regional Database of the European Commission (ARDECO)
Data availability NUTS 3: 1980-2026

2.3. Regional coverage

This edition of the Regional Innovation Scoreboard provides a comparative assessment of the
research and innovation performance of 241 regions in 22 EU Member States, Norway, Serbia,
Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (UK). In addition, in the EU Member States Cyprus,
Estonia, Latvia, Luxembourg, and Malta, NUTS 1 and NUTS 2 levels are identical to the country
territory. Hence, these five countries are not analysed in the RIS report, as they are already
analysed in the EIS, but they are included in the EU-27 average. In addition, they are shown on
maps presenting regional performance groups in RIS report to provide contextual information
and are included while ranking regions in Chapter 2.6 of the RIS report and regional country
profiles.
The regional classification system, NUTS (Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics), is used
in this report. The system distinguishes between three levels: NUTS 1 captures major socio-
economic regions, NUTS 2 captures basic regions for the application of regional policies, and
NUTS 3 captures small regions for specific diagnoses. For this edition of the RIS, the NUTS
2024 classification is used for all countries, covering NUTS 1 and NUTS 2 levels, depending on
differences in regional data availability.
The NUTS classification was revised in 20248. The NUTS 2024 update introduced changes to
the regional classification used in the RIS for two Member States. In the Netherlands, the
boundaries of two regions were modified. In Portugal, the boundaries were changed in one
region and two regions were split into four. Another important NUTS2024 update concerns the
UK. After the 2024 update, the UK is no longer part of the NUTS system. Thus, this report uses
the NUTS 2021 version for the UK, which corresponds to the International Territorial Levels
(ITLs) currently used by the UK Office for National Statistics. Due to these reasons, the number
of regions covered in RIS 2025 increased to 241 from 239 regions in RIS 2023.
Depending on differences in regional data availability, the RIS covers 46 NUTS 1 regions and
195 NUTS 2 regions (see Table 2). With some countries only being covered at the NUTS 1
level, there can be significant differences in the average size of regions. For instance, the
average population of a NUTS 1 region in France (total population of around 68.5 million) is
almost 4.9 million, whereas it is 2.8 million for an average NUTS 2 region in Italy (total population
about 59 million). The average unit of regional innovation performance analysis is 1.75 times
larger in France than in Italy. These differences in unit size have implications for the variation of
performance scores within countries. In general, a higher number of regions will lead to larger
differences between regions in the same country. Differences in size of regions also affect
indicator volatility as smaller regions typically show greater year-on-year fluctuations,
particularly in survey-based measures such as those derived from CIS data.

8
More information on the NUTS2024 revision can be found here: [Link]
[Link]

14
Table 2: NUTS 1 and NUTS 2 regions included in RIS 2025 by country

Number of Average
regions at population Regions (NUTS code)
Country
NUTS level size (2024)
1 2
Austria 3 -- 3,052,917 Ostösterreich (AT1) Westösterreich (AT3)
Südösterreich (AT2)
Belgium 3 -- 3,939,032 Région de Bruxelles- Vlaams Gewest (BE2)
Capitale/Brussels Région wallonne (BE3)
Hoofdstedelijk Gewest (BE1)
Bulgaria -- 6 1,074,247 Severozapaden (BG31) Yugoiztochen (BG34)
Severen tsentralen (BG32) Yugozapaden (BG41)
Severoiztochen (BG33) Yuzhen tsentralen (BG42)
Croatia -- 4 965,492 Panonska Hrvatska (HR02) Grad Zagreb (HR05)
Jadranska Hrvatska (HR03) Sjeverna Hrvatska (HR06)
Czechia -- 8 1,362,569 Praha (CZ01) Severovýchod (CZ05)
Střední Čechy (CZ02) Jihovýchod (CZ06)
Jihozápad (CZ03) Střední Morava (CZ07)
Severozápad (CZ04) Moravskoslezsko (CZ08)
Denmark -- 5 1,192,250 Hovedstaden (DK01) Midtjylland (DK04)
Sjælland (DK02) Nordjylland (DK05)
Syddanmark (DK03)
Finland 1 4 1,120,770 Länsi-Suomi (FI19) Pohjois- ja Itä-Suomi (FI1D)
Helsinki-Uusimaa (FI1B) Åland (FI2)
Etelä-Suomi (FI1C)
France 14 -- 4,890,526 Ile-de-France (FR1) Occitanie (FRJ)
Centre — Val de Loire (FRB) Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (FRK)
(FRC) Provence-Alpes-Côte
Normandie (FRD) d’Azur (FRL)
Hauts-de-France (FRE) Corse (FRM)
Grand Est (FRF) RUP FR — Régions
Pays de la Loire (FRG) Ultrapériphériques
Bretagne (FRH) Françaises (FRY)
Nouvelle-Aquitaine (FRI)
Germany 9 29 2,196,212 Stuttgart (DE11) Braunschweig (DE91)
Karlsruhe (DE12) Hannover (DE92)
Freiburg (DE13) Lüneburg (DE93)
Tübingen (DE14) Weser-Ems (DE94)
Oberbayern (DE21) Düsseldorf (DEA1)
Niederbayern (DE22) Köln (DEA2)
Oberpfalz (DE23) Münster (DEA3)
Oberfranken (DE24) Detmold (DEA4)
Mittelfranken (DE25) Arnsberg (DEA5)
Unterfranken (DE26) Koblenz (DEB1)
Schwaben (DE27) Trier (DEB2)
Berlin (DE3) Rheinhessen-Pfalz (DEB3)
Brandenburg (DE4) Saarland (DEC)
Bremen (DE5) Dresden (DED2)
Hamburg (DE6) Chemnitz (DED4)
Darmstadt (DE71) Leipzig (DED5)
Gießen (DE72) Sachsen-Anhalt (DEE)
Kassel (DE73) Schleswig-Holstein (DEF)
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Thüringen (DEG)
(DE8)
Greece -- 13 800,055 Attiki (EL30) Ipeiros (EL54)
Voreio Aigaio (EL41) Thessalia (EL61)
Notio Aigaio (EL42) Ionia Nisia (EL62)
Kriti (EL43) Dytiki Elláda (EL63)
Sterea Elláda (EL64)

15
Number of Average
regions at population Regions (NUTS code)
Country
NUTS level size (2024)
1 2
Anatoliki Makedonia Thraki Peloponnisos (EL65)
(EL51)
Kentriki Makedonia (EL52)
Dytiki Makedonia (EL53)
Hungary -- 8 1,198,078 Budapest (HU11) Dél-Dunántúl (HU23)
Pest (HU12) Észak-Magyarország
Közép-Dunántúl (HU21) (HU31)
Nyugat-Dunántúl (HU22) Észak-Alföld (HU32)
Dél-Alföld (HU33)
Ireland -- 3 1,783,894 Northern and Western (IE04) Eastern and Midland (IE06)
Southern (IE05)
Italy -- 21 2,808,154 Piemonte (ITC1) Sicilia (ITG1)
Valle d’Aosta/Vallée d’Aoste Sardegna (ITG2)
(ITC2) Provincia Autonoma di
Liguria (ITC3) Bolzano/Bozen (ITH1)
Lombardia (ITC4) Provincia Autonoma di
Abruzzo (ITF1) Trento (ITH2)
Molise (ITF2) Veneto (ITH3)
Campania (ITF3) Friuli-Venezia Giulia (ITH4)
Puglia (ITF4) Emilia-Romagna (ITH5)
Basilicata (ITF5) Toscana (ITI1)
Calabria (ITF6) Umbria (ITI2)
Lazio (ITI4) Marche (ITI3)

Lithuania -- 2 1,442,946 Sostinės regionas (LT01) Vidurio ir vakarų Lietuvos

regionas (LT02)
Netherlands -- 12 1,495,245 Groningen (NL11) Noord-Holland (NL32)
Friesland (NL) (NL12) Zeeland (NL34)
Drenthe (NL13) Utrecht (NL35)
Overijssel (NL21) Zuid-Holland (NL36)
Gelderland (NL22) Noord-Brabant (NL41)
Flevoland (NL23) Limburg (NL) (NL42)
Poland -- 17 2,154,175 Małopolskie (PL21) Pomorskie (PL63)
Śląskie (PL22) Łódzkie (PL71)
Wielkopolskie (PL41) Świętokrzyskie (PL72)
Zachodniopomorskie (PL42) Lubelskie (PL81)
Lubuskie (PL43) Podkarpackie (PL82)
Dolnośląskie (PL51) Podlaskie (PL84)
Opolskie (PL52) Warszawski stołeczny
Kujawsko-pomorskie (PL61) (PL91)
Warmińsko-mazurskie Mazowiecki regionalny
(PL62) (PL92)
Portugal 2 7 1,182,192 Norte (PT11) Alentejo (PT1C)
Algarve (PT15) Oeste e Vale do Tejo
Centro (PT) (PT19) (PT1D)
Grande Lisboa (PT1A) Região Autónoma dos
Península de Setúbal Açores (PT2)
(PT1B) Região Autónoma da
Madeira (PT3)
Romania -- 8 2,383,447 Nord-Vest (RO11) Sud-Muntenia (RO31)
Centru (RO12) Bucureşti-Ilfov (RO32)
Nord-Est (RO21) Sud-Vest Oltenia (RO41)
Sud-Est (RO22) Vest (RO42)
Slovakia -- 4 1,356,172 Bratislavský kraj (SK01) Stredné Slovensko (SK03)
Západné Slovensko (SK02)

16
Number of Average
regions at population Regions (NUTS code)
Country
NUTS level size (2024)
1 2
Východné Slovensko
(SK04)
Slovenia -- 2 1,061,975 Vzhodna Slovenija (SI03) Zahodna Slovenija (SI04)
Spain 2 17 2,558,931 Galicia (ES11) Extremadura (ES43)
Principado de Asturias Catalunya/Cataluña (ES51)
(ES12) Comunitat Valenciana
Cantabria (ES13) (ES52)
País Vasco (ES21) Illes Balears (ES53)
Comunidad Foral de Navarra Andalucía (ES61)
(ES22) Región de Murcia (ES62)
La Rioja (ES23) Ciudad de Ceuta (ES63)
Aragón (ES24) Ciudad de Melilla (ES64)
Comunidad de Madrid (ES3) Canarias (ES7)
Castilla y León (ES41)
Castilla-La Mancha (ES42)
Sweden -- 8 1,318,963 Stockholm (SE11) Västsverige (SE23)
Östra Mellansverige (SE12) Norra Mellansverige (SE31)
Småland med öarna (SE21) Mellersta Norrland (SE32)
Sydsverige (SE22) Övre Norrland (SE33)
Norway -- 6 925,036 Innlandet (NO02) Oslo og Viken (NO08)
Trøndelag/Trööndelage Agder og Sør-Østlandet
(NO06) (NO09)
Nord-Norge (NO07) Vestlandet (NO0A)
Switzerland -- 7 1,280,323 Région lémanique (CH01) Zürich (CH04)
Espace Mittelland (CH02) Ostschweiz (CH05)
Nordwestschweiz (CH03) Zentralschweiz (CH06)
Ticino (CH07)
Serbia -- 4 1,651,292 City of Belgrade (RS11) Region Šumadije i Zapadne
Autonomous Province of Srbije (RS21)
Vojvodina (RS12) Region Južne i Istočne
Srbije (RS22)
United 12 -- 5,522,798 North East (England) (UKC) London (UKI)
Kingdom (2018)* North West (England) (UKD) South East (England) (UKJ)
Yorkshire and The Humber South West (England)
(UKE) (UKK)
East Midlands (England) Wales (UKL)
(UKF) Scotland (UKM)
West Midlands (England) Northern Ireland (UKN)
(UKG)
East (England) (UKH)
Note: 2018 is the latest year for which population data for all UK regions are available on Eurostat [demo_r_d2jan].

2.4. Regional data availability

RIS uses data from European and international statistical services, such as Eurostat and OECD.
For several indicators regional data was calculated by Science Metrix (Elsevier) and Fraunhofer
ISI using bibliometric data and raw data from the European Union Intellectual Property Offices
(EUIPO). These are the ways that RIS indicators are calculated:
• Data for seven RIS indicators are taken directly from official statistics services (e.g.
Eurostat, European Environment Agency, JRC ARDECO). No additional calculations
need to be done with these indicators. This is the case for the following indicators:
Population with tertiary education, Population involved in lifelong learning, Broadband
penetration, R&D expenditure in the business sector, Cloud computing in enterprises,
Air emissions by fine particulates, and Labour productivity.

17
• Data for 11 RIS indicators are taken from official statistics services, but separately for
the numerator and denominator. In these cases, the indicator is calculated by the RIS
project team. Data availability for the numerator and denominator can vary. This is the
case for the following indicators: R&D expenditure in the public sector, Non-R&D
innovation expenditures, Innovation expenditures per person employed, Employed ICT
specialists, SMEs introducing product innovations, SMEs introducing business process
innovations, Innovative SMEs collaborating with others, PCT patent applications, Sales
of new-to-market and new-to-firm innovations, Employment in innovative enterprises,
and Exports of medium and high technology products.
• Data for five RIS indicators are provided by Science Metrix (Elsevier) and Fraunhofer
ISI as part of a contract with the European Commission. For four of them a denominator
is added (International scientific co-publications, Public-private co-publications,
Trademark applications, Design applications). Thus, these indicators are also
calculated by the RIS team.
Table 3 provides the data availability for each RIS indicator for every year in the period 2014-
2024. For indicators where additional calculations were made, availability is provided separately
for the numerator and denominator. Data availability is provided before any data treatment
(break removal, imputation, etc.). Table 4 provides information about the regions for which data
are not available.

18
Table 3: Regional data availability by indicator

Data availability (percentage of available regions out of 241)

Indicator
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
1.1.2 Population with tertiary
94.2 94.2 96.7 96.7 96.7 98.8 93.4 93.4 93.8 94.6 94.6
education
1.1.3 Population involved in
94.2 93.8 96.7 97.1 96.7 99.2 92.9 93.4 93.8 95 95
lifelong learning
1.2.1 International scientific co-publications
Numerator: Number of scientific
publications with at least one co- 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
author based abroad
Denominator: Total population 95.4 95.4 95.4 97.1 97.1 97.1 97.1 97.1 97.1 99.2 95
1.2.2 Scientific publications
98.8 98.8 98.8 98.8 98.8 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.6 No data No data
among the top 10% most cited
1.3.1 Broadband penetration 90.9 89.2 89.2 92.1 95 99.6 85.9 92.1 No data No data No data
2.1.1 R&D expenditure in the public sector
R&D expenditure in: government
58.9 72.6 63.5 73.9 70.5 73.9 68 74.7 No data No data No data
sector
R&D expenditure in: higher
58.9 71.4 64.7 76.3 71 70.1 68 74.3 No data No data No data
education sector
2.2.1 R&D expenditure in the
47.7 80.1 53.5 82.2 59.3 75.5 56 78.8 No data No data No data
business sector

19
Data availability (percentage of available regions out of 241)
Indicator
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
2.2.2 Non-R&D innovation expenditures9
Numerator: Sum of total
innovation expenditure for
No data No data No data No data 53.9 No data No data
SMEs, excluding intramural and
extramural R&D expenditures -- -- -- --

Denominator: Total turnover for

No data No data No data No data 49.4 No data No data
SMEs
2.2.3 Innovation expenditures per person employed10
Numerator: Innovation
No data No data No data No data 53.9 No data No data
expenditure by SMEs
-- -- -- --
Denominator: Total employment
No data No data No data No data 58.5 No data No data
in innovative SMEs
2.3.1 Cloud computing in
No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data 29 No data
enterprises
2.3.2 Employed ICT specialists
Region share in NACE J 85.5 85.5 86.7 88 88 89.6 75.1 80.9 82.6 83 84.2
Country share NACE J 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 95 95 95 95
Share of ICT specialists
100 100 100 100 100 100 95 95 95 95 95
(country)

9
Data prior to CIS 2022 was obtained from National Statistics Office. The special request agreement with Eurostat and the NSOs providing regional data includes a rule that
the contractor must delete the confidential regional data once the RIS report is published. Thus, data for previous CIS additions separately for numerator and denominator is
not available.
10
Data prior to CIS 2022 was obtained from National Statistics Office. The special request agreement with Eurostat and the NSOs providing regional data includes a rule that
the contractor must delete the confidential regional data once the RIS report is published. Thus, data for previous CIS additions separately for numerator and denominator is
not available.

