MOCK COMMON LAW ADMISSION TEST 2024

MOCK CLAT #10

ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS

SECTION-A : ENGLISH LANGUAGE A is incorrect because as per the last para, 'There
were no keyboards or screens'.
1. (d) D is the correct answer because the teacher's B is incorrect because the last line of the passage
suggestion to Wilkes was that she should become a clearly suggests how computers could execute and
computer programmer. The passage mentions that present results.
computer programming involves writing software C is incorrect because the second line of the last
code. para, 'which required her to write in an abstruse
A is incorrect because the teacher didn't suggest the "assembly language' clearly suggests the use of
'computer programmer' profession as an alternative assembly language
to pursue. The teacher didn't ask her to not become 4. (c) The correct answer is C as the passage details her
a lawyer or to not pursue litigation. journey from discovering computer programming as
B is incorrect because it is in total contradiction to a career option to becoming skilled in it.
what the teacher suggested. A cannot be the right answer because it is not the
C is incorrect because the teacher wasn't specific main idea of the passage and can only be found in
about her choosing a job at M.I.T. the beginning of the passage. A only happens to be
2. (a) A is the correct answer because the word 'whiz' in a supporting idea.
the given sentence means a person who is extremely B is incorrect because IBM 704 finds a mention only
astute or razor-sharp or clever at something, in the last paragraph of the passage and doesn't
particularly in programming in this context. reflect the main idea.
B stands eliminated because a whiz is not D is incorrect because Mary Allen being told about
necessarily the best performer in the market. not pursuing litigation sets the base for the passage
C is incorrect because the passage doesn't suggest isn't the main idea since it doesn't reflect throughout
that Wilkes was experienced or had worked in the passage.
programming for a long time. It only suggests that 5. (d) D is the correct answer because an analogy is a
she became skilled quickly. simpler model for a more sophisticated one,
D is incorrect because, Wilkes, as per the passage typically for the purpose of explanation or
wasn't an employer and whiz doesn't anyway mean clarification and here we're told how symbolic logic
anything alike. and coding share similar attributes.
3. (d) D is the correct answer. The passage says 'even A is incorrect because metaphor presents something
getting the program into the IBM 704 was a to be of something else by drawing a comparison but
laborious affair.' A laborious affair is not an that is not the case here- we're told symbolic logic
elementary affair, in fact quite the opposite. So, the resembles coding, but not that it is coding in itself.
passage suggests precisely the inverse as to what's B is incorrect because simile compares two different
mentioned in option D. things using 'like' or 'as', which is not present in the
given sentence.
 C is incorrect because personification attributes the formation of an asset reconstruction committee
human qualities to inanimate things or ideas, which for resolving the bad loan. This suggests that
is not the case in the sentence in reference. sentence (c) is the most appropriate choice. Other
6. (c) Going through the passage, we come across the sentences are not related to the word 'mulling'. Refer
issues PSU banks are facing. In Paragraph 2, it has the lines "The government is now mulling the
been mentioned that appointment of top officials has formation of an asset reconstruction company
not been done since long time, which signifies the (ARC) for faster resolution of bad loans and has
poor supervision of the activities of banks. In constituted a committee to make recommendations
paragraph 3, the inability of banks to resolve the bad in this regard."
assets has been discussed for which asset 11. (b) B is the correct answer. The author tells us how even
Reconstruction Company has been decided to form. though presence of minute details can be
In paragraph 4. The need for governance reforms plodding/unexciting, Greta is still right in doing so.
has been discussed. Whereas, Sentence (II) is A cannot be the right answer because despite the
irrelevant with respect to the passage. Hence option author finding it monotonous, they don't discourage
(c) is the most appropriate choice. the same.
7. (a) We can assert from paragraph 3 that formation of a C is incorrect because the author doesn't express
government owned asset reconstruction company is nostalgia so to speak and is reminiscent.
detrimental since, that the government is not in the D cannot be true because the author doesn't have any
position to provide significant amount of capital to hatred or denial towards Greta's attention to details
resolve the bad assets. in her book.
This proves the fidelity of option (a). Refer to the 12. (a) A is the right answer. The idiom ‘something is
lines of 3rd paragraph "The basic problem will be telling’ means that if shows the true nature of a
one of valuation of stressed assets. For instance, if person or a situation. Hence ‘disclosing’ fits
they are transferred at par and the resolution is left perfectly.
to a government owned ARC, it could end up B & D are incorrect along the same line, that is they
creating more complications in the system. Also, the suggest that the book motivated the reader to take
ARC will need a significant amount of capital, action or adopt a certain perspective, whereas the
which the government is not in a position to sentence simply describes it as providing
provide." information.
