PARTS OF SPEECH

Dalam Bahasa Indonesia dikenal sebagai “kelas kata” (word

classes), yaitu pengklasifikasian kata-kata berdasarkan kelasnya
untuk menunjukkan tugas atau fungsi setipa kata dalam satu
rangkaian frase, klausa atau pun kalimt.
- Verb/ Kata Kerja: Menunjukkan adanya aktifitas dan
menunjukkan suatu kondisi.
- Noun: Kata yang digunakan untuk menamai suatu benda
- Pronoun: Kata ganti benda
- Adjective: Kata yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan kata
benda (noun)/ Kt. Ganti (Pronoun).
- Adverb: Kata yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan kata kerja
(noun), kata sifat (adjective) , kata adverb dan kalimat.
- Conjunction: Kata yang menghubungkan antar kata, frase,
kata dan frase, antara klausa dan antar kalimat.
- Preposition: Kata yang diletakkan sebelum kata benda, kata
ganti, noun phrase dan gerund.
- Interjection: Bunyi seru yang ditambahkan kedalam kalimat
untuk menunjukkan perasaan atau emosi yang kuat.
 Verb
Berdasarkan perubahan, Verb terdiri dari dua perubahan antara
lain:
- Regular Verb: Kata kerja yang perubahannya berubah
beraturan (dengan menambahkan ed/d). E.g. Call-Called-
Called
- Irregular Verb: Kata kerja yang perubahannya tidak
beraturan
E.g. Arise-Arose-Arisen: Terbit/Muncul
Note: Perubahan Verb dikenal dengan Bare Infinitive (V1)- Past Tense (V2) -
Past Participle (V3).

Bare Infinitve Past Tense Past Participle

Answer Answered Answered
Ask Asked Asked
Bring Brought Brought
Buy Bought Bought
Come Came Come
Feel Felt Felt
Have Had Had
Know Knew Known
Meet Met Met
Say Said Said
Talk: tok Talked: tokt Talked
Stay Stayed Stayed
See Saw Seen
Take Took Taken
Tell Told Told
Try Tried Tried
Think Thought Thought
Invite: Invited Invited
Need Needed Needed
Ed: id, t,d
Pengucapan -ed bisa jadi agak rumit karena tergantung pada bunyi akhir dari kata
dasar. Ada tiga cara utama untuk mengucapkan -ed, yaitu /t/, /d/, dan /ɪd/.

1. Pengucapan /t/: -ed diucapkan sebagai /t/ ketika kata dasar berakhir dengan
suara tak bersuara (voiceless sounds), seperti /p/, /k/, /f/, /s/, /ʃ/, /tʃ/. Contoh:
o Helped (dibantu) => /helpt/
o Asked (ditanya) => /æskt/
o Laughed (tertawa) => /læft/
2. Pengucapan /d/: -ed diucapkan sebagai /d/ ketika kata dasar berakhir dengan
suara bersuara (voiced sounds), kecuali /d/ dan /t/. Suara bersuara adalah suara
yang membuat pita suara kita bergetar. Contoh:
o Played (dimainkan) => /pleɪd/
o Cleaned (dibersihkan) => /kliːnd/
o Loved (dicintai) => /lʌvd/
3. Pengucapan /ɪd/: -ed diucapkan sebagai /ɪd/ ketika kata dasar berakhir dengan
bunyi /t/ atau /d/. Ini menambahkan suku kata tambahan pada kata. Contoh:
o Waited (menunggu) => /ˈweɪtɪd/
o Needed (diperlukan) => /ˈniːdɪd/
o Ended (berakhir) => /ˈendɪd
 REGULAR VERB