20
Data availability (percentage of available regions out of 241)
Indicator
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
3.1.1 SMEs introducing product innovations11
Numerator: Number of SMEs
who introduced at least one No data No data No data No data 58.5 No data No data
product innovation -- -- -- --
Denominator: Total number of
No data No data No data No data 58.5 No data No data
SMEs
3.1.2 SMEs introducing business process innovations12
Numerator: Number of SMEs
who introduced at least one No data No data No data No data 58.5 No data No data
business process innovation -- -- -- --
Denominator: Total number of
No data No data No data No data 58.5 No data No data
SMEs
3.2.1 Innovative SMEs collaborating with others13
Numerator: Number of SMEs
with innovation co-operation No data No data No data No data 58.1 No data No data
activities -- -- -- --
Denominator: Total number of
No data No data No data No data 58.5 No data No data
SMEs
3.2.2 Public-private co-publications

11
Data prior to CIS 2022 was obtained from National Statistics Office. The special request agreement with Eurostat and the NSOs providing regional data includes a rule that
the contractor must delete the confidential regional data once the RIS report is published. Thus, data for previous CIS additions separately for numerator and denominator is
not available.
12
Data prior to CIS 2022 was obtained from National Statistics Office. The special request agreement with Eurostat and the NSOs providing regional data includes a rule that
the contractor must delete the confidential regional data once the RIS report is published. Thus, data for previous CIS additions separately for numerator and denominator is
not available.
13
Data prior to CIS 2022 was obtained from National Statistics Office. The special request agreement with Eurostat and the NSOs providing regional data includes a rule that
the contractor must delete the confidential regional data once the RIS report is published. Thus, data for previous CIS additions separately for numerator and denominator is
not available.

21
Data availability (percentage of available regions out of 241)
Indicator
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
Numerator: Number of public-
private co-authored research 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
publications
Denominator: Total population 95.4 95.4 95.4 97.1 97.1 97.1 97.1 97.1 97.1 99.2 95
3.3.1 PCT patent applications
Numerator: Number of patent
applications filed under the Data Data
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Patent Co-operation Treaty, by incomplete incomplete
year of filing
Denominator: GDP in PPP 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 100 97.5 89.6 No data
3.3.2 Trademark applications
Numerator: Number of
trademark applications applied 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
for at EUIPO
Denominator: GDP in PPP 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 100 97.5 89.6 No data
3.3.3 Design applications
Numerator: Number of designs
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
applied for at EUIPO
Denominator: GDP in PPP 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.9 100 97.5 89.6 No data
4.1.1 Sales of new-to-market and new-to-firm innovations14

14
Data prior to CIS 2022 was obtained from National Statistics Office. The special request agreement with Eurostat and the NSOs providing regional data includes a rule that
the contractor must delete the confidential regional data once the RIS report is published. Thus, data for previous CIS additions separately for numerator and denominator is
not available.

22
Data availability (percentage of available regions out of 241)
Indicator
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
Numerator: Sum of total
turnover of new or significantly No data No data No data No data 60.2 No data No data
improved products for SMEs -- -- -- --
Denominator: Total turnover for
No data No data No data No data 49.4 No data No data
SMEs
4.1.2 Employment in innovative enterprises15
Numerator: Number of
employed persons in innovative No data No data No data No data 58.5 No data No data
SMEs -- -- -- --
Denominator: Total employment
No data No data No data No data 58.5 No data No data
in SMEs
4.2.1 Exports of medium and high technology products
FIGARO 2017 regional data No data No data No data 95.4 No data No data No data No data No data No data No data
Export data at country level 94.6 100 100 100 100 100 95 95 95 95 95
4.3.2 Air emissions by fine
93.4 93.4 93.4 93.4 93.4 93.4 93.4 93.4 93.4 No data No data
particulates
4.3.3 Labour productivity 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 92.1

15
Data prior to CIS 2022 was obtained from National Statistics Office. The special request agreement with Eurostat and the NSOs providing regional data includes a rule that
the contractor must delete the confidential regional data once the RIS report is published. Thus, data for previous CIS additions separately for numerator and denominator is
not available.

23
Table 4: Regions for which data are not available

Indicator Data not available for

1 year: 1 DE, 1 FR region
2 years: 3 HR, 3 NO regions
1.1.2 Population with tertiary education 5 years: 5 PT, 12 UK regions
9 years: 2 NL regions
11 years: 1 FI region
1 year: 1 BG, 1 DE, 1 RO region
2 years: 2 EL, 3 HR, 3 NO regions
1.1.3 Population involved in lifelong learning 4 years: 1 BG region
5 years: 5 PT, 12 UK regions
9 years: 2 NL regions
1.2.1 International scientific co-publications
Numerator: Number of scientific publications with at --
least one co-author based abroad
1 year: 12 UK regions
3 years: 4 RS regions
Denominator: Total population
9 years: 5 PT regions
10 years: 2 NL regions

1.2.2 Scientific publications among the top 10% most 5 years: 2 ES regions
cited 9 years: 1 FI regions
1 year: 13 FR, 3 HR, 3 NO, 2 SI regions
2 years: 1 FR, 12 UK regions
4 years: 7 CH, 2 HU, 3 IE, 2 LT, 7 PL
1.3.1 Broadband penetration
regions
5 years: 4 RS regions
8 years: 1 FI region
2.1.1 R&D expenditure in the public sector
1 year: 3 BG, 1 ES, 5 FI, 2 LT, 3 NO, 1
PL, 5 PT regions
2 years: 13 EL, 2 PL regions
3 years: 1 BG, 5 DK, 2 HU, 10 UK
regions
R&D expenditure in: government sector
4 years: 2 PL, 4 RS, 8 SE regions
5 years: 1 AT, 3 PL, 2 UK regions
6 years: 2 AT, 3 HR, 3 IE, 4 PL regions
7 years: 14 FR, 3 NO, 1 PL regions

24
Indicator Data not available for
8 years: 7 CH, 2 ES, 12 NL, 4 PL
regions
1 year: 2 ES, 5 FI, 3 IT, 2 LT, 3 NO, 3
PL, 5 PT regions
2 years: 13 EL, 2 ES, 5 PL regions
3 years: 5 DK, 3 ES, 2 HU, 1 PL, 2 SI,
8 UK regions
4 years: 4 PL, 4 RS, 8 SE regions
R&D expenditure in: higher education sector
5 years: 1 AT, 1 BG, 2 UK regions
6 years: 2 AT, 1 BG, 1 ES, 3 HR, 3 IE,
1 PL, 2 UK regions
7 years: 14 FR, 3 NO regions
8 years: 1 BG, 7 CH, 3 ES, 12 NL
regions
1 year: 5 FI, 2 LT, 3 NO, 2 PL, 5 PT
regions
2 years: 13 EL, 7 PL regions
3 years: 5 DK, 2 HU, 2 PL, 12 UK
regions
2.2.1 R&D expenditure in the business sector
4 years: 3 AT, 38 DE, 4 RS, 6 SE
regions
6 years: 7 CH, 3 HR, 3 IE, 2 SE regions
7 years: 2 ES, 14 FR, 3 NO regions
8 years: 12 NL regions
2.2.2 Non-R&D innovation expenditures16
Numerator: Sum of total innovation expenditure for 1 year: 12 NL, 12 UK, 14 FR, 2 ES, 2
SMEs, excluding intramural and extramural R&D PT, 38 DE, 4 SK, 5 DK, 6 NO, 7 CH, 9
expenditures PL regions
1 year: 12 NL, 12 UK, 14 FR, 2 ES, 2
Denominator: Total turnover for SMEs PT, 21 IT, 3 PL, 38 DE, 5 DK, 6 NO, 7
CH regions
2.2.3 Innovation expenditures per person employed17
1 year: 12 NL, 12 UK, 14 FR, 2 ES, 2
Numerator: Innovation expenditure by SMEs PT, 38 DE, 4 SK, 5 DK, 6 NO, 7 CH, 9
PL regions

16
Data prior to CIS 2022 was obtained from National Statistics Office. The special request agreement with
Eurostat and the NSOs providing regional data includes a rule that the contractor must delete the confidential
regional data once the RIS report is published. Thus, data for previous CIS additions separately for numerator
and denominator is not available.
17
Data prior to CIS 2022 was obtained from National Statistics Office. The special request agreement with
Eurostat and the NSOs providing regional data includes a rule that the contractor must delete the confidential
regional data once the RIS report is published. Thus, data for previous CIS additions separately for numerator
and denominator is not available.

25
Indicator Data not available for
1 year: 12 NL, 12 UK, 14 FR, 2 ES, 2
Denominator: Total employment in innovative SMEs PL, 2 PT, 38 DE, 5 DK, 6 NO, 7 CH
regions
1 year: 12 NL, 12 UK, 13 EL, 14 FR, 17
2.3.1 Cloud computing in enterprises PL, 21 IT, 3 IE, 38 DE, 4 RS, 5 FI, 7
CH, 8 CZ, 8 SE, 9 PT regions
2.3.2 Employed ICT specialists
1 year: 1 EL, 13 DE regions
2 years: 1 BG, 1 DE, 1 HU, 3 HR, 3 NO
regions
3 years: 3 DE regions
4 years: 1 BG, 1 DE, 1 PL, 2 EL regions
5 years: 1 DE, 1 EL, 1 RO, 12 UK, 3 PT
regions
Region share in NACE J
6 years: 1 PL, 1 PT, 1 RO regions
7 years: 1 FR, 1 IT regions
8 years: 1 EL, 1 PL, 1 PT, 2 NO regions
9 years: 1 EL, 2 NL regions
10 years: 1 DE, 1 PL, 1 PT region
11 years: 1 FI, 1 IT, 2 ES, 2 PL, 2 PT,
4 EL regions
Country share NACE J 5 years: 12 UK regions
Share of ICT specialists (country) 5 years: 12 UK regions
3.1.1 SMEs introducing product innovations18
1 year: 12 NL, 12 UK, 14 FR, 2 ES, 2
Numerator: Number of SMEs who introduced at least
PL, 2 PT, 38 DE, 5 DK, 6 NO, 7 CH
one product innovation
regions
1 year: 12 NL, 12 UK, 14 FR, 2 ES, 2
Denominator: Total number of SMEs PL, 2 PT, 38 DE, 5 DK, 6 NO, 7 CH
regions
3.1.2 SMEs introducing business process innovations19
1 year: 12 NL, 12 UK, 14 FR, 2 ES, 2
Numerator: Number of SMEs who introduced at least
PL, 2 PT, 38 DE, 5 DK, 6 NO, 7 CH
one business process innovation
regions

18
Data prior to CIS 2022 was obtained from National Statistics Office. The special request agreement with
Eurostat and the NSOs providing regional data includes a rule that the contractor must delete the confidential
regional data once the RIS report is published. Thus, data for previous CIS additions separately for numerator
and denominator is not available.
19
Data prior to CIS 2022 was obtained from National Statistics Office. The special request agreement with
Eurostat and the NSOs providing regional data includes a rule that the contractor must delete the confidential
regional data once the RIS report is published. Thus, data for previous CIS additions separately for numerator
and denominator is not available.

26
Indicator Data not available for
1 year: 12 NL, 12 UK, 14 FR, 2 ES, 2
Denominator: Total number of SMEs PL, 2 PT, 38 DE, 5 DK, 6 NO, 7 CH
regions
3.2.1 Innovative SMEs collaborating with others20
1 year: 1 HR, 12 NL, 12 UK, 14 FR, 2
Numerator: Number of SMEs with innovation co-
ES, 2 PL, 2 PT, 38 DE, 5 DK, 6 NO, 7
operation activities
CH regions
1 year: 12 NL, 12 UK, 14 FR, 2 ES, 2
Denominator: Total number of SMEs PL, 2 PT, 38 DE, 5 DK, 6 NO, 7 CH
regions
3.2.2 Public-private co-publications
Numerator: Number of public-private co-authored --
research publications
1 year: 12 UK regions
3 years: 4 RS regions
Denominator: Total population
9 years: 5 PT regions
10 years: 2 NL regions
3.3.1 PCT patent applications
Numerator: Number of patent applications filed under --
the Patent Co-operation Treaty, by year of filing
1 year: 12 UK, 7 CH regions
Denominator: GDP in PPP 2 years: 6 NO regions
7 years: 5 PT regions
3.3.2 Trademark applications
Numerator: Number of trademark applications applied --
for at EUIPO
1 year: 12 UK, 7 CH regions
Denominator: GDP in PPP 2 years: 6 NO regions
7 years: 5 PT regions
3.3.3 Design applications
Numerator: Number of designs applied for at EUIPO --
1 year: 12 UK, 7 CH regions
Denominator: GDP in PPP 2 years: 6 NO regions
7 years: 5 PT regions

20
Data prior to CIS 2022 was obtained from National Statistics Office. The special request agreement with
Eurostat and the NSOs providing regional data includes a rule that the contractor must delete the confidential
regional data once the RIS report is published. Thus, data for previous CIS additions separately for numerator
and denominator is not available.

27
Indicator Data not available for
4.1.1 Sales of new-to-market and new-to-firm innovations21
Numerator: Sum of total turnover of new or significantly 1 year: 12 NL, 12 UK, 14 FR, 2 PT, 38
improved products for SMEs DE, 5 DK, 6 NO, 7 CH regions
1 year: 12 NL, 12 UK, 14 FR, 2 ES, 2
Denominator: Total turnover for SMEs PT, 21 IT, 3 PL, 38 DE, 5 DK, 6 NO, 7
CH regions
4.1.2 Employment in innovative enterprises22
1 year: 12 NL, 12 UK, 14 FR, 2 ES, 2
Numerator: Number of employed persons in innovative
PL, 2 PT, 38 DE, 5 DK, 6 NO, 7 CH
SMEs
regions
1 year: 12 NL, 12 UK, 14 FR, 2 ES, 2
Denominator: Total employment in SMEs PL, 2 PT, 38 DE, 5 DK, 6 NO, 7 CH
regions
4.2.1 Exports of medium and high technology products
FIGARO 2017 regional data 1 year: 4 RS, 7 CH regions
1 year: 6 NO, 7 CH regions
Export data at country level
5 years: 12 UK regions
9 years: 1 ES, 1 FR, 12 UK, 2 PT
4.3.2 Air emissions by fine particulates
regions
1 year: 7 CH regions
4.3.3 Labour productivity
11 years: 12 UK regions

3. Methodology for calculating composite scores

The overall performance of each regional innovation system is summarised by a composite
indicator, the Regional Innovation Index (RII). The methodology used for calculating the RII is
outlined below.
The data collection and calculation process for the RIS has been automated for the 2025 release
following the approach used in EIS. The approach is summarised in Figure 1 below.
The construction of the index for 2025 has been performed using the COINr package23, adapted
and extended to the RIS. COINr is an open-source R package recently developed by the
European Commission’s Competence Centre for Composite Indicators and Scoreboards 24, and

21
Data prior to CIS 2022 was obtained from National Statistics Office. The special request agreement with
Eurostat and the NSOs providing regional data includes a rule that the contractor must delete the confidential
regional data once the RIS report is published. Thus, data for previous CIS additions separately for numerator
and denominator is not available.
22
Data prior to CIS 2022 was obtained from National Statistics Office. The special request agreement with
Eurostat and the NSOs providing regional data includes a rule that the contractor must delete the confidential
regional data once the RIS report is published. Thus, data for previous CIS additions separately for numerator
and denominator is not available.
23
See: [Link]
24
See: [Link]

28
it implements international guidelines and best practices in composite indicator construction 25.
It allows highly detailed and flexible construction and analysis of composite indicators, including
imputation, normalisation, outlier treatment and sensitivity analysis.
This approach provides a highly replicable and easy to follow data pipeline which feeds into the
COINr package and automatically provides the main outputs of the RIS. Since the data
collection, processing and outputs are largely based on code (using the R software), all code is
packaged together and hosted on GitHub, which also facilitates the auditing process.
Figure 1: RIS automation process

3.1. Step 1: Data collection and indicator calculation

Where possible (for 12 indicators), the data was collected using API queries, more specifically,
the Eurostat R package26. This allowed for a highly replicable and easy to follow data pipeline
and minimised the possibility of human errors. However, for the rest of the indicators, API query
was not available and thus, the data was downloaded manually. For all indicators, data cleaning
and indicator calculations were done using R.