8. (c) Here (paragraph 4 and paragraph 5) the emphasis C, 'Insightful' implies that the book offered a deep
has been laid on the governance reforms needed by understanding or perception, which may or may not
the banks. By initiating broad reforms, government be true in this case.
can bring transformation in the current situation of 13. (b) The correct answer is B. The passage states that
banks. Thus, we can easily point out that sentence "Greta Thunberg, barely out of her teens, offers that
(c) forms a connection with paragraph 4 and hence blueprint." This implies that the book focuses on
is the correct answer choice. outlining a blueprint for individual and collective
9. (d) All the three objectives of the government have been action to address the challenges of climate change.
mentioned in the passage. For expression (1) refer to A cannot be the right answer because the passage
the 1" paragraph "though the government is in the doesn't shed much light on the content of the book
process of recapitalizing state-run banks, it is likely and that anyway isn't the main focus.
that the current Rs 2.11 trillion PSU bank Option C isn't the correct answer because arguing
recapitalization plan will not be sufficient to put the against the efficacy of current policies addressing
PSU banks back on track." For the 2nd objective, climate change isn't the main focus of the book.
refer to the 2nd paragraph, "A number of present and Option D isn't the best answer because while the
former senior executives are under investigation for passage mentions Greta's criticism of world leaders
past transactions. The government must ensure that and their lack of action on climate change, it does
investigations don't become a witch-hunt, and that not suggest that this is the main focus of her book.
the issue is handled with utmost care." While the 3rd 14. (a) A is the correct answer. An anthology can be
objective to be focused by banks is mentioned in 2nd described as a collection of selected writings by
paragraph "However, it is also likely that the various authors, of the same period, or on the same
government will find it difficult to attract talent due subject. The passage states that "The Climate Book
to the fear of investigative agencies among is not the least of these endeavors. At 464 pages, the
bankers." Since, all three areas of government that edited volume includes contributions from an
requires focus have been illustrated in the passage, impressive list of experts."
option (f) becomes the right choice. Option B cannot be correct because extensive
10. (c) 'Mulling' is a verb which means think about coverage of topics does not necessarily make a book
(something) carefully, especially before making a an anthology. It could simply be a comprehensive
decision or reaching a conclusion. It has been used book on the subject.
in paragraph 3 indicating the deep thought given on
 Option C is incorrect because while the book does Option A is outright stupid and there's no such hint
provide a blueprint for action to address climate in the passage and can be eliminated right away.
change, this is not a defining characteristic of an Option C is not right either because there's no
anthology. reference of Kidd being a naturalist in the passage.
Option D is incorrect because while the book may Option D is not correct because the passage nowhere
include Greta's personal experiences and mentions that Kidd is a member of the police
perspectives, this is again not a defining department.
characteristic of an anthology. 19. (a) The correct answer is A, Called in. In this context,
15. (a) A is the correct answer because Spiral-bound 'called in' means that Kidd contacted the park
basically means to be bound with a wire or plastic dispatcher by phone or radio. The other options do
spiral threaded through a row of holes. not fit in the context. Option B, 'Called after' usually
B is incorrect because the phrasal doesn't refer to a means to name a child or person after someone else,
type of book cover made of spiral metal. which doesn't make any sense in this context.
C is incorrect because the phrase doesn't indicate a Option C, 'Called out' typically means to announce
spiral design on the cover. something publicly or to challenge or confront
D is also incorrect because the phrase doesn't refer someone, which doesn't again fit here.
to graphics inside the pages. Option D, 'Called off' means to cancel something,
16. (d) The correct answer is D. Ominous is the most Kidd didn't do anything like that here.
appropriate choice for the mood of the passage as 20. (b) The correct answer is B. In the passage, it is
the passage creates a sense of mystery and mentioned that Foresta is a 'wooded glen' which has
foreboding in readers, as if something bad is about been described as '30 cabins, inhabited mostly by
to happen. park employees, scattered across the bottom of a
A is incorrect because the passage doesn't instill wooded glen'. Therefore, the word 'glen' here refers
some sense of sadness in readers. Instead, it presents to a narrow valley, which is typically surrounded by
the situation in a more matter-of-fact manner and steep sides or cliffs.
focuses on the search efforts and the setting of Option A is incorrect because 'glen' does not refer to
Yosemite National Park. a large flat area covered with grass.