• Call – Called – Called • Develop – Developed –

= Memanggil Developed =
• Describe – Described – Mengembangkan
Described • Die – Died – Died =
= Menggambarkan Meninggal
• Try – Tried – Tried • Dry – Dried – Dried = Kering
= Mencoba • Edit – Edited – Edited =
• Enjoy – Enjoyed – Enjoyed Menyunting
• Eliminate – Eliminated –
= Menikmati
Eliminated = Mengeliminasi
• Rob – Robbed – Robbed • Discourage – Discouraged –
= Merampok Discouraged = Meremahkan
• Cancel – Cancelled – • Employ – Employed –
Cancelled Employed = Memperkerjakan
= Membatalkan • Enjoy – Enjoyed- Enjoyed =
• Accept – Accepted – Menikmati
Accepted = Menerima • Follow – Followed – Followed =
• Accompany –
Mengikuti
• Hike – Hiked – Hiked =
Accompanied –
Mendaki
Accompanied = • Hunt – Hunted – Hunted =
Menemani Memburu
• Accuse – Accused – • Kill – Killed – Killed =
Accused = Menuduh Membunuh
• Cause – Caused – • Knock – Knocked –
Caused = Menyebabkan Knocked = Mengetuk
• Continue – Continued – • Land – Landed- Landed =

Continued = Melanjutkan Mendarat

• Laugh – Laughed – Laughed =
• Convince – Convinced – Tertawa
Convinced = Meyakinkan • Need – Needed – Needed =
• Cook – Cooked – Cooked = Butuh
Memasak • Notice – Noticed – Noticed =
• Count – Counted – Pemberitahuan
Counted = Menghitung • Oblige – Obliged – Obliged =
• Create – Created – Created = Mewajibkan
Menciptakan • Offer – Offered – Offered =
Menawarkan
• Define – Defined –
• Open – Opened –
Defined = Menetapkan Opened = Membuka
 • Order – Ordered – • Propose – Proposed –
Ordered = Memesan Proposed = Mengajukan
• Paint – Painted – Painted = • Prefer – Preferred – Preferred =
Melukis Lebih suka
• Pass – Passed – Passed = • Teach – Taught – Taught =
Melewati Mengajar
• Pay – Paid – Paid = • Sew – Sewed – Sewed =
Membayar Menjahit
• Pick – Picked – Picked = • Spray – Sprayed – Sprayed =
Memetik Menyemprot
• Place – Placed – Placed = • Stare – Stared – Stared =
Menempatkan Memandangi
• Plant – Planted – Planted = • Start – Started – Started =
Menanam Memulai
• Pray – Prayed – Prayed = • Suck – Sucked – Sucked =
Berdoa Menghisap
• Prepare – Prepared – • Suffer – Suffered – Suffered =
Prepared = Mempersiapkan Menderita
• Preserve – Preserved – • Support – Supported –
Preserved = Mengawetkan Supported= Mendukung
• Pretend – Pretended – • Suspect – Suspected –
Pretended = Berpura-pura Suspected = Mencurigai
• Prevent – Prevented – • Taste – Tasted – Tasted =
Prevented = Mencegah Mencicipi
• Produce – Produced –
Produced = Menghasilkan
Note:
- Akhiran V d/t+ ed dibaca id.
E.g:
Need
Create
Start
Put
 IRREGULAR VERB