25
Nardo M, Saisana M, Saltelli A, Tarantola S, Hoffmann A, Giovannini E. Handbook on Constructing Composite
Indicators: Methodology and User Guide. Paris (France): OECD publishing; 2008. JRC47008.
[Link]
26
[Link]

29
For five indicators, data from an alternative to the main source was used to fill in the data gaps
in certain countries. This was the case for the following indicators:
• Denominator for indicators International scientific co-publications and Public-private co-
publications. The latest available UK population data on Eurostat is for 2019. Thus,
from 2020 onward, the denominator for these two indicators was calculated using an
alternative source. National level data for mid-year population estimates were taken
from the Office for National Statistics of the UK27. This data was used to calculate
annual population growth rates, which were then applied to the 2019 Eurostat data to
estimate national and regional populations for the subsequent years.
• PCT patent applications, Trademark applications, Design applications. These
indicators used GDP in PPP data. This data is not available in Eurostat for the UK and
for Switzerland and Norway for 2022-2023. This data was taken from OECD (Gross
domestic product – Regions). As the OECD provides data in US dollars, it was
necessary to convert these values into euros. This conversion was done using an
average exchange rate, calculated by comparing the corresponding data in Eurostat
and OECD for EU countries.
In addition, data for 7 CIS indicators are publicly available for 2022 in Eurostat. However,
regional data for previous CIS editions was not publicly available. Regional data prior to CIS
2022 was obtained from the National Statistics Office (NSO) as part of the preparation of the
previous RIS editions under the special request agreement with Eurostat and the NSOs.
However, this special agreement includes a rule that the contractor must delete the confidential
regional data once the RIS report is published. Thus, raw data for previous CIS editions
separately for numerator and denominator are not available and only the final indicator values
are.

3.2. Step 2: Imputing data for regions impacted by revisions

in NUTS
For this edition of the RIS, the NUTS 2024 classification is used28. However, for some indicators,
data are only available according to earlier versions of the NUTS classification. As a result,
certain indicators in this edition of the RIS still use NUTS 2021 or NUTS 2016 classifications. In
such cases, values for NUTS 2024 regions were calculated using a special correspondence
developed for RIS (see Table 5). This correspondence is relevant for three regions in Croatia,
three regions in Norway, two regions in the Netherlands, and five regions in Portugal.
The correspondence was used in the following indicators:
• Broadband penetration: Croatia, the Netherlands, Portugal, Norway
• R&D expenditure in the public sector: the Netherlands, Portugal
• R&D expenditure in the business sector: Portugal
• Employed ICT specialists: Portugal
• Exports of medium and high technology products: Croatia, the Netherlands, Norway,
Portugal

27
[Link]
s/ukpop/pop
28
After 2024 update, the UK is no longer part of the NUTS system. Thus, this report uses the NUTS 2021 version
for the UK, which corresponds to the International Territorial Levels (ITLs) currently used by the UK Office for
National Statistics. More information on the NUTS2024 revision can be found here:
[Link] [Link]

30
• Air emissions by fine particulates: the Netherlands, Portugal
• For seven CIS indicators (Non-R&D innovation expenditures, Innovation expenditures
per person employed, SMEs introducing product innovations, SMEs introducing
business process innovations, Innovative SMEs collaborating with others, Sales of
new-to-market and new-to-firm innovations, and Employment in innovative
enterprises): Portugal (only 2014-2020)
Table 5: Correspondence used to impute data for regions impacted by revisions in the NUTS classification

Impacted NUTS2024
Correspondence Rationale
regions
HR02 Panonska Hrvatska HR02 = HR04 One region was split into three new regions, thus the
values of this one region are used for the newly
HR05 Grad Zagreb HR05 = HR04 created regions.
HR06 Sjeverna Hrvatska HR06 = HR04
NO08 Oslo og Viken NO08 = New region made of multiple previous regions, thus
(NO01+NO03)/2 the average of the old regions to form new region is
used.
NO09 Agder og Sør- NO09 =
Østlandet (NO03+NO04)/2
NO0A Vestlandet NO0A =
(NO04+NO05)/2
NL35 Utrecht NL35 = Boundary changed forming a new region (NL35) of
(NL31+NL33)/2 NL31 and part of NL33. The average of the old
regions to form new region is used.
NL36 Zuid-Holland NL36 = NL33 Boundary changed forming NL36 of large part of
NL33. Thus, value of the old region used to form a
new region.
PT19 Centro (PT) PT19 = PT16 Boundary changed forming PT19 of large part of
PT16. Thus, value of the old region used to form a
new region.
PT1A Grande Lisboa PT1A = PT17 Boundary changed forming PT1C of large part of
PT18. Thus, value of the old region used to form a
new region.
PT1B Península de PT1B = PT17 Boundary changed forming PT1D by taking parts of
Setúbal two regions (PT16 and PT18). The average of the old
regions used to form new region.
PT1C Alentejo PT1C = PT18 One region was split into two new regions, thus the
value of this one region is used for the newly created
PT1D Oeste e Vale do PT1D = regions.
Tejo (PT16+PT18)/2

3.3. Step 3: Setting reference years

For each indicator, a reference year is identified based on data availability for all regions for
which data availability is at least 75%. For most indicators, this reference year will be lagging
one or two years behind the year to which the EIS refers (see Table 6). However, exceptions
were made to CIS indicators, since regional CIS2022 data did not pass the 75% threshold due
to no regional data for Germany and France.29 In addition, the exception was made to Cloud

29
For Germany and France, the latest available regional data from CIS2020 were used.

31
computing in enterprises where data was not available at the regional level for Czechia,
Germany, Ireland, Greece, France, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Finland, Sweden and
thus data availability did not pass the 75% threshold. Data for the most recent years available
(2023) was used for this indicator.
Table 6. The most recent year of indicators used in RIS

Indicator Most recent year used in the RIS

1.1.2 Population with tertiary education 2024
1.1.3 Population involved in lifelong learning 2024
1.2.1 International scientific co-publications 2024
1.2.2 Scientific publications among the top 10% 2022
most cited
1.3.1 Broadband penetration 2021
2.1.1 R&D expenditure in the public sector 2021
2.2.1 R&D expenditure in the business sector 2021
2.2.2 Non-R&D innovation expenditures 2022
2.2.3 Innovation expenditures per person 2022
employed
2.3.1 Cloud computing in enterprises 2023
2.3.2 Employed ICT specialists 2024
3.1.1 SMEs introducing product innovations 2022
3.1.2 SMEs introducing business process 2022
innovations
3.2.1 Innovative SMEs collaborating with others 2022
3.2.2 Public-private co-publications 2024
3.3.1 PCT patent applications 2022
3.3.2 Trademark applications 2023
3.3.3 Design applications 2023
4.1.1 Sales of new-to-market and new-to-firm 2022
innovations
4.1.2 Employment in innovative enterprises 2022
4.2.1 Exports of medium and high technology 202430
products
4.3.2 Air emissions by fine particulates 2022
4.3.3 Labour productivity 2024

30
While FIGARO provides regional data only for 2017, the indicator is updated to 2024 using regional shares
derived from 2017 and applied to the most recent country-level data from the EIS. See Annex A for a detailed
description of indicator calculation.

32
3.4. Step 4: Treating data breaks
Breaks in the time series in at least one country’s regions are reported for nine indicators (see
Table 7 below). To ensure data comparability across years, all data prior to a break in the time
series are removed. For example, if a break occurs for a region in 2023, all data for that region
before 2023 are deleted. As a result, the time series for that region will contain only data from
2023 onwards. Table 7 briefly summarises the recorded breaks by indicator and year.
Table 7. Breaks in time series by indicator

Indicator Breaks
2021: All regions
1.1.2 Population with tertiary education 2023: SI regions
2024: BG regions
2021: All regions
2022: SK regions
1.1.3 Population involved in lifelong learning
2023: SI regions
2024: BE, BG, DE, EL, IE regions
2014: RO regions
2016: SE regions
2017: CH regions
1.3.1 Broadband penetration
2019: SE regions
2020: CZ regions
2021: DE, IE regions
2.1.1 R&D expenditure in the public sector
R&D expenditure in: government sector 2016: DE regions
R&D expenditure in: higher education sector 2018: HU regions
2015: CH regions
2.2.1 R&D expenditure in the business sector 2016: IT regions
2018: HU regions
2.3.2 Employed ICT specialists
2021: All regions
Region share in NACE J 2023: DK regions
2024: BG regions
2021: All countries
Country share NACE J 2023: DK
2024: BG
2021: All countries
Share of ICT specialists (country)
2023: DK
3.3.1 PCT patent applications

33
Indicator Breaks
Numerator: Number of patent applications filed under --
the Patent Co-operation Treaty, by year of filing
2019: DE regions
Denominator: GDP in PPP 2020: BE, PL regions
2021: IT, PT regions
3.3.2 Trademark applications
Numerator: Number of trademark applications --
applied for at EUIPO
2019: DE regions
Denominator: GDP in PPP 2020: BE, PL regions
2021: IT, PT regions
3.3.3 Design applications
Numerator: Number of designs applied for at EUIPO --
2019: DE regions
Denominator: GDP in PPP 2020: BE, PL regions
2021: IT, PT regions

There was also a break in the time series of CIS indicators in 2022 for Italy and Sweden, caused
by a change in the statistical unit from the legal unit to the enterprise. The change is a result of
Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/1092 of 30 June 2022, aiming to harmonise
data collection methods. This change is considered an improvement, as it leads to more
accurate data. While Italy and Sweden explicitly reported this break, similar changes were
introduced in other countries as well, though not all of them flagged it as a break in the time
series. Moreover, some countries had already implemented this shift in earlier CIS editions.
Taking all of this into account, and following consultations with Eurostat, it was decided to
disregard this break in the time series in the analysis.

3.5. Step 5: Imputing for missing values

Imputation for missing values is implemented following four rules in the order as shown below:
1. If data for a year in between the start and end of the time series are not available,
missing values are replaced with the value from the previous year.
2. If data are not available at the end of the time series, missing values are replaced with
the value from the previous year.
3. If data are not available at the beginning of the time series, missing values are replaced
with the next available year.
4. If there are no regional data for any of the previous nor the following year, the missing
values are replaced by the higher-level NUTS aggregate.
For most indicators where additional calculations were needed, the first three steps of
imputation were done at the numerator and denominator level, and only after that, the indicator
value was calculated. Imputation from higher-level NUTS aggregate (fourth imputation step)
was implemented only for calculated indicators to avoid inconsistencies arising from

34
mismatched geographic levels, for example, imputing a denominator from a national level while
the numerator is based on regional data would compromise the validity of the resulting indicator.
Specifically, imputation using the first three imputation steps was done for three indicators: R&D
expenditure in the public sector, Employed ICT specialists, and PCT patent applications. It was
not done for the remaining eight indicators, where additional calculations were required for the
following reasons:
• Seven CIS indicators (2.2.2 Non-R&D innovation expenditures, 2.2.3 Innovation
expenditures per person employed, 3.1.1 SMEs introducing product innovations, 3.1.2
SMEs introducing business process innovations, 3.2.1 Innovative SMEs collaborating
with others, 4.1.1 Sales of new-to-market and new-to-firm innovations, 4.1.2
Employment in innovative enterprises): data at the numerator and denominator level
was not available before 2022, thus to ensure consistency, imputation was done only
at the indicator level.
• Exports of medium and high technology products: there was no missing data, thus
imputation was not needed.

3.6. Step 6: Identifying and replacing outliers

Chauvenet's Criterion in statistical theory is used to determine outliers. Positive outliers are
identified as those region scores which are higher than the mean across all regions plus twice
the standard deviation. Negative outliers are identified as those region scores which are smaller
than the mean across all regions minus twice the standard deviation. These outliers are replaced
by the respective maximum and minimum values observed over all the years and all regions.
With replacing positive (or negative) outliers, more than one region can share the highest
(lowest) normalised score of 1 (0). Table 8 summarises the outliers per indicator and year
(negative outliers are shown in italics) for the full time series, including imputed values. Years
refer to the reference years in the RIS 2025.
Table 8: Outliers by indicator

Indicator Outliers (Positive / Negative)

Positive: CH04 2018-2025; ES13 2024; ES21 2018-2025; FR1 2018-
2025; IE05 2025; IE06 2018-2025; LT01 2018-2025; NL32 2023;
1.1.2 Population with NL35 2018-2025; NO08 2023-2025; PL91 2018-2025; SE11 2024-
tertiary education 2025; UKI 2018-2025
Negative: HU31 2024; RO12 2018-2022; RO21 2024; RO22 2018-
2025; RO31 2018-2025; RO41 2024-2025
Positive: CH04 2024; DK01 2023-2025; DK02 2025; DK04 2024-
2025; FI19 2018-2022; FI1B 2018-2025; FI1D 2018-2022; NL11
1.1.3 Population involved 2018-2022; NL23 2025; NL35 2018-2025; SE11 2018-2025; SE12
in lifelong learning 2018-2025; SE21 2018-2025; SE22 2018-2025; SE23 2018-2025;
SE31 2018-2025; SE32 2018-2025; SE33 2018-2025
Negative: --
Positive: BE1 2019-2025; CH01 2018-2025; CH03 2018-2025;
CH04 2018-2025; CZ01 2020-2025; DK01 2018-2025; DK04 2022-
1.2.1 International 2025; DK05 2025; FI1B 2021-2025; NL11 2018-2025; NL35 2020-
scientific co-publications 2025; NO06 2018-2025; SE11 2019-2025; SE12 2022-2025; SE33
2019-2025; UKI 2022-2025
Negative: --