B is incorrect because even though there are Option C is also incorrect because 'glen' is not
references to a murder case and the search for a necessarily a 'thickly wooded area', although it can
missing person throughout the passage, the passage be wooded.
does not focus on describing any graphic or horrific Option D is incorrect because 'glen' does not refer to
details. a small stream of water flowing through rocks, but
C is incorrect since while there is some tragedy rather the valley itself.
expected due to the seriousness of the situation 21. (a) The correct answer is A. Primitivism can be
towards the end of the passage, the overall tone isn't described as a ‘recurrent theory or belief, as in
tragic. philosophy or art, that the qualities of primitive or
17. (b) The correct answer is B as the option that cannot be chronologically early cultures are superior to those
inferred from the passage is B. While the passage of contemporary’ and the definition thus most
mentions that it is the height of the summer tourist closely align with that of option A which also
season and that the park's clinic is busy with visitors, presents past, unsophisticated life in a positive way.
it does not hint towards Yosemite National Park Option B doesn’t perfectly address primitivism and
being a popular tourist destination for kids. is irrelevant because primitivism as a philosophy is
Option A is not correct because the passage more about living and less about the hunter-
mentions Dr. Kidd as Yosemite National Park's gatherers specifically.
medical director, implying that he is a physician Option C and D can be eliminated outright because
who works at the park's clinic. primitivism isn’t about material wealth.
Option C is not correct because the passage clearly 22. (c) The correct answer is C as Anthropologists are
mentions that "Armstrong had lived with her social scientists who study human societies and
boyfriend, another Yosemite Institute naturalist, cultures across time and space. C is the broadest,
along with a second roommate, in a green cabin set most suitable option and is eligible to be the correct
by itself at the edge of a golden meadow." answer.
Option D cannot be the correct answer because the A is incorrect because an anthropologist's job isn’t
passage clearly states that "After only a few minutes, necessarily criticizing the ancient way of living.
they spotted footprints, broken saplings, trampled B is incorrect because their job isn’t necessarily
ferns and grass-all evidence of a recent run." thinking about overall societal improvement either,
18. (b) The correct answer is B. The passage states that that can only be said to be a part of their job and fails
Kidd is the medical director of Yosemite National to cover the broader aspect.
Park's clinic and was asked to join the search as a D is incorrect because again, comparing the way of
member of the park's medical staff. living in ancient times to that of now is too specific
 even though anthropologists can sometimes be expected to improve India's ranking in the WEF's
found engaging in the same. Global Gender Gap Report.
23. (c) The correct answer is C. The essay ‘The Original 27. (b) The report identifies major global risks for the next
Affluent Society’ by Marshall Sahlins, which is 2 years and the next 10 years. In the next 2 years, the
talked about in the passage, redefined the realm of major risks include the cost of living, natural
anthropological study of hunter-gatherers. The disasters and extreme weather events, and
essay challenged the commonly held belief that geoeconomic confrontation. In the next 10 years, the
hunter-gatherers were unable to move forward major risks include failure to mitigate climate
technologically and were constantly struggling for change and biodiversity loss and ecosystem
existence. Sahlins argued that hunter-gatherers were collapse.
truly prosperous members of society, getting 28. (d) The report examines four areas of inequality
affluence not via material goods but instead by their between men and women in economies around the
capacity to meet their most basic needs with a globe: economic participation and opportunity,
minimum amount of work. The main focus of the educational attainment, political empowerment, and
text is on how Sahlins’ essay questioned health and survival. For women’s political
conventional conceptions about hunter-gatherers participation, the WEF looks at the number of
A is incorrect because it happens to be only a sub- women in the Union Cabinet and members in both
topic. houses of Parliament. The inclusion of women's
B is incorrect since it doesn’t fully encompass the participation at the panchayat level is a significant
main idea of the passage. change.
D is also incorrect as it is too general and doesn’t 29. (d) The World Economic Forum (WEF) will consider
best work as the main idea of the passage. the participation of women at the panchayat level in
24. (d) The correct answer is D. The passage presents a its future Global Gender Gap reports, which will
scholarly discussion of anthropological theories and improve India's global standing. The WEF is re-
debates, and examines the work of Marshall Sahlins examining and changing the indices for the ranking
in a serious manner. according to a written assurance given to Union
A is a close option, while the author may appreciate Women and Child Development Minister Smriti
the contributions of Sahlins, the overall tone of the Irani.
passage is intellectual inquiry and analysis, rather 30. (b) The key focus of the 'Saptarishi' priority in the
than personal admiration towards specific someone- Union Budget 2023-24 is Inclusive Development.
so it stands incorrect. The 'Saptarishi' priority is a seven-point strategy that
B is incorrect because humanistic tone means includes various sectors such as agriculture,
supporting the principles of humanism, which is not education, health, reaching the last mile,
the case here. infrastructure and investment, unleashing potential,
C is incorrect too. The language of the passage is in and green growth. The focus on Inclusive
fact formal and academic, with references to specific Development under this priority includes initiatives
works and ideas, and there is no indication of like building digital public infrastructure for
sarcasm, humour, or anything remotely alike. agriculture, funding for agri-startups, increasing
agriculture credit target, launching a new sub-
SECTION -B : CURRENT AFFAIRS, INCLUDING scheme of PM Matsya Sampada Yojana for
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE fishermen, fish vendors and MSMEs, and more.