• Become – Became – Become = • Go – Went – Gone = Pergi

Menjadi • Forgive – Forgave – Forgiven =
• Begin – Began – Begun = Mulai Memaafkan
• Bite – Bit – Bitten = Menggigit • Hide – Hid – Hidden =
• Blow – Blew – Blown = Meniup Bersembunyi
• Build – Built – Built = • Hit – Hit – Hit = Memukul
Membangun • Hurt – Hurt – Hurt = Melukai
• Burn – Burnt – Burnt = • Keep – Kept – Kept =
Membakar Menyimpan
• Buy – Bought – Bought = • Lend – Lent – Lent =
Membeli Meminjamkan
• Catch – Caught – Caught = • Let – Let – Let = Membiarkan
Menangkap • Make – Made – Made =
• Come – Came – Come = Membuat
Datang • Pay – Paid – Paid = Membayar
• Cost – Cost – Cost = • Put – Put – Put = Meletakkan
Berharga • Read – Read – Read =
• Creep – Crept – Crept = Membaca
Merayap • Ring – Rang – Rung = Berdering
• Cut – Cut – Cut = Memotong • Ride – Rode – Ridden =
• Dig – Dug – Dug = Menggali Mengendarai
• Draw – Drew – Drawn = • Rise – Rose – Risen = Terbit
Menggambar • Say – Said – Said = Mengatakan
• Dream – Dreamt – Dreamt = • See – Saw – Seen = Melihat
Bermimpi • Sell – Sold – Sold = Menjual
• Drink – Drank – Drunk = • Play – Played – Played =
Minum Bermain
• Feed – Fed – Fed = • Send – Sent – Sent = Mengirim
Memberi makan • Set – Set – Set = Terbenam
• Feel – Felt – Felt = • Shake – Shook – Shaken =
Merasakan Menggoyangkan
• Fight – Fought – Fought = • Shoot – Shot – Shot =
Berkelahi Menembak
• Fall – Fell – Fallen = Jatuh • Sing – Sang – Sung = Bernyanyi
• Fly – Flew – Flown = Terbang • Sink – Sank – Sunk =
• Forget – Forgot – Forgotten = Tenggelam
Lupa • Sit – Sat – Sat = Duduk
• Freeze – Froze – Frozen = • Speed – Sped – Sped =
Membeku Mempercepat
• Give – Gave – Given = • Wear – Wore – Worn =
Memberikan Mengenakan
• Throw – Threw – Thrown = • Sweep – Swept – Swept =
Melempar Menyapu
• Wake – Woke – Woken = • Swim – Swam – Swum =
Bangun Berenang
• Tell – Told – Told = • Spend – Spent – Spent =
Menceritakan Menghabiskan
• Take – Took – Taken = • Smell – Smelt – Smelt = Berbau
Mengambil • Tear – Tore – Torn = Merobek
• Sting – Stung – Stung =
Menyengat
 TENSES
Secara sederhana Tenses adalah bentuk kata kerja yang
menunjukkan waktu terjadinya suatu peristiwa.
Dalam Oxford Dictionary, Tense berarti perubahan kata
kerja (verb) yang mempengaruhi waktu dan terjadinya
peristiwa.

1. Simple Present
A. Form (Bentuk)
➢ Nominal
Adjective : Kata sifat
(+) S + am/is/are + ANA
Noun : Kata benda
(-) S + am is are + not + ANA
Adverb : Kata keterangan
(?) am is are + S + ANA?
Yes, I (am is are)
E.g.
❖ Adjective
(+) Mr. Dar is handsome
(-) Mr. Dar is not handsome
(?) is Mr. Dar handsome? Yes, He is
❖ Noun
(+) You are my student.
(-) You are not my student.
(?) Are you my student? Yes, I am
❖ Adverb
(+) I am in the school.
(-) I am not in the school.
(?) am I in the school? Yes, I am
➢ Verbal:
(+) S +V1 (s/es) + (O+Adv.)
(-) S + do/does + not + V1 + (O+Adv.)
(?) Does/do + S + V1 + (O+Adv.) → Yes, S+ do/does
No, S+ do/does+not
Penggunaan Verb bergantung pada subject:
V1 (s/es) Subject He, She, It, nama satu orang
V1 Subject I, You, They, We
Ketentuan Penggunaan V (s/es)
V1 (es): ss (misses), sh(Washes), ch(watches) & x
(boxes), o (goes)
V1 (s): Digunakan untuk subject dengan akhiran verb
diluar ketentuan sebagai mana diatas eg: Takes, Drinks,
etc.

Penggunaan Do/ Does:

Do: I, you, They,We, nama lebih dari satu orang
Does: He, She, it, org ke-3 tunggal (nama 1 org)

E.g.
(+) You wash my pants/ She washes pants/ He boxes my
book / he looks at me
(-) You do not (don’t) eat my rice/ He does not eat my rice
(?) Do you eat my rice?/Does he eat my rice?
B. Time Signal (Keterangan waktu)
Usually
Generally Biasanya
Habitually
Every day : Setiap hari
Every week : Setiap minggu
Every month : Setiap bulan
Every year : Setiap tahun
Every morning : Setiap pagi
Always : Selalu
Seldom : Jarang
Rarely : Sangat jarang
Once a week : 1 kali seminggu
Twice a year : 2 kali setahun
Three times a day : 3 kali sehari
Often : Sering
Never : Tidak pernah
Sometimes : Kadang-kadang
C. Function (fungsi)
- Menyatakan habitual action (kegiatan yang berulang-ulang
dan sudah menjadi kebiasaan)
E.g.
✓ I get up at 05.00 in the mortnig every day
- Menyatakan general truth (kebenaran umum)
E.g.
✓ I come from Surabaya
✓ Vegetarians don’t eat meat
- Menyatakan kecakapan, watak/sifat seseorang
 ✓ She speaks English fluently
✓ My teacher is handsome
- Digunakan pada headline (judul berita utama) dalam surat
kabar/ majalah
✓ Police send Mulayat to kelapa dua detention (The
Jakarta Post, June 22nd, 2009)
- Imperative (kalimat perintah)
✓ Review all vocabulary!
 Pengucapan s/es pada verb