35
Indicator Outliers (Positive / Negative)
Positive: CH04 2018-2022; DE93 2023; DK05 2019; ES63 2023-
2025; NL12 2020; NL22 2020; NL23 2023-2025; NL32 2018-2022;
1.2.2 Scientific NL34 2023-2025; NL35 2019; UKH 2018-2023
publications among the Negative: BG31 2018-2025; BG32 2018-2019; BG33 2018-2019;
top 10% most cited BG34 2019-2025; CZ04 2019-2022; EL64 2019; ES63 2018-2022;
HR02 2019-2020; HR06 2019-2021; PL72 2023; PL92 2018-2020;
RO22 2020-2021; RO41 2019-2020; SK03 2019
Positive: --
Negative: BG31 2018-2022; BG32 2018-2020; BG33 2018-2019;
BG34 2018-2021; BG41 2018-2020; BG42 2018-2020; EL41 2019;
EL42 2019; EL43 2019; EL51 2018-2021; EL52 2018-2021; EL53
1.3.1 Broadband 2018-2021; EL54 2018-2021; EL61 2018-2021; EL62 2018-2021;
penetration EL63 2018-2021; EL64 2018-2021; EL65 2018-2021; ES43 2018;
FRM 2019-2021; FRY 2018-2021; HU31 2018; ITF3 2018; ITF5 2018;
ITF6 2018; ITG1 2018; PT11 2018-2019; PT15 2018; PT19 2018-
2019; PT1C 2018-2020; PT1D 2018-2020; RO11 2018; RO12 2018;
RO21 2018-2020; RO22 2018-2019; RO31 2018-2020; RO41 2018-
2019; RO42 2018
Positive: CZ01 2018-2019; DE12 2018-2025; DE3 2018-2025; DE5
2018-2025; DE91 2018-2025; DEA2 2018-2025; DEB2 2018-2020;
2.1.1 R&D expenditure in DED2 2018-2025; DED5 2018-2025; DK01 2023-2025; DK05 2023-
the public sector 2025; EL43 2024-2025; EL54 2024; FRJ 2018-2025; NO06 2018-
2025; SE12 2018-2024; SE33 2018-2025
Negative: --
Positive: AT2 2018-2025; BE3 2024-2025; CH03 2018-2025; DE11
2018-2025; DE12 2021-2025; DE14 2018-2025; DE21 2018-2025;
2.2.1 R&D expenditure in DE91 2018-2025; DEB3 2023-2025; DK01 2018-2025; SE23 2021-
the business sector 2025
Negative: --
Positive: FRY 2021-2025; RS11 2018-2020; RS12 2018-2022; RS21
2.2.2 Non-R&D 2018-2022; RS22 2021-2022; UKL 2018-2025
innovation expenditures
Negative: --
Positive: BE1 2021-2025; BE2 2025; BE3 2021-2025; FR1 2023-
2.2.3 Innovation 2025; FRH 2023-2025; FRY 2018-2025; HR06 2025; IE05 2025; IE06
expenditures per person 2025; RS21 2018-2022; RS22 2018-2022
employed
Negative: --
Positive: --
2.3.1 Cloud computing in
enterprises Negative: BG31 2018-2025; ES64 2018-2025; RO22 2018-2025;
RO31 2018-2025; RO41 2018-2025
Positive: BG41 2025; CH04 2018-2025; CZ01 2018-2025; DE3
2018-2025; FI1B 2018-2025; FR1 2024-2025; HR05 2024-2025;
2.3.2 Employed ICT HU11 2018-2025; LT01 2024-2025; NL23 2023; NL32 2018-2025;
specialists NL35 2018-2025; PL91 2024-2025; PT1A 2018-2025; RO32 2018-
2024; SE11 2018-2025; SK01 2018-2025; UKI 2018-2025
Negative: --

36
Indicator Outliers (Positive / Negative)
Positive: DEB2 2021-2022; EL41 2025; EL43 2023-2025; EL52
2023-2024; EL54 2023-2024; EL62 2025; EL63 2023-2024; EL64
2023-2024; EL65 2023-2025; FI2 2021-2022; NO06 2021-2022;
3.1.1 SMEs introducing NO08 2021-2025; RS11 2021-2022
product innovations
Negative: ES63 2018-2025; RO11 2018-2020; RO12 2018-2020;
RO21 2018-2020; RO22 2023-2025; RO31 2018-2025; RO32 2018-
2020; RO41 2018-2025; RO42 2018-2025
Positive: BE2 2023-2025; DEB1 2023-2025; EL30 2023-2024; EL41
2025; EL43 2023-2025; EL52 2023-2024; EL54 2023-2024; EL61
3.1.2 SMEs introducing 2023-2024; EL62 2025; EL63 2023-2024; EL65 2023-2024
business process
innovations Negative: ES63 2021-2025; PL62 2018-2020; RO11 2023-2025;
RO12 2018-2025; RO21 2021-2025; RO22 2021-2025; RO31 2018-
2025; RO32 2018-2025; RO41 2018-2025; RO42 2018-2025
Positive: BE1 2023-2024; BE2 2021-2025; EL41 2021-2022; EL43
2018-2020; EL63 2021-2022; FI19 2021-2024; FI1B 2021-2024;
FI1C 2021-2022; FI1D 2023-2024; FI2 2025; NO02 2021-2025;
NO06 2018-2025; NO07 2021-2025; NO08 2023-2025; NO09 2023-
3.2.1 Innovative SMEs 2025; NO0A 2021-2025; SE11 2025; SE12 2025; SE22 2025; SE23
collaborating with others 2025; SE31 2025; SE32 2025; UKC 2018-2020; UKD 2018-2020;
UKE 2018-2020; UKF 2018-2020; UKG 2018-2022; UKH 2018-2020;
UKJ 2018-2022; UKK 2018-2020; UKL 2018-2020; UKM 2018-2020
Negative: --
Positive: CH01 2018-2025; CH03 2018-2025; CH04 2018-2025;
3.2.2 Public-private co- DK01 2018-2025; NL11 2021-2025; NL35 2021-2025; NO06 2018-
publications 2025
Negative: --
Positive: CH01 2023-2024; CH03 2018-2025; DE11 2018-2025;
DE12 2023-2024; DE13 2022-2023; DE14 2019-2024; DE21 2018-
2025; DE23 2018-2022; DE25 2018-2024; DEB3 2018-2024; DK05
3.3.1 PCT patent 2023-2025; FI19 2020-2021; FI1B 2018-2025; NL41 2018-2025;
applications NL42 2018-2019; SE11 2018-2025; SE12 2018-2024; SE22 2018-
2025; SE23 2020-2023
Negative: --
Positive: AT1 2022-2024; AT3 2022-2023; CH03 2021-2023; CH06
2018-2025; CH07 2018-2024; DE3 2022-2024; DE6 2023; DK01
3.3.2 Trademark 2019-2021; ES23 2018-2020; ES52 2018-2023; FI1B 2018-2024; FI2
applications 2018-2024; LT01 2022-2025; SE11 2018-2025; SE22 2022-2023
Negative: --
Positive: AT3 2018-2023; BG33 2018-2025; CH05 2018-2025; CH06
2018-2022; CZ03 2019-2020; DE11 2019-2020; DE21 2019; DE24
2018-2020; DE25 2020-2022; DE27 2018; DEA4 2018-2022; DEA5
2018-2021; DK04 2018-2024; ES52 2018-2019; FI2 2022-2024; ITH3
3.3.3 Design applications 2018-2023; ITH4 2018-2020; ITH5 2025; ITI2 2018-2024; ITI3 2018-
2025; NL41 2021-2024; PL21 2022-2023; PL41 2024-2025; PL72
2022; SE21 2018-2021
Negative: --

37
Indicator Outliers (Positive / Negative)
Positive: CH05 2018-2025; EL43 2018-2025; EL53 2018-2020;
EL54 2023-2024; EL62 2021-2022; EL64 2023-2024; ES13 2018-
4.1.1 Sales of new-to- 2020; ES41 2025; HR02 2025; IE04 2025; IE05 2023-2024; IE06
market and new-to-firm 2023-2024; PT1A 2025; PT2 2021-2022; UKC 2018-2020; UKD
innovations 2018-2020; UKF 2018-2020; UKG 2018-2020; UKJ 2018-2020; UKK
2018-2020; UKL 2018-2020; UKM 2018-2020
Negative: --
Positive: --
4.1.2 Employment in Negative: ES63 2018-2025; ES64 2018-2025; RO11 2018-2025;
innovative enterprises RO12 2018-2025; RO21 2018-2025; RO22 2018-2025; RO31 2018-
2025; RO32 2018-2025; RO41 2018-2025; RO42 2018-2025
Positive: --

4.2.1 Exports of medium Negative: EL41 2018-2025; EL42 2018-2025; EL43 2018-2025;
and high technology EL51 2018-2025; EL52 2018-2023; EL53 2018-2025; EL54 2018-
products 2025; EL61 2018; EL62 2018-2025; EL63 2018-2025; NO02 2018-
2025; NO06 2018-2025; NO07 2018-2025; NO08 2018-2025; NO09
2018-2025; NO0A 2018-2025; PT2 2018-2023
Positive: BG31 2018-2019; BG32 2018; BG34 2018; BG41 2018-
2021; BG42 2018-2020; CZ08 2018-2021; EL30 2020; EL41 2020;
EL51 2018-2020; EL52 2018-2021; EL53 2018-2020; EL61 2020;
EL64 2020; HR02 2019; HR05 2019-2021; HU11 2018; ITC1 2020;
4.3.2 Air emissions by fine ITC4 2018-2020; ITH3 2018-2020; PL21 2018-2021; PL22 2018-
particulates 2024; PL52 2018-2021; PL71 2018-2021; PL91 2018-2021; RO32
2018; RS11 2018-2024; RS12 2019-2021; RS21 2018-2023; RS22
2018-2023
Negative: --
Positive: CH01 2018-2025; CH03 2018-2025; CH04 2018-2025;
CH06 2022-2025; CH07 2018-2025; DK01 2019-2025; IE05 2018-
4.3.3 Labour productivity 2025; IE06 2018-2025; NO08 2018-2021
Negative: --

3.7. Step 7: Transforming data if data are highly skewed

Most of the indicators are fractional indicators with values between 0% and 100%. Some
indicators are unbound indicators, where values are not limited to an upper threshold. These
indicators can be highly volatile and can have skewed data distributions (where most regions
show low performance levels, and a few regions show exceptionally high levels of performance).
For these indicators where the degree of skewness across the full eight-year period is above
one, data have been transformed using a square root transformation. A square root
transformation uses the square root of the indicator value instead of the original value.
For the following indicators, data have been transformed: R&D expenditure in the business
sector, Non-R&D innovation expenditures, Innovation expenditures per person employed,
Public-private co-publications, PCT patent applications, and Design applications (see more
details in Table 9, where the skewness of these indicators is highlighted in bold).

38
Table 9: Skewness of the indicators before and after a possible data transformation

Skewness after
Indicator Skewness
transformation
1.1.2 Population with tertiary education 0.189 --
1.1.3 Population involved in lifelong learning 0.753 --
1.2.1 International scientific co-publications 0.986 --
1.2.2 Scientific publications among the top 10% most cited -0.132 --
1.3.1 Broadband penetration -0.528 --
2.1.1 R&D expenditure in the public sector 0.691 --
2.2.1 R&D expenditure in the business sector 1.009 0.086
2.2.2 Non-R&D innovation expenditures 2.017 0.637
2.2.3 Innovation expenditures per person employed 1.404 0.097
2.3.1 Cloud computing in enterprises -0.172 --
2.3.2 Employed ICT specialists 0.914 --
3.1.1 SMEs introducing product innovations -0.222 --
3.1.2 SMEs introducing business process innovations -0.255 --
3.2.1 Innovative SMEs collaborating with others 0.507 --
3.2.2 Public-private co-publications 1.010 0.324
3.3.1 PCT patent applications 1.096 0.439
3.3.2 Trademark applications 0.672 --
3.3.3 Design applications 1.165 0.316
4.1.1 Sales of new-to-market and new-to-firm innovations 0.616 --
4.1.2 Employment in innovative enterprises -0.604 --
4.2.1 Exports of medium and high technology products -0.552 --
4.3.2 Air emissions by fine particulates 0.446 --
4.3.3 Labour productivity 0.250 --

3.8. Step 8: Determining Maximum and Minimum scores

The Maximum score is the highest score found for the eight-year period within all regions,
excluding positive outliers. Similarly, the Minimum score is the lowest score found for the eight-
year period within all countries, excluding negative outliers.

3.9. Step 9: Calculating re-scaled scores

Re-scaled scores of the region scores (after correcting for outliers and a possible transformation
of the data) for all years are calculated by first subtracting the Minimum score and then dividing
by the difference between the Maximum and Minimum score. The maximum re-scaled score is
thus equal to 1, and the minimum re-scaled score is equal to 0. For positive and negative
outliers, the re-scaled score is equal to 1 or 0, respectively.

39
3.10. Step 10: Calculating composite innovation indexes
For each year, a composite RII is calculated as the unweighted average of the re-scaled scores
for all indicators, where all indicators receive the same weight (1/23 if data are available for all
23 indicators).
However, the RIS uses data for fewer indicators than EIS, 23 compared to 32 in the EIS.
Moreover, the definitions of several indicators differ between the two, and regional data for some
indicators are less up to date than the national level data used in the EIS. Consequently, the
country level values of the RII and the Summary Innovation Index (SII) vary. Such differences
between the EIS and RIS would be difficult to explain. To align the country level results between
SII and RII, EIS-RIS alignment scores are applied to the RII. In this way, RII scores are adjusted
to match SII scores as follows:
1. Calculate the EIS-RIS alignment score by dividing EIS Summary Innovation Index at
country level by RIS Regional Innovation Index at country level: EIS_index_CTR /
RIS_index_CTR. EIS-RIS alignment scores are provided in (Table 10).
2. Adjust regional RII scores by multiplying them with the corresponding country's EIS-
RIS alignment score. EIS-RIS alignment scores affect only the overall RII values. The
values of individual indicators remain unchanged.
Table 10: EIS-RIS alignment scores

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

EU27 0.955 0.951 0.968 0.962 0.999 1.003 1.008 1.015
Austria 0.933 0.926 0.924 0.919 0.957 0.970 0.970 0.983
Belgium 0.989 0.981 0.983 0.981 1.012 0.988 0.994 0.985
Bulgaria 0.904 0.876 0.890 0.893 0.895 0.844 0.826 0.878
Croatia 0.895 0.887 0.884 0.896 0.922 0.978 0.939 0.964
Czechia 0.831 0.839 0.887 0.889 0.907 0.932 0.930 0.951
Denmark 1.022 1.027 1.019 1.007 1.033 1.033 1.050 1.001
Finland 0.899 0.910 0.906 0.901 0.922 0.945 0.939 0.958
France 1.089 1.081 1.085 1.091 1.114 1.088 1.096 1.109
Germany 0.976 0.975 0.983 0.979 0.999 1.011 1.013 1.036
Greece 0.924 0.921 0.947 0.898 0.917 0.875 0.897 0.893
Hungary 0.928 0.868 0.878 0.890 0.887 0.933 0.963 0.976
Ireland 1.007 1.022 0.988 1.006 1.006 1.000 1.029 1.106
Italy 0.925 0.918 0.936 0.922 0.956 0.936 0.930 0.923
Lithuania 0.878 0.881 0.891 0.909 0.916 0.941 0.948 0.946
Netherlands 0.992 1.031 1.038 1.054 1.081 1.082 1.093 1.060
Poland 0.926 0.935 0.951 0.950 0.964 0.941 0.917 0.939
Portugal 0.948 0.939 0.939 0.969 1.006 1.023 1.010 1.016
Romania 1.018 0.970 0.963 0.945 0.935 0.888 0.896 0.881
Slovakia 0.881 0.850 0.869 0.860 0.880 0.940 0.943 0.906

40
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
Slovenia 0.974 0.963 0.964 0.918 0.948 0.945 0.943 0.949
Spain 1.081 1.083 1.109 1.076 1.089 1.071 1.055 1.071
Sweden 0.980 0.978 0.975 0.970 0.986 0.979 0.982 0.980
Norway 0.950 0.951 0.938 0.940 0.989 0.982 0.986 0.987
Switzerland 1.026 1.020 1.023 1.020 1.016 0.988 0.985 0.983
Serbia 0.729 0.730 0.761 0.689 0.677 0.829 0.827 0.823
United Kingdom 1.020 1.029 1.052 1.172 1.194 1.175 1.201 1.219

Only adjusted values of RII are used and presented across all RIS deliverables.
Higher than one EIS-RIS alignment score increases the RII of the region, while lower than one
EIS-RIS alignment score decreases the RII of the region. Thus, due to correction factors, the
RII of regions slightly changed. A visual comparison of the results for the four main performance
groups is shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3, with the RIS 2025 results on the left and the results
not using correction scores on the right. It shows that the performance groups of the following
regions changed after applying the correction factor:
• Moved up performance group after applying the correction factor: DE14, DEA2, FR1,
FRH, FRY, FRL, IE06, NL11, NL12, NL22, NL36, NL41, NL42, ES22, ES42, ES43,
ES52, ES53, ES7, UKC, UKD, UKE, UKH, UKI, UKJ, UKK, UKL, UKN.
• Moved down performance group after applying the correction factor: FI19, EL41, EL51,
EL61, HU11, ITC1, ITC2, ITC4, ITH1, ITH3, ITI1, ITI4, LT01, LT02, PL82, SK01, SE32,
SE33, RS11.