National - Economy - Budget
25. (b) India is now placed 127 out of 146 nations in terms 31. (c) The new scheme for the promotion of green growth
of gender parity, up from 135 last year, according to is called Harit Pragati Yojana. This scheme is aimed
the annual Global Gender Gap Report, 2023. The at promoting sustainable practices and green
gender gap has closed by 64.3% in India. growth. It is part of the government's broader
26. (b) The World Economic Forum (WEF) is planning to initiative to combat climate change and promote
establish a 'Skills and Gender Parity Accelerator' in sustainable development.
India. This initiative is aimed at bolstering public- The new scheme for the promotion of agri-startups
private partnerships to prepare the Indian workforce is called Krishi Startup Yojana. This scheme is
for future work trends, develop the digital and green aimed at providing financial assistance and support
economy, and ensure that women have the necessary to startups in the agriculture sector. It is part of the
skills for the new economy. Additionally, Smriti government's broader initiative to boost the
Irani, the Union Minister for Women and Child agriculture sector and promote innovation in it.
Development in India, has persuaded the WEF to 32. (c) The estimated fiscal deficit for the financial year
include women's participation in panchayats and 2023-24, according to the Union Budget 2023-24, is
local governance, as well as India's gender budget, 5.9% of GDP. Fiscal deficit is the difference
in the Global Gender Gap Report. These between the total income of the government (total
modifications to the report's parameters are taxes and non-debt capital receipts) and its total
 expenditure. A fiscal deficit situation occurs when It will increase coverage of AIR FM (frequency
the government's expenditure exceeds its income. modulation) transmitters in the country to 66% by
This 5.9% fiscal deficit indicates that the geographical area and 80% by population, up from
government is spending beyond its means. 59% and 68% respectively.
The proposed capital outlay for the Railways in the 38. (c) Radio signals are a form of electromagnetic
Union Budget 2023-24 is Rs 2.40 lakh crore. Capital radiation. Electromagnetic waves consist of
outlay is the amount of money allocated for long- oscillating electric and magnetic fields that travel
term physical assets like infrastructure, buildings, through space. These waves can travel through a
and equipment. This is the highest ever outlay for vacuum, such as outer space, as well as through
the Railways, indicating a significant investment in various media, including the Earth's atmosphere.
this sector. Radio signals, like other forms of electromagnetic
33. (a) The vision for the Amrit Kaal, as stated in the Union waves, are characterized by their frequency and
Budget 2023-24, is an empowered and inclusive wavelength. They are generated by an antenna,
economy that is technology-driven and knowledge- which produces an oscillating electric current. This
based with a robust financial sector. The term 'Amrit current creates an oscillating electromagnetic field
Kaal' refers to a period of rejuvenation and that radiates away from the antenna as radio waves.
prosperity. The vision includes leveraging These waves can then be received and detected by
transformative opportunities such as economic an appropriate receiver, allowing for the
empowerment of women through Self-Help Groups transmission of radio signals.
(SHGs), skill development through PM 39. (d) KDKA, situated in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, is
VIshwakarma KAushal Samman (PM VIKAS), universally acknowledged as the pioneering
tourism promotion in mission mode, and green commercial radio station that initiated consistent
growth. broadcasting. On November 2, 1920, KDKA
34. (a) Then hence correct answer option (a) achieved a momentous milestone by transmitting the
35. (b) The scheme will widen Prasar Bharati’s reach, results of the presidential election between Warren
including in the Left-Wing Extremism (LWE), G. Harding and James M. Cox. This historic event
border, and strategic areas, and provide high-quality signifies the commencement of modern radio
content to the viewers. broadcasting.
It will increase coverage of AIR FM (frequency 40. (b) The Special Window for Affordable and Mid-
modulation) transmitters in the country to 66% by Income Housing (SWAMIH) Investment Fund I is a
geographical area and 80% by population, up from social impact fund specifically formed for
59% and 68% respectively. completing stressed and stalled residential projects.