Dalam simple present tense, ketika kata kerja mendapat

akhiran -s atau -es (biasanya untuk he, she, dan it), cara
pengucapannya bisa berbeda-beda tergantung huruf terakhir kata
tersebut. Berikut adalah panduannya:
1. Akhiran "-s" diucapkan /s/
Jika kata kerja berakhiran dengan bunyi tak bersuara (voiceless
sounds), yaitu /p/, /t/, /k/, /f/, atau /θ/ (seperti dalam kata think),
maka "-s" diucapkan /s/.
Contoh:
• Hopes → /hoʊps/ • Works → /wɜːrks/
• Stops → /stɒps/ • Hits → /hɪts/
• Laughs → /læfs/

2. Akhiran "-s" diucapkan /z/

Jika kata kerja berakhiran dengan bunyi bersuara (voiced
sounds), yaitu vokal atau konsonan yang bergetar (seperti /b/,
/d/, /g/, /v/, /m/, /n/, /r/, atau huruf vokal), maka "-s" diucapkan
/z/.
Contoh:
• Runs → /rʌnz/ • Lives → /lɪvz/
• Sings → /sɪŋz/ • Goes → /ɡoʊz/
• Calls → /kɔːlz/
3. Akhiran "-es" diucapkan /ɪz/
Jika kata kerja berakhiran dengan bunyi sibilant (bunyi
mendesis), seperti /s/, /z/, /ʃ/ (seperti dalam wash), /ʧ/ (seperti
dalam watch), atau /ʤ/ (seperti dalam judge), maka "-es"
diucapkan /ɪz/.
Contoh:
• Washes → /ˈwɒʃɪz/ • Mixes → /ˈmɪksɪz/
• Watches → /ˈwɒʧɪz/ • Pushes → /ˈpʊʃɪz/
• Fixes → /ˈfɪksɪz/

Jadi, saat menambahkan "-s" atau "-es" dalam simple present

tense, kita perlu memperhatikan aturan pengucapan ini.
Voice Sound Dan Voiceless Sound
Dalam bahasa Inggris, voiced sounds dan voiceless sounds
merujuk pada jenis bunyi berdasarkan apakah pita suara kita
bergetar atau tidak ketika mengucapkannya.
1. Voiced Sounds (Bunyi Bersuara)
Ketika mengucapkan voiced sounds, pita suara kita bergetar.
Jika kamu meletakkan jari di tenggorokan dan mengucapkan
bunyi bersuara, kamu akan merasakan getaran ini.
Contoh voiced sounds:
• Bunyi konsonan: /b/ (seperti dalam kata bat), /d/ (dog), /g/
(go), /v/ (van), /z/ (zoo), /ʒ/ (measure), dan /ʤ/ (judge)
 • Semua huruf vokal (a, e, i, o, u) juga termasuk voiced
sounds
2. Voiceless Sounds (Bunyi Tak Bersuara)
Dalam voiceless sounds, pita suara kita tidak bergetar saat
mengucapkannya. Jika kamu meletakkan jari di tenggorokan
saat mengucapkan bunyi tak bersuara, kamu tidak akan
merasakan getaran.
Contoh voiceless sounds:
• Bunyi konsonan: /p/ (seperti dalam kata pat), /t/ (top), /k/
(cat), /f/ (fan), /s/ (see), /ʃ/ (ship), /θ/ (think), dan /ʧ/ (chat)
2. Simple Past
A. Form (Bentuk)
➢ Nominal
Adjective : Kata sifat
(+) S + was/were + ANA
Noun : Kata benda
(-) S + was/were + not + ANA
Adverb : Kata keterangan
(?) was/were + S + ANA?
Yes, I (was/were)
E.g.
(+) You were my student.
(-) You were not my student
(?) were you my student? Yes, I was
Was: I, He, She, it, Orang ke-3 (nama 1 orang)
Were: You, They, We, (nama dua org/>)
➢ Verbal:
(+) S +V2 + (O+Adv.)
(-) S + did+ not + V1 + (O+Adv.)
(?) Did + S + V1 + (O+Adv.) →Yes, S+ did
No, S+ did+not
E.g.
(+) You ate my rice
(-) You did not (didn’t) eat my rice
(?) Did you eat my rice?
B. Time signal
This morning : Pagi ini
Yesterday : Kemarin
Last week : Minggu lalu
Last month : Bulan lalu
In 1945 : Pada tahun 1945
Two days ago : 2 hari lalu
C. Fungsi
 - Menyatakan perbuatan yang terjadi di masa lampau
E.g.: I studied last night
- Menyatakan kebiasaan dimasa lampau
e.g.: He used to carry an umbrella