41
Figure 2: RIS results after using EIS-RIS alignment scores Figure 3: RIS without using EIS-RIS alignment scores

Notes: Administrative boundaries: © EuroGeographics © OpenStreetMapCartography. The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official
endorsement or acceptance by the European Union.
This map uses the NUTS 2024 classification for all countries except the United Kingdom (UK). As the UK is no longer part of the NUTS system, the map applies the NUTS 2021 version for
the UK, which corresponds to the International Territorial Levels (ITLs) currently used by the UK Office for National Statistics.

42
3.11. Step 11: Calculating relative to EU performance scores
Performance scores relative to the EU are calculated as the RII of the respective region divided
by the RII of the EU, multiplied by 100. The same approach is used to calculate for the individual
indicators re-scaled scores relative to the EU.
Relative performance scores are calculated for the full eight-year period compared to the
performance of the EU in 2018 and for the latest year also to that of the EU in 2025. For the
definition of the performance groups, only the performance scores relative to the EU in 2025
have been used.
Based on their RII scores relative to the EU in 2025, regions are categorised into four different
groups, namely Innovation Leaders, Strong Innovators, Moderate Innovators, and Emerging
Innovators. More specifically:
• Innovation Leaders where performance is above 125% of the EU average in 2025.
• Strong Innovators where performance is between 100% and 125% of the EU average
in 2025.
• Moderate Innovators where performance falls within the range from 70% to 100% of
the EU average in 2025, inclusive.
• Emerging Innovators where performance level is below 70% of the EU average in
2025.
To better show the diversity of regions, the four regional performance groups are broken down
into 12 sub-groups. Three sub-groups are defined within each performance group by dividing
the performance range in each group in three equal parts: the top one-third of regions (+), the
middle one-third of regions, and the bottom one-third of regions (-). The thresholds for these
groups are calculated by dividing the range in each performance group, i.e. the minimum
possible value and the maximum possible value, into three equal parts. The maximum possible
value in the Innovation Leader group is the value of the highest performing region31, while the
lowest possible value in the Emerging Innovator group is the value of the lowest performing
region32. The thresholds for the performance sub-groups in RIS 2025 are presented in Table
11.
Table 11: Defining performance sub-groups

Group Top sub-group (+) Middle sub-group Bottom sub-group (-)

Innovation Leaders + Innovation Leaders Innovation Leaders -
Innovation Above 145.3% of EU Between 135.1% and Between 125% and
Leaders33 average 145.3% of EU average 135.1% of EU average
Strong Strong Innovators + Strong Innovators Strong Innovators –
Innovators Between 116.7% and Between 108.3% and Between 100% and
125% of EU average 116.7% of EU average 108.3% of EU average
Moderate Moderate Innovators + Moderate Innovators Moderate Innovators –
Innovators Between 90% and 100% Between 80% and 90% Between 70% and 80%
of EU average of EU average of EU average

31
155.40578
32
22.67127
33
The range for this group is 30.40578, calculated as 155.40578 − 125. Therefore, the groups are constructed
using step sizes equal to one third of this range, which is 10.13526.

43
Group Top sub-group (+) Middle sub-group Bottom sub-group (-)
Emerging Emerging Innovators + Emerging Innovators Emerging Innovators –
Innovators34 Between 54.2% and Between 38.4% and Below 38.4% of EU
70% of EU average 54.2% of EU average average

4. Structural indicators
The RIS uses a set of contextual (structural) indicators to help users understand the structural
differences between regions, which can explain variations in performance across the innovation
indicators used in the main measurement framework. These structural indicators are provided
in the regional profiles and online tool. The following sections present these indicators, explain
their relevance for understanding regional differences, and provide detailed information about
each structural indicator.

4.1. Selected indicators to measure regional structural

differences
The list of structural indicators used in the RIS, the years for which average performance has
been calculated, and the data sources used are shown in Table 12. The text below the table
discusses the relevance and possible interpretation of these indicators.
Table 12: Structural indicators used in the RIS

Years used in
Indicator Source
calculations
Employment share in Agriculture & Mining (A-B) 2022-2024 Eurostat
Employment share in Manufacturing (C) 2022-2024 Eurostat
Employment share in Utilities & Construction (D-F) 2022-2024 Eurostat
Employment share in Services (G–N) 2022-2024 Eurostat
Employment share in Public administration (O-U) 2022-2024 Eurostat
Average number of employed persons per 2021-2022 Eurostat
enterprise
GDP per capita (PPS) 2023 Eurostat
GDP per capita growth (PPS) 2019-2023 Eurostat
Population density 2023 Eurostat
Urbanisation 2024 Eurostat
Population size (000s) 2024 Eurostat

The employment share across different sectors reflects the structural characteristics of a
region’s economy, providing insight into its sectoral composition and development trajectory.
For example, a higher share in manufacturing (C) may positively influence regional performance
on innovation indicators such as R&D expenditure in the business sector, PCT patent

34
The range for this group is 47.32873, calculated as 70 − 22.67127. Therefore, the groups are constructed using
step sizes equal to one third of this range, which is 15.77624333333333.

44
applications, and the prevalence of innovative enterprises. Conversely, regions with a high
concentration of public sector employment (O-U) often reflect structural tendencies such as a
strong presence of government institutions or a reliance on public services. This can be
associated with lower levels of private sector innovation activity, which in turn may impact
outcomes on some indicators used in the RIS.
Average number of employed persons per enterprise provides insight into the structural
composition of the business landscape, indicating whether a region is dominated by micro-
enterprises, SMEs, or larger firms. Regions with larger average firm sizes may benefit from
greater internal capacity for R&D and innovation activities, while those with smaller enterprises
may demonstrate high entrepreneurial activity but face resource limitations that can impact
innovation outcomes.
Nominal Gross Domestic Product per capita is a measure for interpreting real income
differences between regions. Higher income can increase the demand for new innovative goods
and services.
GDP per capita growth (PPS) measures economic growth. In economies that grow faster,
increasing demand may provide more favourable conditions for enterprises to sell their goods
and services.
Population density is measured by inhabitants per km2. Densely populated areas are often
more innovative due to easier knowledge diffusion, concentration of government and
educational services, better training opportunities, and higher shares of highly educated
workers.
Degree of urbanisation captures the spatial distribution of the population across different
settlement types within a region. This indicator could help explain regional disparities in
innovation performance. Urban and intermediate areas typically offer more favourable enabling
conditions for innovation, such as better access to infrastructure, skilled labour, research
institutions, and innovation networks. In contrast, rural regions may face structural limitations in
these areas.
Population size is measured by the population in the region on 1 January of 2024. Larger
population size can stimulate regional markets, creating greater demand for goods and services.
This may enhance the business environment and support the scale-up of innovative activities,
particularly in growing urban regions.

4.2. Definitions of structural indicators

This section provides the definition, data source, and data availability for each of the structural
indicators used in regional profiles and the online tool complementing the RIS 2025. For data
from Eurostat, the code used by Eurostat is also provided.
Employment share in Agriculture & Mining (A-B), 2022-2024 average
Numerator Employment in Agriculture & Mining (NACE Rev. 2 A-B)
Denominator Total employment
Calculated as Average percentage share for the years 2022 to 2024, even in cases where
data for some years is missing (NAs are ignored in the calculation)
Data source Eurostat [htec_emp_reg2]
Data availability NUTS 2: 2008-2024

Employment share in Manufacturing (C), 2022-2024 average

Numerator Employment in Manufacturing (NACE Rev. 2 C)
Denominator Total employment
Calculated as Average percentage share for the years 2022 to 2024, even in cases where
data for some years is missing (NAs are ignored in the calculation)

45
Data source Eurostat [htec_emp_reg2]
Data availability NUTS 2: 2008-2024

Employment share in Utilities and Construction (D-F), 2022-2024 average

Numerator Employment in Utilities and Construction (NACE Rev. 2 D-F)
Denominator Total employment
Calculated as Average percentage share for the years 2022 to 2024, even in cases where
data for some years is missing (NAs are ignored in the calculation)
Data source Eurostat [htec_emp_reg2]
Data availability NUTS 2: 2008-2024

Employment share in Services (G-N), 2022-2024 average

Numerator Employment in Services (NACE Rev. 2 G-N)
Denominator Total employment
Calculated as Average percentage share for the years 2022 to 2024, even in cases where
data for some years is missing (NAs are ignored in the calculation).
Employment in Services (NACE Rev. 2 G-N) is calculated as the difference
between the employment share in total services (NACE Rev. 2 G–U) and
public administration; activities of extraterritorial organisations and bodies
(NACE Rev. 2 O–U).
Data source Eurostat [htec_emp_reg2]
Data availability NUTS 2: 2008-2024

Employment share in Public administration (O-U), 2022-2024 average

Numerator Employment in Public administration (NACE Rev. 2 O-U)
Denominator Total employment
Calculated as Average percentage share for the years 2022 to 2024, even in cases where
data for some years is missing (NAs are ignored in the calculation).
Data source Eurostat [htec_emp_reg2]
Data availability NUTS 2: 2008-2024

Average number of employed persons per enterprise, 2021-2022 average

Numerator Total number of persons employed
Denominator Total number of enterprises
Calculated as Average percentage share for the years 2021 and 2022. If data is missing for
one year, the available year's value is used (NAs are ignored in the
calculation).
Data source For countries and regions: Eurostat [bd_size_r]. For EU27 average: Eurostat
[bd_size]
Data availability NUTS 3: 2021-2022

GDP per capita (PPS), 2023

Indicator Nominal Gross Domestic Product per capita
Unit Purchasing power standard (PPS, EU27 from 2020), per inhabitant
Data source Eurostat [nama_10r_2gdp]
Data availability NUTS 2: 2000-2023

GDP per capita growth (PPS), 2019-2023

Indicator Nominal Gross Domestic Product per capita
Unit Purchasing power standard (PPS, EU27 from 2020), per inhabitant
Calculated as Compound annual growth rate (CAGR) between 2019 and 2023: CAGR =
(GDP per capita in 2023 / GDP per capita in 2019)^(1/4) - 1

46
Data source Eurostat [nama_10r_2gdp]
Data availability NUTS 2: 2000-2023

Population density, 2023

Indicator Population density (persons per square kilometre)
Data source Eurostat [demo_r_d3dens]
Data availability NUTS 3: 1990-2023

Degree of urbanisation (%), 2024

Numerator Households living in densely populated areas and intermediate density areas
Denominator Total population
Calculated as Combined share of population living in cities (DEG1 – densely populated
areas) and towns/suburbs (DEG2 – intermediate density areas) out of the
total population (TOTAL) in 2024: Urbanisation = (DEG1 + DEG2) / TOTAL ×
100. If data is missing for any of the categories (DEG2, DEG2, TOTAL), the
indicator is not calculated.

Data source Eurostat [lfst_r_lfsd2hh]

Data availability NUTS 2: 2006-2024

Population size (thousands), 2024

Indicator Population on 1 January (divided by 1000)
Data source Eurostat [demo_r_d2jan]
Data availability NUTS 2: 1990-2024

47
Annex A: A Manual for extracting and compiling RIS
data
This Annex describes how raw data have been collected for each indicator.
For data from Eurostat, the variable names are added between [ ]. These can be used in the
search box on Eurostat’s website ([Link] to access the
data.
Data from the OECD are available at: [Link]

1.1.2 Percentage population aged 25-34 having completed

tertiary education
Data for all regions are extracted from Eurostat:
• Dataset: Population by educational attainment level, sex and NUTS 2 regions (%)
[edat_lfse_04]
o AGE: From 25 to 34 years
o ISCED11: Tertiary education (levels 5-8)
o SEX: Total
o UNIT: Percentage
• Data are available for 2000-2024

1.1.3 Percentage population aged 25-64 participating in lifelong

learning
Data for all regions are extracted from Eurostat:
• Dataset: Participation rate in education and training (last 4 weeks) by NUTS 2 regions
[trng_lfse_04]
o AGE: From 25 to 64 years
o SEX: Total
o UNIT: Percentage
• Data are available for 2000-2024

1.2.1 International scientific co-publications per million

population
Numerator
Data on number of international scientific co-publications for all regions are calculated and made
available by Science-Metrix for the years 2000-2024. Data have been calculated using full
counting and have been extracted from Scopus. As there is no EU27 value provided in the
regional dataset for the numerator, it has been calculated by summing the EU27 MS values.
Denominator

48
Population data for all regions are extracted from Eurostat:
• Dataset: Population on 1 January by age, sex and NUTS 2 region [demo_r_d2jan]
o AGE: Total
o SEX: Total
o UNIT: Number
• Data are available for 1990-2024
Population data from 2020 onwards for the United Kingdom are extracted from the Office for
National Statistics:
• Dataset: United Kingdom population mid-year estimate [UKPOP]
• This data was used to calculate population growth rate. The growth rate was used to
impute data at the national level. For the regional level, share of the latest available
year region population in the national population were used to calculate region
population for data gaps.
Calculation of indicator
The indicator is calculated by dividing the number of international scientific co-publications by
the population size in millions.

1.2.2 Scientific publications among the top-10% most cited

publications worldwide
Data on the percentage share of publications among the top 10% most cited publications for all
regions are calculated and made available by Science-Metrix for the years 2000-2022. Data
have been calculated using fractional counting and have been extracted from Scopus.
As there is no EU27 value provided in the regional dataset for this indicator, it has been taken
from the country-level dataset used in the EIS.

1.3.1 Broadband penetration

Data for all regions are extracted from Eurostat:
• Dataset: Households with broadband access [isoc_r_broad_h]
o UNIT: Percentage of households
• Data are available for 2006-2021
As there is no EU27 value provided in the regional dataset, it has been extracted from country-
level dataset:
• Dataset: Households - type of connection to the internet (2003-2021) [isoc_ci_it_h]
o INDIC_IS: Household internet connection type: broadband
o HHTYP: Total
o UNIT: Percentage of households
• EU27 data are available for 2007-2021

2.1.1 R&D expenditures in the public sector as percentage of

GDP
Data for all regions are extracted from Eurostat:

49
• Dataset: GERD by sector of performance and NUTS 2 regions [rd_e_gerdreg]
o SECTPERF: Government sector; Higher education sector
o UNIT: Percentage of gross domestic product (GDP)
• The indicator is calculated as the sum of the share of R&D expenditure by the
government as a percentage of GDP and of the share of R&D expenditure by the higher
education sector as a percentage of GDP.
• Data are available for 2000-2023

2.2.1 R&D expenditures in the business sector as percentage of

GDP
Data for all regions are extracted from Eurostat:
• Dataset: GERD by sector of performance and NUTS 2 regions [rd_e_gerdreg]
o SECTPERF: Business enterprise sector
o UNIT: Percentage of gross domestic product (GDP)
• Data are available for 2000-2023

2.2.2 Non-R&D innovation expenditures in SMEs as percentage

of turnover
Data for 2022 for all regions are extracted from Eurostat (Community Innovation Survey CIS
2022):
• Numerator: Innovation active enterprises' expenditure on R&D and innovation by type
and NUTS region (CIS2022) [inn_cis13_exp_r]
o EXPEND: Expenditure on innovation (excluding R&D)
o SIZECLAS: From 10 to 249 employees
o NACE_R2: Economic activities covered by CIS regulation
o UNIT: Thousand euro
• Denominator: Enterprises, employed persons and turnover by innovation status and
NUTS region (CIS2022) [inn_cis13_bas_r]
o ENTERPR: Total
o INDIC_INN: Net turnover
o SIZECLAS: From 10 to 249 employees
o NACE_R2: Economic activities covered by CIS regulation
o UNIT: Thousand euro
• The indicator is calculated by dividing the data for the numerator by the data for the
denominator and multiplying by 100.
• The EU27 aggregate is calculated using only data for those Member States for which
both numerator and denominator data are available.
Regional CIS data for 2014, 2016, 2018, and 2020 are not directly available from Eurostat and
have been collected from the National Statistical Offices (NSOs) in several data requests: a
request for regional CIS 2014 data for the RIS 2017, a request for regional CIS 2016 data for
the RIS 2019, a request for regional CIS 2018 data for the RIS 2021, and a request for regional
CIS 2020 data for the RIS 2023. Regional CIS data are made available by NSOs on a

50
confidential basis and are only to be used for constructing the RIS reports. None of the data
used for the RIS 2023 can therefore be shared.