3. Simple Future
[Link] (Bentuk) Adjective : Kata sifat
Noun : Kata benda
➢ Nominal Adverb : Kata keterangan
(+) S + will/shall+be+ANA
(-) S + will/shall + not + be+ ANA
(?) will/shall + S + be+ANA?
Yes, I (will/shall)
Will: untuk semua subject
Shall: untuk subject I dan we
E.g.
(+) You will be my student.
(-) You will not (won’t) be my student
(?) will you be my student? Yes, I will
➢ Verbal:
(+) S + will/shall+V1 + (O+Adv.)
(-) S + will/shall+ not + V1 + (O+Adv.)
(?) will/shall + S + V1 + (O+Adv.) →Yes, S+will/shall
No, S+ will/shall+not

E.g.
(+) You will eat my rice
(-) You will not (won’t) eat my rice
(?) Will you eat my rice?
B. Time signal
- Tonight : Malam ini
 - Tomorrow : Besok
- This evening: Malam ini
- This weekend: Minggu ini
C. Fungsi
- Menyatakan perbuatan yang terjadi di masa yang
akan datang
e.g.
I will see u tomorrow
U will invite your friends to take my class

4. Present Continuous
[Link] (Bentuk)
➢ Verbal
(+) S + am/ is/ are+ V1-ing+(O+Adv.)
(-) S + am/ is/ are+not+V1-ing+(O+Adv.)
(?) am/ is/ are+ S +V1-ing+(O+Adv.)?
Yes, S + am is are

E.g:
(+) I am taking intensive speaking class
(-) I am not taking intensive speaking class
(?) Am I taking intensive speaking class?
3
➢ Nominal: sama dengan bentuk kalimat nominal dari
tenses simple present
B. Fungsi
1. Menyatakan perbuatan yang sedang berlangsung saat
ini.
- Short term activity: pada saat bicara, peristiwa sedang
berlangsung.
Eg. What are you doing at the moment? I am writing a
letter
- Long term activity: Pada saat bicara, peristiwa itu
tidak harus terjadi saat itu juga, akan tetapi peristiwa
itu dalam kerangka proses:
Eg:
➢ Dar is Providing Instensive Speaking Class in July
➢ Kobus is looking for a job at the moment
2. Untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang berulang-ulang,
mengandung makna rasa jengkel, bisa juga untuk
menunjukkan rasa kagum
e.g:
- Intan, Mega and Olan are learning English. (Kagum)
- Roni is always borrowing my books. (Jengkel)
3. Untuk menyatakan future time (keterangan waktu harus
di sebutkan):
e.g.:
- We are visiting some friend in Bolok next weekend
- You are inviting your friends to take mr. Dar class in
July
4. Untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang berangsur-angsur
berubah
- Your English is improving
5. Untuk menyatakan kebiasaan yang bersifat sementara:
- I am living in Oesapa at the moment. (sementara)
- I live in Oesapa. (Menetap) (simple present tenses)
5. Present Perfect Adjective : Kata sifat

[Link] (Bentuk) Noun : Kata benda

➢ Nominal Adverb : Kata keterangan

(+) S + have/has+been+ ANA

(-) S + have/has + not +been+ ANA
(?) have/has + S +been+ANA?
Yes, I (have/has)
Have: I, You, They, We
Has: He She, it, Org ke-3 tunggal
E.g.
(+)Jack Has been from Kupang.
(-) Jack Has not been from Kupang.
(?) Has Jack been from Kupang? Yes, He has
➢ Verbal:
(+) S + have/has +V3 + (O+Adv.)
(-) S + have/has + not + V3 + (O+Adv.)
(?) have/has + S + V3 + (O+Adv.) →Yes, S+ have/has
E.g.
(+) I Have eaten
(-) I Have not eaten
(?) Have I eaten?
B. Time Signal
- Time duration of result:
• Just Baru Saja
• Just now
• Already Sudah
• Yet

- Time duration of process:

• This Morning Boleh digunakan present continues
 • This week
• This Month
- Menggunakan durasi waktu lamanya pekerjaan
• Since : Since yesterday, Since 1990, etc…
• For: For an hour (selama satu jam), For two years
(Selama dua tahun), etc…
C. Fungsi
1. Menyatakan perbuatan yang telah selesai dilakukan dan
hasilnya masih dirasakan sampai sekarang.
e.g:
-We have cleaned the flat.
-I have just eaten
2. Menyatakan perbuatan yang baru saja selesai ketika
dibicarakan.
e.g:
- I have not seen you for ages. (saat dibicarakan saya
melihat kamu)
- It has been very cold lately. (Pada saat dibicarakan
cuaca sudah mulai hangat)
3. Menyatakan perbuatan yang masih berlangsung sampai
sekarang/ saat dibicarakan bahkan setelah dibicarakan.
- Mr. Dar has taught us since 2 weeks ago.
- I’ve never seen a ghost.
- How long have u lived here?
 S. Past VS P. Perfect
Penggunaan: (P. Perfect)
• Something has happened, and new information
Eg: The road is closed, there has been an accident!
• There is connection with now. The action in the past has a
result now
Eg:
Where is your key? I don’t know, I have lost it
I lost my key, but I get it
He told me his name, but I have forgotten it
I can’t find my bag. Have you seen it?
• The difference between gone (to) and been (to)
Eg:
James is on holiday, He has gone to ilaty (he is there now
or on his way there)
Jane is back now, she has been in Italy (She has now come
back)
KOndisi I
Tom is looking for his key. He can’t find it
He has lost his key (present perfect)
This means that he does not his key now
KOndisi II

Ten Minutes later

Now tom has found his key. He has it now
He has lost his key:
Has he lost his key? No He has found it
Did he lost his key?
Yes, But now he has found it
 Do not use present perfect if the situation now is different
Eg:
They have gone away, they we’ll back on Friday (they are away now)
They went away, but I think they are back at home now (Berbeda)
They have gone away, but I think they are back at home now:

Present Perfect
• Tom has lost his key, He • Tom lost his key yesterday,
can’t get into house He couldn’t get into the
• Is Carla here o has She left? house
Past simple • When did Carla leave?
 “Doing” and “do”
Present continues (doing) Present simple (do)
We use the continues for things We use the simple for things in
happening at or around the time of general or things that happen
speaking repeatedly.
The action is not complete

✓ Think
When we think means “believe” or “have an opinion”, we do not use
continues:
• I think marry is Canadian, But I am not sure (not I’m thinking)
• What do you think of my plan? (What is your opinion?)
When we think means “consider”, the continues is possible:
• I’m thinking about what happened. I often think about it
❖ Present continues (I’m doing) with a future meaning
- I’m doing something (tomorrow)= I have already decided and
arranged to do it
A: What are you doing on Saturday evening? (not what do you do)
B: I’m going to the theater. (not I go)
A:What time is katherin arriving tomorrow?
B: Half past ten, I’m meeting her at the station
- I’ m going to (do) is also possible in these sentences:
- What are you going to do in Saturday night?
❖ Present simple (do) with future meaning
We use the present simple when we talk about timetables,
programmes, etc. (public transport, cinemas)
- My train leaves at 11.30, So I need to be at the station by 11.15
- What time does the film start this evening?
You can use the present simple to talk about people if their plan are
fixed like a timetable
- I start my new job on Monday
 - What time do you finish work tomorrow?