2.2.3 Innovation expenditure per person employed

Data for 2022 for all regions are extracted from Eurostat (Community Innovation Survey CIS
2022):
• Numerator: Innovation active enterprises' expenditure on R&D and innovation by type
and NUTS region (CIS2022) [inn_cis13_exp_r]
o EXPEND: Expenditure on innovation (including R&D)
o SIZECLAS: From 10 to 249 employees
o NACE_R2: Economic activities covered by CIS regulation
o UNIT: Thousand euro
• Denominator: Enterprises, employed persons and turnover by innovation status and
NUTS region (CIS2022) [inn_cis13_bas_r]
o ENTERPR: Total
o INDIC_INN: Employees
o SIZECLAS: From 10 to 249 employees
o NACE_R2: Economic activities covered by CIS regulation
o UNIT: Number
• The indicator is calculated by dividing the data for the numerator by the data for the
denominator and multiplying by 1000.
• The EU27 aggregate is calculated using only data for those Member States for which
both numerator and denominator data are available.
Regional CIS data for 2014, 2016, 2018, and 2020 are not directly available from Eurostat and
have been collected from the National Statistical Offices (NSOs) in several data requests: a
request for regional CIS 2014 data for the RIS 2017, a request for regional CIS 2016 data for
the RIS 2019, a request for regional CIS 2018 data for the RIS 2021, and a request for regional
CIS 2020 data for the RIS 2023. Regional CIS data are made available by NSOs on a
confidential basis and are only to be used for constructing the RIS reports. None of the data
used for the RIS 2023 can therefore be shared.

2.3.1 Cloud computing in enterprises

Data for all regions are extracted from Eurostat:
• Dataset: Cloud computing services by NACE Rev. 2 activity and NUTS 2 region
[isoc_r_cicce_usen2]
o INDIC_IS: Buy cloud computing services used over the internet
o SIZE_EMP: 10 persons employed or more
o NACE_R2: All activities (except agriculture, forestry and fishing, and mining
and quarrying), without financial sector
o UNIT: Percentage of enterprises
• Data are available for 2023

51
2.3.2 ICT specialists (as a percentage of total employment)
Regional and country share of Employment in information and communication (NACE J
Data for both regional and country share are extracted from Eurostat:
• Dataset: Employment by sex, age, economic activity and NUTS 2 regions (NACE Rev.
2) (1 000) [lfst_r_lfe2en2]
o AGE: From 25 to 64 years
o SEX: Total
o NACE_R2: Total - all NACE activities; Information and communication
o UNIT: Thousand persons
• Data are available for 2008-2024.
Both regional and country shares are calculated by diviging persons employed in Information
and communication (J) by persons employed in total (Total - all NACE activities).
National share of ICT specialists in total employment
Data are extracted from Eurostat:
• Dataset: Employed ICT specialists - total [isoc_sks_itspt]:
o UNIT: Percentage of total employment
• Data are available for 2004-2024.
Calculation of indicator
Employed ICT specialists at regional level is calculated by first determining the share of
employment in the information and communication sector (NACE J) at both regional and
national levels. The regional share is then divided by the national share to obtain a relative
score. This relative score is multiplied by the national share of ICT specialists in total
employment, resulting in an estimated share of employed ICT specialists at the regional level.
• Employed ICT specialists = Regional share of Employment in information and
communication (NACE J) / Country share of Employment in information and
communication (NACE J) * Country share of employed ICT specialists

3.1.1 SMEs introducing product innovations as percentage of

SMEs
Data for 2022 for all regions are extracted from Eurostat (Community Innovation Survey CIS
2022):
• Numerator: Enterprises, employed persons and turnover by innovation status and
NUTS region (CIS2022) [inn_cis13_bas_r]
o ENTERPR: Enterprises with product innovation (regardless of business
process innovation
o INDIC_INN: Enterprises
o SIZECLAS: From 10 to 249 employees
o NACE_R2: Economic activities covered by CIS regulation
o UNIT: Number

52
• Denominator: Enterprises, employed persons and turnover by innovation status and
NUTS region (CIS2022) [inn_cis13_bas_r]
o ENTERPR: Total
o INDIC_INN: Enterprises
o SIZECLAS: From 10 to 249 employees
o NACE_R2: Economic activities covered by CIS regulation
o UNIT: Number
• The indicator is calculated by dividing the data for the numerator by the data for the
denominator and multiplying by 100.
• The EU27 aggregate is calculated using only data for those Member States for which
both numerator and denominator data are available.
Regional CIS data for 2014, 2016, 2018, and 2020 are not directly available from Eurostat and
have been collected from the National Statistical Offices (NSOs) in several data requests: a
request for regional CIS 2014 data for the RIS 2017, a request for regional CIS 2016 data for
the RIS 2019, a request for regional CIS 2018 data for the RIS 2021, and a request for regional
CIS 2020 data for the RIS 2023. Regional CIS data are made available by NSOs on a
confidential basis and are only to be used for constructing the RIS reports. None of the data
used for the RIS 2023 can therefore be shared.

3.1.2 SMEs introducing business process innovations as

percentage of SMEs
Data for 2022 for all regions are extracted from Eurostat (Community Innovation Survey CIS
2022):
• Numerator: Enterprises, employed persons and turnover by innovation status and
NUTS region (CIS2022) [inn_cis13_bas_r]
o ENTERPR: Enterprises with business process innovation (regardless of
product innovation)
o INDIC_INN: Enterprises
o SIZECLAS: From 10 to 249 employees
o NACE_R2: Economic activities covered by CIS regulation
o UNIT: Number
• Denominator: Enterprises, employed persons and turnover by innovation status and
NUTS region (CIS2022) [inn_cis13_bas_r]
o ENTERPR: Total
o INDIC_INN: Enterprises
o SIZECLAS: From 10 to 249 employees
o NACE_R2: Economic activities covered by CIS regulation
o UNIT: Number
• The indicator is calculated by dividing the data for the numerator by the data for the
denominator and multiplying by 100.

53
• The EU27 aggregate is calculated using only data for those Member States for which
both numerator and denominator data are available.
Regional CIS data for 2014, 2016, 2018, and 2020 are not directly available from Eurostat and
have been collected from the National Statistical Offices (NSOs) in several data requests: a
request for regional CIS 2014 data for the RIS 2017, a request for regional CIS 2016 data for
the RIS 2019, a request for regional CIS 2018 data for the RIS 2021, and a request for regional
CIS 2020 data for the RIS 2023. Regional CIS data are made available by NSOs on a
confidential basis and are only to be used for constructing the RIS reports. None of the data
used for the RIS 2023 can therefore be shared.

3.2.1 Innovative SMEs collaborating with others as percentage

of SMEs
Data for 2022 for all regions are extracted from Eurostat (Community Innovation Survey CIS
2022):
• Numerator: Enterprises that co-operated on innovation activities with other entities by
NUTS region (CIS2022) [inn_cis13_co_r]
o ENTERPR: Innovation active enterprises
o INN_ACT: Research and development (R&D) or other innovation activities
o SIZECLAS: From 10 to 249 employees
o NACE_R2: Economic activities covered by CIS regulation
o UNIT: Number
• Denominator: Enterprises, employed persons and turnover by innovation status and
NUTS region (CIS2022) [inn_cis13_bas_r]
o ENTERPR: Total
o INDIC_INN: Enterprises
o SIZECLAS: From 10 to 249 employees
o NACE_R2: Economic activities covered by CIS regulation
o UNIT: Number
• The indicator is calculated by dividing the data for the numerator by the data for the
denominator and multiplying by 100.
• The EU27 aggregate is calculated using only data for those Member States for which
both numerator and denominator data are available.
Regional CIS data for 2014, 2016, 2018, and 2020 are not directly available from Eurostat and
have been collected from the National Statistical Offices (NSOs) in several data requests: a
request for regional CIS 2014 data for the RIS 2017, a request for regional CIS 2016 data for
the RIS 2019, a request for regional CIS 2018 data for the RIS 2021, and a request for regional
CIS 2020 data for the RIS 2023. Regional CIS data are made available by NSOs on a
confidential basis and are only to be used for constructing the RIS reports. None of the data
used for the RIS 2023 can therefore be shared.

54
3.2.2 Public-private co-publications per million population
Numerator
Data on number of public-private co-publications for all regions are calculated and made
available by Science-Metrix for the years 2000-2024. Data have been calculated using full
counting and have been extracted from Scopus. As there is no EU27 value provided in the
regional dataset for the numerator, it has been calculated by summing the EU27 MS values.
Denominator
Population data for all regions are extracted from Eurostat:
• Dataset: Population on 1 January by age, sex and NUTS 2 region [demo_r_d2jan]
o AGE: Total
o SEX: Total
o UNIT: Number
• Data are available for 1990-2024
Population data from 2020 onwards for the United Kingdom are extracted from the Office for
National Statistics:
• Dataset: United Kingdom population mid-year estimate [UKPOP]
• This data was used to calculate population growth rate. The growth rate was used to
impute data at the national level. For the regional level, share of the latest available
year region population in the national population were used to calculate region
population for data gaps.
Calculation of indicator
The indicator is calculated by dividing the number of international scientific co-publications by
the population size in millions.

3.3.1 PCT patent applications per billion GDP (in PPS)

Numerator
Data on number of PCT patent applications filed under the Patent Co-operation Treaty (by year
of filling) are extracted from the OECD REGPAT database. Instructions how to access the data
tend to change and can be found in the link provided in a footnote35.
Once the data is accessed, two files should be downloaded:
• 202505_PCT_Inv_reg.txt – file containing list of PCT inventors
• 202505_PCT_IPC.txt – file containing list of IPC classes and selected dates
After downloading the datasets, the following steps should be followed:
• Information from these two datasets should be merged using the common key ‘pct_nbr’
(PCT Publication Number). Before merging the data, it should be noted that country
codes differ between NUTS and these two datasets for two countries of interest: UK
(GB in REGPAT) and EL (GR in REGPAT).

35
More information and how to get access to this database is available at:
[Link]

55
• Then regional patent share for each record should be calculated by multiplying
‘reg_share’ (multiple allocation to a region) by ‘inv_share’ (inventor’s share). This
approach accounts for both the geographical distribution and contribution of inventors,
avoiding double-counting when patents span multiple regions.
• The count of patents per region is obtained by summing the regional patent share
across all records grouped by ‘Reg_code’ (NUTS3/TL3 region code). This provides the
total weighted patent count per region.
• As there is no EU27 value provided in the regional dataset for the numerator, it has
been calculated by summing the EU27 MS values.
• Data are available for 1977-2022
Denominator
Data on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) are extracted from Eurostat:
• Dataset: Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 2 regions
[nama_10r_2gd]
o UNIT: Million purchasing power standards (PPS, EU27 from 2020)
• Data are available for 2000-2023
For Switzerland and the United Kingdom GDP missing data are imputed using data from the
OECD. Data should be accessed from OECD Data Explorer.
• Indicator: Gross domestic product – Regions (DSD_REG_ECO@DF_GDP)
• Frequency of observation: Annual
• Combined measure: Gross domestic product
• Combined unit of measure: US dollars, PPP converted, Millions, Current prices
USD values are converted into EUR using a single average exchange rate. This rate is
calculated by first deriving country-specific rates: dividing the Eurostat EUR value by the OECD
USD value for each country where both are available. Then averaging these derived rates
across all such countries to get a single average exchange rate. This rate is then used to convert
values from USD to EUR in Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Calculation of indicator
The indicator is calculated by dividing the number of PCT patent applications by GDP in PPPs
and multiplying by 1000. The indicator is calculated for each region as a 2-year rolling average.
Prior to calculation of the rolling average, missing values are imputed (replacing with the last
available value first, then the next available value).

3.3.2 Trademark applications per billion GDP (in PPS)

Numerator
Data on number of trademark applications for all regions are calculated and made available by
Fraunhofer-ISI for the years 2000-2024. Data have been calculated using data from the
European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO). As there is no EU27 value provided in the
regional dataset for the numerator, it has been calculated by summing the EU27 MS values.
Denominator
Data on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) are extracted from Eurostat:

56
• Dataset: Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 2 regions
[nama_10r_2gd]
o UNIT: Million purchasing power standards (PPS, EU27 from 2020)
• Data are available for 2000-2023
For Switzerland and the United Kingdom GDP missing data are imputed using data from the
OECD. Data should be accessed from OECD Data Explorer.
• Indicator: Gross domestic product – Regions (DSD_REG_ECO@DF_GDP)
• Frequency of observation: Annual
• Combined measure: Gross domestic product
• Combined unit of measure: US dollars, PPP converted, Millions, Current prices
Data in USD are converted into EUR based on the conversion rate calculated using Eurostat
and OECD data in other countries.
Calculation of indicator
The indicator is calculated by dividing the number of trademark applications by GDP in PPPs
and multiplying by 1000. The indicator is calculated for each region as a 2-year rolling average.
Prior to calculation of the rolling average, missing values are imputed (replacing with the last
available value first, then the next available value).

3.3.3 Design applications per billion GDP (in PPS)

Numerator
Data on number of design applications for all regions are calculated and made available by
Fraunhofer-ISI for the years 2000-2024. Data have been calculated using data from the
European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO). As there is no EU27 value provided in the
regional dataset for the numerator, it has been calculated by summing the EU27 MS values.
Denominator
Data on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) are extracted from Eurostat:
• Dataset: Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 2 regions
[nama_10r_2gd]
o UNIT: Million purchasing power standards (PPS, EU27 from 2020)
• Data are available for 2000-2023
For Switzerland and the United Kingdom GDP missing data are imputed using data from the
OECD. Data should be accessed from OECD Data Explorer.
• Indicator: Gross domestic product – Regions (DSD_REG_ECO@DF_GDP)
• Frequency of observation: Annual
• Combined measure: Gross domestic product
• Combined unit of measure: US dollars, PPP converted, Millions, Current prices
Data in USD are converted into EUR based on the conversion rate calculated using Eurostat
and OECD data in other countries.
Calculation of indicator

57
The indicator is calculated by dividing the number of design applications by GDP in PPPs and
multiplying by 1000. The indicator is calculated for each region as a 2-year rolling average. Prior
to calculation of the rolling average, missing values are imputed (replacing with the last available
value first, then the next available value).