I will and going to

Will: we use will to announce a new decision.
A: Let’s have a party
B: That’s a great idea. We’ll invite a lot of people

Be going to: we use (be) going to when we have already decided to do

something.
A: Sarah and I have decided to have a party. We are going to invite lot’s
of people
 Modal Auxiliary Verb
1. Ciri-ciri modal:
a. Modal selalu diikuti V1
e.g.:
- Dar can speak English / Dar can speaks English
b. Modal tidak boleh diikuti atau didahului oleh to infinitive
e.g:
- She Wants to be able to speak English/ She is able to
speak English
- She Wants to can speak English
c. Tidak boleh terdapat dua modal dalam 1 kalimat
e.g.:
- Bill will can drive a car/ Ben will be able to drive a car
d. Modal tidak boleh bertemu dengan primary auxiliary
e.g.:
- Do you can teach English?
Can you teach English?
2. Modal

Modal Seom
Can/Could be able to
Will/would be going to
May/Might be allowed to
Shall/Should be supposed to
Must have to, has to, had to
Need Semi

M+M X I will can meet you

M+S √ I will be able to meet you
 S+M X I am able will meet you
S+S √ I have to be able meet you
Note: Similar Expression of Modal (Persamaan / setara modal)
 Informative Question
(Wh- Question)
Question
• Yes/No Question (Jawabannya Yes/No)
e.g.:
Do you come here everyday?
• Informative Question (Jawaban berupa informasi)
e.g:
What are you doing?
[Link] Words (QW)
- Who (siapa) : Untuk menanyakan subject berupa orang
- Whom (Siapa) : Untuk menanyakan object berupa orang
- What (Apa) : Untuk menanyakan subjek dan objek
berupa benda, jenis (noun) dan pekerjaan serta kata kerja
(Verb)
- Whose (Milik siapa): untuk menanyakan kepemilikan
- Which (Yang mana): untuk menanyakan pilihan
- Where (Kemana/Dimana): Untuk menanyakan keterangan
tempat
- When (Kapan): Untuk menayakan keterangan waktu
- Why (Kenapa) : Untuk menanyakan alasan
- How (Bagaimana): Untuk menanyakan cara, kabar, dan
jumlah
- How many+Plural noun (Countable)
- How much+ uncountable noun: untuk menanyak jumlah
- How long : Untuk menanyakan lama waktu
- How far : Untuk menanyakan jarak
- How often/ How many times: untuk menanyakan
keseringan
- How big : Untuk menanyakan besar
 - How old : untuk menanyakan umur
B. Contoh dalam kalimat
e.g.
Mega is student
S N
Who is student? QW+ am/is/are+n?
What is Mega? Student

Intan is taking English class

S V O
Who is taking English class? Intan
What is intan taking? English class
 PASSIVE VOICE
Active Voice (AV):Subject melakukan pekerjaan
Passive Voice (PV):Subject dikenai Pekerjaan
E.g.:
- Mega membuat gelang (AV)
Mega makes bracelet
- Gelang di buat mega (PV)
Bracelet is made by Mega
(?) Is bracelet made by mega?
• Rumus Dasar PV
Be+V3
Note: Be (Verbal Auxiliary)
• Syarat Passive Voice
- Kalimat verbal (Kalimat yang kata kerja utamanya)
(Ordinary verb)
- Transitive verb (Menggunakan kata kerja yang
membutuhkan objek, baik yang diikuti oleh satu object
maupun dua objek)
- Objek di AV menjadi subject pada PV (Sebaliknya)
E.g:
Tom kills the ant Active Voice
S Vt O

The ant is killed by tom Passive Voice

S Be V3 Prep. O
 TRANSITIONS
Add idea: Moreover, in addition, also, furthermore
Contrast: however, in contrast, on the other hand, nevertheless
Result: as a result, therefore, consequently, as a consequence
Example: for example, for instance, specifically
Similarity: likewise, similarly
Time/order: First, second, third, next, finally