4.1.1 Sales of new-to-market and new-to-firm innovations in

SMEs as percentage of turnover
Data for 2022 for all regions are extracted from Eurostat (Community Innovation Survey CIS
2022):
• Numerator: Turnover from new or significantly improved products by NUTS region
(CIS2022) [inn_cis13_prodt_r]
o SIZECLAS: From 10 to 249 employees
o NACE_R2: Economic activities covered by CIS regulation
o INNOVAT: Variable is a sum of
o New or significantly improved products that were new to the firm
o New or significantly improved products that were new to the market
o UNIT: Thousand euro
• Denominator: Enterprises, employed persons and turnover by innovation status and
NUTS region (CIS2022) [inn_cis13_bas_r]
o ENTERPR: Total
o INDIC_INN: Net turnover
o SIZECLAS: From 10 to 249 employees
o NACE_R2: Economic activities covered by CIS regulation
o UNIT: Thousand euro
• The indicator is calculated by dividing the data for the numerator by the data for the
denominator and multiplying by 100.
• The EU27 aggregate is calculated using only data for those Member States for which
both numerator and denominator data are available.
Regional CIS data for 2014, 2016, 2018, and 2020 are not directly available from Eurostat and
have been collected from the National Statistical Offices (NSOs) in several data requests: a
request for regional CIS 2014 data for the RIS 2017, a request for regional CIS 2016 data for
the RIS 2019, a request for regional CIS 2018 data for the RIS 2021, and a request for regional
CIS 2020 data for the RIS 2023. Regional CIS data are made available by NSOs on a
confidential basis and are only to be used for constructing the RIS reports. None of the data
used for the RIS 2023 can therefore be shared.

4.1.2 Employment in innovative enterprises

Data for 2022 for all regions are extracted from Eurostat (Community Innovation Survey CIS
2022):
• Numerator: Enterprises, employed persons and turnover by innovation status and
NUTS region (CIS2022) [inn_cis13_bas_r]

58
o ENTERPR: Innovation active enterprises
o INDIC_INN: Employees
o SIZECLAS: From 10 to 249 employees
o NACE_R2: Economic activities covered by CIS regulation
o UNIT: Number
• Denominator: Enterprises, employed persons and turnover by innovation status and
NUTS region (CIS2022) [inn_cis13_bas_r]
o ENTERPR: Total
o INDIC_INN: Employees
o SIZECLAS: From 10 to 249 employees
o NACE_R2: Economic activities covered by CIS regulation
o UNIT: Number
• The indicator is calculated by dividing the data for the numerator by the data for the
denominator and multiplying by 100.
• The EU27 aggregate is calculated using only data for those Member States for which
both numerator and denominator data are available.
Regional CIS data for 2014, 2016, 2018, and 2020 are not directly available from Eurostat and
have been collected from the National Statistical Offices (NSOs) in several data requests: a
request for regional CIS 2014 data for the RIS 2017, a request for regional CIS 2016 data for
the RIS 2019, a request for regional CIS 2018 data for the RIS 2021, and a request for regional
CIS 2020 data for the RIS 2023. Regional CIS data are made available by NSOs on a
confidential basis and are only to be used for constructing the RIS reports. None of the data
used for the RIS 2023 can therefore be shared.

4.2.1 Exports of medium and high technology products

Data on medium and high-tech exports and total product exports for all regions are extracted
from FIGARO regional dataset36. Data in this database are available for 2017 only.
For the country level data, dataset from European Innovation Scoreboard is used with data on
exports of medium and high technology products and total exports. Data in this database are
available for 2010-2024.
The regional value for this indicator is calculated using the following steps:
1. Removing intra-country exports: exclude rows where the first two letters of
COUNTERPARTREG match those of ‘REFREG’ (e.g., both start with “AT”).
2. Calculating exports for each region and country for medium and high technology
products and in total. This is calculated by aggregating variable ‘OBSVALUE’ by
‘REFREG’ of regions and countries of interest.
NACE sectors are filtered for column ‘ROWII’. Given that NACE aggregation is only
available at a high level, the following is considered medium and high technology
products: NACE B-E. Thus, the calculations include the following sectors that are not

Dataset: Lopez Alvarez, Jorge; Galiano Bastarrica, Luis Antonio; Rueda-Cantuche, José
36

Manuel (2017): FIGARO-REG 2017 10 sectors. European Commission, Joint Research

Centre (JRC) [Dataset] PID: [Link]

59
considered as medium and high technology sector by Eurostat37: B Mining and
quarrying, C10 Manufacture of food products, C11 Manufacture of beverages, C12
Manufacture of tobacco products, C13 Manufacture of textiles, C14 Manufacture of
wearing apparel, C15 Manufacture of leather and related products, C16 Manufacture
of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of
straw and plaiting materials, C17 Manufacture of paper and paper products, C18
Printing and reproduction of recorded media, C19 Manufacture of coke and refined
petroleum products, C22 Manufacture of rubber and plastic products, C23 Manufacture
of other non-metallic mineral products, C24 Manufacture of basic metals, C25
Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment, C31
Manufacture of furniture, C32 Other manufacturing, C33 Repair and installation of
machinery and equipment, D Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply, E
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities.
3. Calculate ratio between exports at region and country level for each region separately
for:
o Total export
o Export in Medium and high technology sector (MHT)
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑈𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑈𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑦
4. Use the ratios calculated in the Step 3 to approximate exports at regional level based
on country level data from EIS at a given year:
o Total export at the regional level = total export at the country level * ratiototal
o Medium and high technology sector export at the regional level = Medium and
high technology sector export at the country level * ratioMHT
5. Calculate regional value for Exports of medium and high technology products using
regional level export data calculated at the Step 4 above:
Medium and high technology sector export 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
Total export 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙

4.3.2 Air emissions by fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the

manufacturing sector
Data for the indicator is extracted from European Environment Agency dataset Burden of
disease of air pollution (Countries, NUTS regions and cities), tabular data (2005-2022)38.
Dataset ‘Burden of disease of air pollution (Countries & NUTS)’ should be selected. While
downloading the data, the following filters should be applied:
• Scenario: WHO 2021 AQG (336804)
• Spatial Unit Detail: All
• NUTS Name: All
• Degree Of Urbanisation: All Areas (incl. unclassified)
• Year: 2005-2022
• Air Pollutant: PM2.5

37
[Link]
tech_classification_of_manufacturing_industries
38
[Link]
9512f0622ebc?activeAccordion=

60
• Data Aggregation id: All
• Category: All
• Health Indicator: All
• Sex: Total
After the data is downloaded, the values for relevant regions of the column ‘Air Pollution
Population Weighted Average [ug/m3]’ should be taken. This column already has a final value
for the indicator. No additional calculations are needed.

4.3.3 Labour productivity

Data for all regions are extracted from ARDECO (Annual Regional Database of the European
Commission):
• Dataset: Real labour productivity per hour worked [SOVGDH]
o AGE: From 25 to 34 years
o ISCED11: Tertiary education (levels 5-8)
o UNIT: EUR2020
• Data are available for 1980-2026

61
Annex B: Report of a statistical audit of RIS done by
JRC – COIN team

Statistical audits by JRC - COIN

The European Commission’s Competence Centre on Composite Indicators and Scoreboards
(COIN) at the Joint Research Centre (JRC) in Ispra has been invited to audit the Regional
Innovation Scoreboard (RIS). The JRC audit focuses on the statistical soundness of the
structure of the RIS as well as the impact of key modelling assumptions on the results. The
independent statistical assessment of the RIS provided by the JRC-COIN guarantees the
transparency and reliability of the index for both policymakers and other stakeholders, thus
facilitating more accurate priority setting and policy formulation in the field of competitiveness
and attractiveness.

Authors
Smallenbroek, Oscar, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy

Ravanos, Panagiotis, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy

Bello, Michela, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy

Data quality and treatment

The audit confirmed that the quality, outlier treatment, and normalisation of RIS data align
with COIN recommendations or are supported by well-reasoned and robust alternative
approaches. The COIN team investigated the potential impact of the presence of outliers on the
index, as the RIS criteria differ from those recommended by COIN.

The JRC guidelines are governed by the principle of least intervention, aiming to make the fullest
possible use of the available data while remaining flexible enough to accommodate a wide range
of scenarios. The JRC recommends an approach for outlier identification based on skewness
and kurtosis values, i.e., an absolute skewness higher than 2.0 and kurtosis higher than 3.5.
The current RIS criteria for flagging variables for outlier treatment differ from those put forward
by the JRC. Specifically, the current RIS framework flags variables with a skewness value
greater than or equal to one, applying a strict criterion that may result in smoothing the
distribution and reducing the information available. This criterion also ignores the possibility of
highly negatively skewed distributions, although such distributions are not present in the current
RIS dataset. Furthermore, not considering kurtosis under the current RIS outlier identification
can potentially ignores highly leptokurtic distributions. These distributions contain many outlying
observations that skewness alone may fail to detect.
The COIN team investigated whether any indicators would still be flagged as outliers using the
JRC criteria after applying the RIS outlier treatment process. Of the five variables treated with
a square root transformation, only one - 2.2.2 Non-R&D innovation expenditures- would require
further treatment if the JRC criterion were used. Nevertheless, the JRC recommends adopting
a combined threshold of 2.0 for absolute skewness and 3.5 for kurtosis as treatment criteria, as
these criteria are more comprehensive and will serve any future iterations of the RIS framework,
in which new variables may present new challenges.

62
Correlation analysis of indicators
This section reviews the statistical coherence of the RIS indicators by examining the correlations
between indicators and the correlations between indicators and the index. The RIS comprises
23 indicators, which are aggregated using the arithmetic mean to create the index. According
to the COIN guidelines, all indicators that are aggregated should have a correlation of at least
0.30. A sufficient correlation between indicators facilitates the flow of information from indicators
to aggregates by ensuring they point in the same direction and provide non-conflicting
information.
Of the 253 indicator pairs, 151 (60%) correlations meet the guideline of at least 0.30, which
is a good result given the large number of correlations. Moreover, there are no correlations
below zero, which would signal conflicting information being aggregated. On the other hand,
102 (40%) correlations do not meet the guidelines. Almost half of these (48) are near zero,
meaning below 0.10. Correlations between these indicators may not allow information to be
transmitted efficiently to be reflected at the top level. To investigate the information transfer, we
turn to the correlation between indicators and the index.
The good correlation structure between indicators is reflected in the correlations
between indicators and the RIS as seen in Figure 4, of which 83% meet the guidelines of at
least 0.30. In fact, almost all indicator-index correlations exceed 0.50, demonstrating that the
information from the indicators is well reflected in the index. There are four indicator correlations
with the index that do not meet the guideline of 0.30. Two of them (NonRDInnExp and DesApps)
are very close to the guideline and do not pose any issues. The other two (SalesNewInn and
ExpMedHiTech) are slightly lower, around 0.20, indicating that the information in these
indicators is less well reflected in the overall index scores, but are still close to the acceptable
threshold.

63
Figure 4: Correlations between indicators and RIS index scores

Source: European Commission, Joint Research Centre, 2025

Overall, the statistical coherence of the RIS indicator framework appears excellent, with a
large number of positive indicator pair correlations and predominantly strong correlations
between indicators and the index.

Impact of modelling assumptions

Assessing the effect of varying modelling assumptions on index ranking is an important part of
any statistical audit. The rationale for the choices made by the RIS development team is
multifaceted. Despite the well-substantiated rationales, there is an unavoidable subjectivity (or
uncertainty) that is accounted for in the robustness assessment carried out by the JRC. More
precisely, the uncertainty analysis is conducted to assess the impact of joint changes in
modelling choices, producing a range of rankings and confidence intervals for the 242 regions
included.
The alternative modelling assumptions in the uncertainty analysis cover imputation, outlier
treatment, weights, normalisation, and aggregation, as summarised in Table 13. The weights
are a set of randomly generated weights that vary by +/- 25% from their nominal values. The

64
uncertainty analysis takes a random set of weights and a random combination of the modelling
choices in Table 13 to calculate the index. By repeating this procedure thousands of times,
confidence intervals are obtained, indicating how much these choices can impact the rankings
and thereby providing an estimate of uncertainty in the RIS.
The uncertainty analysis shows the extent to which the rankings produced by the current
methodology could change if other valid alternatives are chosen. The COIN team considers a
15% change in ranking as acceptable uncertainty, while a 10% change in ranking is expected.
Figure 2 shows the results of the uncertainty analysis. The median ranking is the blue point, and
the bars represent 95% confidence intervals across iterations. The regions are sorted on the x-
axis using their nominal RIS ranking.
In the RIS, 82% of regions have an acceptable level of uncertainty associated with their ranking,
with their rankings changing by up to 36 ranks depending on the modelling choices made. This
group includes 55% of all regions that meet the 10% criterion, with their rankings changing by
less than 25 ranks for any combination of modelling choices. Furthermore, 13% of regions have
an extremely small confidence interval of only 5% of the total range, corresponding to a change
of only 12 ranks.
Figure 5: Uncertainty analysis of the RIS rankings across 8000 iterations

Source: European Commission, Joint Research Centre, 2025

However, there are also some regions that are more sensitive to alternative modelling choices.
18% of regions change by more than 36 ranks or more than 15% of the total range. Most of
these, change by more than 45 ranks or 20% of the total range. These regions are concentrated
in specific countries, namely the United Kingdom (seven regions) and Norway (four regions),
while Italy, Netherlands, Germany, Finland, Poland, Serbia, Greece, and Spain have only one
or two regions whose rank is uncertain. These regions are labelled in Figure 5. According to the
Sobel sensitivity index, the uncertainty in ranking is almost entirely (92%) due to the choice of
imputation and its interaction with other choices.

65
Overall, the extensive uncertainty analysis shows that the RIS is quite robust to
alternative modelling choices. The modelling choices specified as alternatives by the COIN
team included specifications that changed the underlying distributions, imputation, and
aggregation – ranging from arithmetic to nearly geometric. The results of the uncertainty
analysis are therefore promising, as the rankings of 82% of regions in the RIS are robust to
many combinations of plausible but substantively different modelling choices.
Table 13: Model choice of the RIS framework and alternatives

Model choice Nominal Alternative

Treatment 1. Winsorise all observations +/- 2 1. If absolute skewness > 2 and kurtosis >
S.D. from the mean, 3.5: Winsorise (max = 5 obs.),
2. If skewness > 1, use square root 2. If still absolute skewness > 2 and
transformation kurtosis > 3.5, use log transformation

Imputation Interpolation Median, k-Nearest Neighbours

Normalisation Min-max (0,1) Z-score (mean = 0.5, SD= 0.15)

Weights Equal +/- 25%

Aggregation Arithmetic average (equivalent to Generalised power mean with p {0.75,

generalised power mean with p = 1) 0.50, 0.25}
Source: European Commission, Joint Research Centre, 2025

Conclusion
In conclusion, the JRC-COIN audit of the RIS has provided a comprehensive assessment of the
index's statistical soundness and robustness. The findings of the audit indicate that the RIS
framework is well-structured and that the modelling assumptions underlying the index
are generally well-founded. While some areas for improvement have been identified, such as
the treatment of outliers and the potential impact of the imputation method, the audit suggests
that the RIS is a reliable and transparent tool for policymakers and stakeholders. Overall,
the audit confirms that the RIS is a valuable resource for assessing regional innovation, and
that its results can be used with confidence to inform policy priorities and initiatives.

66
GETTING IN TOUCH WITH THE EU
In person
All over the European Union there are hundreds of Europe Direct centres. You can find the address of the centre
nearest you online ([Link]/contact-eu/meet-us_en).

On the phone or in writing

Europe Direct is a service that answers your questions about the European Union.
You can contact this service:
- by freephone: 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (certain operators may charge for these calls),
- at the following standard number: +32 22999696,
- via the following form: [Link]/contact-eu/write-us_en.

FINDING INFORMATION ABOUT THE EU

Online
Information about the European Union in all the official languages of the EU is available on the Europa website
([Link]).

EU publications
You can view or order EU publications at [Link]/en/publications. Multiple copies of free publications
can be obtained by contacting Europe Direct or your local documentation centre ( european-
[Link]/contact-eu/meet-us_en).

EU law and related documents

For access to legal information from the EU, including all EU law since 1951 in all the official language versions, go
to EUR-Lex ([Link]).

EU open data
The portal [Link] provides access to open datasets from the EU institutions, bodies and agencies. These can
be downloaded and reused for free, for both commercial and non-commercial purposes. The portal also provides
access to a wealth of datasets from European countries.

67
Within the context of the Regional Innovation Scoreboard (RIS), the
RIS Methodology Report provides more detail on the methodology
used for the RIS and the construction of the Regional Innovation
Index (RII). The Methodology Report also provides detailed
methodological information on the indicators used for both the RII
and the Structural indicators that aim to provide a better
understanding of the impact of structural differences on innovation
performance scores.

Studies and reports

Common questions

The international scientific co-publications indicator is computed by dividing the number of scientific publications with at least one international co-author by the total population . This indicator reveals that global research collaboration is increasingly becoming essential, showcasing the cross-border exchange of ideas and multilateral involvement in scientific advancements .

Regional data availability on innovative SMEs significantly enhances research studies by providing granular insights into economic development patterns, enabling tailored policy-making, and supporting targeted investments in innovation ecosystems. The precise information allows researchers to correlate innovation activities directly with regional economic outputs and workforce skills, thus informing evidence-based strategies for growth . Regions without comprehensive data limit the scope of analysis and hinder the formulation of universally applicable conclusions .

The employment of ICT specialists as a percentage of total employment is calculated by dividing the regional share of employment in the information and communication sector by the country share and then multiplying by the national percentage of ICT specialists to obtain a regional estimate . This calculation implies that regions with higher percentages have stronger technological capabilities and greater emphasis on digital skills and infrastructure, reflecting advanced stages of digital transformation .

Innovation expenditure in SMEs is significant as it reflects their commitment to research and development activities, potentially leading to increased competitiveness and business growth. This data is calculated using spending on innovation activities (including R&D) as the numerator and the total number of employees in SMEs as the denominator, multiplied by 1000 to form a ratio . The calculations are based on data obtained from the Eurostat's Community Innovation Survey for specific regions .

Cloud computing services adoption rates are measured using data extracted from Eurostat, specifically looking at enterprises with at least 10 employees across various economic activities, excluding agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, and quarrying. The dataset used is 'Cloud computing services by NACE Rev. 2 activity and NUTS 2 region' . Factors that may influence these rates include regional economic development, the availability of technology infrastructure, and the sectoral composition of the economy in different areas .

Incomplete SME innovation indicator data undermines policy-making by preventing accurate assessments of innovation performance and economic competitiveness. It obstructs the identification of growth opportunities, allocation of resources, and the design of interventions tailored to specific needs . Consequently, regions with insufficient data might struggle to enact policies that are appropriately targeted to stimulate innovation and enhance competitiveness .

The adoption of cloud computing across SMEs is pivotal for digital transformation, enhancing operational efficiency, and fostering innovative business models. Data from surveys indicate widespread usage in regions with developed digital infrastructure, emphasizing the role of technology in modern business environments . The significance lies in facilitating scalability, improving data management, and providing competitive advantages to SMEs actively investing in cloud solutions .

Challenges in assessing SME innovation arise from incomplete data coverage and confidentiality agreements that limit data sharing post-publication of reports . Many regions lack consistent datasets over time, with some only providing partial snapshots of SME activities. This lack of uniform data hinders comprehensive analysis of trends and regional performance comparisons in innovation activities .

Regional variations in sales of new-to-market innovations can significantly affect national innovation ecosystems by creating disparities in economic growth and innovation capacities among regions. Regions with higher sales figures contribute more robustly to national innovation outputs, thereby attracting investments and skilled labor, while regions lagging behind may experience reduced economic dynamism and innovation potential . These discrepancies necessitate targeted policy intervention to balance innovation development across the nation .

Employment levels in innovative SMEs are tracked by measuring the number of employed persons in these enterprises and comparing it to total SME employment. The numerator is the number of employed persons in innovative SMEs, while the denominator reflects the total employment in SMEs . Recent trends indicate growing or stable employment levels in regions with high innovation activities but specific numbers are not uniformly available across regions .

Regional Innovation Scoreboard 2023
No ratings yet
Regional Innovation Scoreboard 2023
107 pages
Regional Innovation Scoreboard Methodology
No ratings yet
Regional Innovation Scoreboard Methodology
34 pages
European Innovation Scoreboard 2024
No ratings yet
European Innovation Scoreboard 2024
149 pages
Regional Innovation Scoreboard 2009
No ratings yet
Regional Innovation Scoreboard 2009
65 pages
Report A - EIS - Final Report - Final PDF
No ratings yet
Report A - EIS - Final Report - Final PDF
131 pages
Paper EPS
No ratings yet
Paper EPS
22 pages
Economies 12 00327
No ratings yet
Economies 12 00327
28 pages
Drivers of SME Innovation in EU Regions
No ratings yet
Drivers of SME Innovation in EU Regions
7 pages
2009NavarroEtal EURIStipol A
No ratings yet
2009NavarroEtal EURIStipol A
27 pages
EU Cohesion Policy 2014-2020 Overview
No ratings yet
EU Cohesion Policy 2014-2020 Overview
7 pages
North-East Romania Smart Specialization Strategy
No ratings yet
North-East Romania Smart Specialization Strategy
33 pages
The Future of Innovation Measurement in Europe
100% (1)
The Future of Innovation Measurement in Europe
136 pages
Key Indicators for National Innovation Performance
No ratings yet
Key Indicators for National Innovation Performance
12 pages
Korean Regional Innovation Policy Analysis
No ratings yet
Korean Regional Innovation Policy Analysis
28 pages
2025 EU R&D Investment Scoreboard
No ratings yet
2025 EU R&D Investment Scoreboard
178 pages
Assessing Global Innovation Index Robustness
No ratings yet
Assessing Global Innovation Index Robustness
22 pages
Iceland's Innovation Scoreboard 2025
No ratings yet
Iceland's Innovation Scoreboard 2025
11 pages
2011 Innovation Union Scoreboard Report
No ratings yet
2011 Innovation Union Scoreboard Report
101 pages
National Innovation Performance Analysis
No ratings yet
National Innovation Performance Analysis
75 pages
Regional Innovation Performance Metrics
No ratings yet
Regional Innovation Performance Metrics
16 pages
Review of International Best Practices of Programs To Promote Regional Innovation Systems
No ratings yet
Review of International Best Practices of Programs To Promote Regional Innovation Systems
26 pages
European Innovation Scoreboard 2021
No ratings yet
European Innovation Scoreboard 2021
95 pages
European Business Innovation Statistics Manual
No ratings yet
European Business Innovation Statistics Manual
238 pages
Innovation Scoreboards for Policy Insights
No ratings yet
Innovation Scoreboards for Policy Insights
23 pages
RIS3 Guide
No ratings yet
RIS3 Guide
122 pages
Korean Regional Innovation Policy Analysis
No ratings yet
Korean Regional Innovation Policy Analysis
29 pages
Spatial Dependence in SME Innovation
No ratings yet
Spatial Dependence in SME Innovation
11 pages
Regional Innovation Monitor Overview
No ratings yet
Regional Innovation Monitor Overview
38 pages
European Planning Studies
No ratings yet
European Planning Studies
19 pages
Smart Ris3 2012
No ratings yet
Smart Ris3 2012
126 pages
Gling Rutten Innovation in Regions
No ratings yet
Gling Rutten Innovation in Regions
18 pages
Ce 2013
No ratings yet
Ce 2013
80 pages
H2020 Proposal Submission Guidelines
No ratings yet
H2020 Proposal Submission Guidelines
22 pages
Rethinking Regional Innovation Systems
No ratings yet
Rethinking Regional Innovation Systems
15 pages
Key Impact Pathways
No ratings yet
Key Impact Pathways
48 pages
Global Innovation Index Appendix I, II e II
No ratings yet
Global Innovation Index Appendix I, II e II
39 pages
Measuring Innovation Effectiveness in EMEs
No ratings yet
Measuring Innovation Effectiveness in EMEs
20 pages
Ec Rtd Eis Country Profile Tr
No ratings yet
Ec Rtd Eis Country Profile Tr
11 pages
Ottobock R&D Programme for Prosthetics
No ratings yet
Ottobock R&D Programme for Prosthetics
6 pages
French Regional Innovation Strategies Report
No ratings yet
French Regional Innovation Strategies Report
98 pages
Okta - Project
No ratings yet
Okta - Project
23 pages
Territorial Innovation Strategies Explained
No ratings yet
Territorial Innovation Strategies Explained
30 pages
Regional Innovation Systems and Clusters
No ratings yet
Regional Innovation Systems and Clusters
16 pages
Peeg 2219
No ratings yet
Peeg 2219
41 pages
2014NavarroEtal2014Regional BenchmarkingWP
No ratings yet
2014NavarroEtal2014Regional BenchmarkingWP
44 pages
CORINNA Project: Innovation Policy Benchmarking
No ratings yet
CORINNA Project: Innovation Policy Benchmarking
28 pages
Impact Assessment of SME R&D Funding
No ratings yet
Impact Assessment of SME R&D Funding
44 pages
Ebookmeta - Com/?p 80632
100% (4)
Ebookmeta - Com/?p 80632
122 pages
Recombinant vs. Specialized Innovation in RIS3
No ratings yet
Recombinant vs. Specialized Innovation in RIS3
25 pages
Economic Geography of Innovation in India
No ratings yet
Economic Geography of Innovation in India
19 pages
Eis 2020
No ratings yet
Eis 2020
98 pages
European Innovation Scoreboard 2026
No ratings yet
European Innovation Scoreboard 2026
5 pages
Italy's Innovation Scoreboard 2025 Report
No ratings yet
Italy's Innovation Scoreboard 2025 Report
10 pages
Innovativeness Assessment of EU-27 Countries
No ratings yet
Innovativeness Assessment of EU-27 Countries
21 pages
Trade-Offs and Complementarities Between
No ratings yet
Trade-Offs and Complementarities Between
31 pages
Overview of Innovation Indicators
No ratings yet
Overview of Innovation Indicators
67 pages
Enhancing Regional Innovation Efficiency
No ratings yet
Enhancing Regional Innovation Efficiency
17 pages
UK Intelligence Community Fellowships 2025
No ratings yet
UK Intelligence Community Fellowships 2025
38 pages
AI Breakthroughs and Challenges by 2026
No ratings yet
AI Breakthroughs and Challenges by 2026
9 pages
Frontal and Lateral Lisp Therapy Guide
No ratings yet
Frontal and Lateral Lisp Therapy Guide
41 pages
Python Crash Course for Beginners
100% (2)
Python Crash Course for Beginners
165 pages
Alternatives to Fetal Bovine Serum in Culture
No ratings yet
Alternatives to Fetal Bovine Serum in Culture
1 page
22 Methods for Jaw, Lip, Tongue Facilitation
No ratings yet
22 Methods for Jaw, Lip, Tongue Facilitation
10 pages
Metal in Set Tray Diy
No ratings yet
Metal in Set Tray Diy
1 page
Understanding Lysosome-Related Organelles
No ratings yet
Understanding Lysosome-Related Organelles
8 pages
Kinesio Taping Reduces Drooling in Kids
No ratings yet
Kinesio Taping Reduces Drooling in Kids
5 pages
36 Questions To Fall in Love Again
No ratings yet
36 Questions To Fall in Love Again
2 pages
Marshalla Eye Dropper Technique for Drooling
No ratings yet
Marshalla Eye Dropper Technique for Drooling
3 pages
Oral Motor Exercises for Toddlers
No ratings yet
Oral Motor Exercises for Toddlers
7 pages
Five Back Blows for Choking Aid
No ratings yet
Five Back Blows for Choking Aid
3 pages
Integrating Moro Reflex Through Play
No ratings yet
Integrating Moro Reflex Through Play
1 page
Igg (Total) Human Uncoated Elisa Kit With Plates: Product Information Sheet
No ratings yet
Igg (Total) Human Uncoated Elisa Kit With Plates: Product Information Sheet
3 pages
Comparative Study of Elicitation Techniques
No ratings yet
Comparative Study of Elicitation Techniques
10 pages
MEMS Mechanical Sensors Steve P. Beeby
No ratings yet
MEMS Mechanical Sensors Steve P. Beeby
83 pages
Overview of Psychotherapy Approaches
No ratings yet
Overview of Psychotherapy Approaches
41 pages
Understanding Abortion: Types and Risks
No ratings yet
Understanding Abortion: Types and Risks
32 pages
Authentic Mexican Cooking Guide
No ratings yet
Authentic Mexican Cooking Guide
10 pages
Auditing Inventory Problems for CPA Review
No ratings yet
Auditing Inventory Problems for CPA Review
5 pages
Feasting On The Gospels Matthew Volume 2 A Feasting On The Word Commentary 1st Edition Cynthia A. Jarvis Updated 2026
100% (4)
Feasting On The Gospels Matthew Volume 2 A Feasting On The Word Commentary 1st Edition Cynthia A. Jarvis Updated 2026
23 pages
Hydrochemical Evolution of Groundwater
No ratings yet
Hydrochemical Evolution of Groundwater
16 pages
Fluid and Electrolyte Management in Nursing
No ratings yet
Fluid and Electrolyte Management in Nursing
12 pages
ITB Berlin 2026 Presentation Guidelines
No ratings yet
ITB Berlin 2026 Presentation Guidelines
2 pages
Catholic Youth Ministry Camp 2024 Guidelines
No ratings yet
Catholic Youth Ministry Camp 2024 Guidelines
2 pages
IBT Reasoning Skills Overview
0% (1)
IBT Reasoning Skills Overview
1 page
TMT Bars Field Test Report
No ratings yet
TMT Bars Field Test Report
11 pages
Physics Concepts: Light, Electricity, Eye
No ratings yet
Physics Concepts: Light, Electricity, Eye
140 pages
Bacte Quota
No ratings yet
Bacte Quota
10 pages
Ariston PH640MT NG Cooktop Manual
No ratings yet
Ariston PH640MT NG Cooktop Manual
12 pages
Industrial Organization and Management Insights
No ratings yet
Industrial Organization and Management Insights
3 pages
DSA in Java Course Syllabus Overview
No ratings yet
DSA in Java Course Syllabus Overview
15 pages
2015 Evaluating Multiple Classifiers For Stock Price Direction Prediction
No ratings yet
2015 Evaluating Multiple Classifiers For Stock Price Direction Prediction
11 pages
Thermal Comfort in UK Junior Schools
No ratings yet
Thermal Comfort in UK Junior Schools
247 pages
Massage Therapy Exam Q&A Guide
100% (2)
Massage Therapy Exam Q&A Guide
13 pages
Grooming and Hygiene for Restaurant Staff
No ratings yet
Grooming and Hygiene for Restaurant Staff
5 pages
Fail Tolerant Drone Design Proposal
No ratings yet
Fail Tolerant Drone Design Proposal
2 pages
Heat Treatment of Titanium Alloys
100% (1)
Heat Treatment of Titanium Alloys
10 pages
Physics Exam Questions and Solutions
No ratings yet
Physics Exam Questions and Solutions
31 pages
Postcolonial Perspectives on Antarctica
No ratings yet
Postcolonial Perspectives on Antarctica
19 pages
Aquatrol Series 69 Relief Valves Overview
No ratings yet
Aquatrol Series 69 Relief Valves Overview
4 pages
VMware vSphere 7.0 Course Overview
No ratings yet
VMware vSphere 7.0 Course Overview
396 pages
Guidelines for Expired Graduate Courses
No ratings yet
Guidelines for Expired Graduate Courses
1 page
The Reality of Being a Junior Doctor
No ratings yet
The Reality of Being a Junior Doctor
2 pages