The scheme also envisages free distribution of over The Fund is sponsored by the Ministry of Finance,
8 lakh DD Free Dish STBs (Set Top Box) to people Government of India, and is managed by SBICAP
living in remote, tribal, LWE, and border areas. Ventures Ltd., a State Bank Group company.
In addition to enhancing the scope of public 41. (a) Net-worth positive projects are those projects for
broadcasting, the project has the potential to which the value of their receivables (debts owed to
generate indirect employment by way of them by buyers), plus the value of their unsold
manufacturing and services related to supply and inventories, is greater than their completion costs
installation of broadcast equipment. and outstanding liabilities.
36. (b) The Central government has approved the 42. (b) Statement 1 states that Alternative Investment Funds
Broadcasting Infrastructure and Network (AIFs) are investment vehicles that pool money
Development (BIND) Scheme with an outlay of from investors to invest exclusively in traditional
Rs.2,539.61 crore up to 2025-26. stocks and bonds. However, this statement is
The scheme is for providing financial support to incorrect. AIFs are investment vehicles that pool
Prasar Bharati for expenses related to expansion and money from a variety of investors to invest in assets
upgradation of its broadcasting infrastructure, beyond traditional stocks, bonds, and cash. These
content development, and civil work related to the assets may include private equity, hedge funds, real
organization. estate, commodities, or other non-traditional
Prasar Bharati, as the public broadcaster of the investments. AIFs are specifically designed to
country, is the most important vehicle of provide investors access to alternative asset classes
information, education, entertainment, and and strategies that are not readily available through
engagement for the people, especially in the remote traditional investment avenues.
areas of the country through Doordarshan (DD) and In India, the regulatory body for AIFs is indeed the
All India Radio (AIR). Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).
37. (d) The scheme will widen Prasar Bharati’s reach, SEBI regulates and supervises AIFs through its
including in the Left Wing Extremism (LWE), regulations, namely Securities and Exchange Board
border, and strategic areas, and provide high-quality of India (Alternative Investment Funds)
content to the viewers. Regulations, 2012. These regulations provide
 guidelines for the establishment, operation, and 51. (d) Android and Apple iOSBharOS is based on the
conduct of AIFs in India. Android Open Source Project (AOSP). This makes
43. (b) Open-ended funds are characterized by their ability it somewhat similar to Google’s Android operating
to issue and redeem shares on demand, at the net system. iOS is Apple’s proprietary OS and BharOS
asset value. This means that investors can buy or sell has no similarity with it per se.
shares in the fund at any time. 52. (b) BharOS just does not have any pre-installed apps.
44. (b) The SEBI is the regulatory authority in India that This gives users the flexibility to download any app
provides guidelines and regulations for mutual funds of their choice. BharOS users can download APK
and monitors them for the protection of investors. files that can be found on the internet of the apps
45. (c) This was the 9th edition of the International Day of they want to use. But yes, APK files can be
Yoga. potentially dangerous and Google on its part asks
46. (c) In his address, the Prime Minister highlighted the users not to download APK files.
theme of the International Day of Yoga in 2023,
which is "Yoga for Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam." He SECTION – C: LEGAL REASONING
mentioned that crores of people all over the world
are doing yoga together on this theme. "Vasudhaiva 53. (b) Option (B) is the correct answer because as per the
Kutumbakam" means the world is one family, and it passage, for liability under the MP Freedom of
signifies the spirit of global unity and inclusivity. Religion Act, 2021, it is required that there be an
The Prime Minister emphasized that the propagation actual conversion or attempt to convert, which was
of Yoga is the propagation of the spirit of not the case here. Option (A) is incorrect because
"Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam" and underlined its there will be no liability as per the passage as long
significance in connecting people and fostering a as there is no actual conversion or attempt to
sense of oneness. Therefore, the correct answer is (c) convert. Option (C) is incorrect because despite the
Yoga for Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, as it aligns with fact that Rizwan’s mother could file an FIR, Ajay
the theme mentioned in the report. will not be liable because there was no actual
47. (d) Though Yoga was being practiced in the pre-Vedic conversion or attempt to convert. Option (D) will be
period, the great Sage Maharshi Patanjali wrong because the same is not mentioned in the
systematized and codified the then existing practices facts or the passage.
of Yoga, its meaning and its related knowledge 54. (a) Option (A) is the correct answer because Ajay made
through his Yoga Sutras. After Patanjali, many an attempt to convert Rizwan to Hinduism.
Sages and Yoga Masters contributed greatly for the Moreover, since the complaint was filed by Ajay’s
preservation and development of the field through adopted brother, the same can be investigated by the
their well-documented practices and literature. policeunder the MP Freedom of Religion Act, 2021.
48. (c) Pranayama is an integral part of yoga that focuses By implication option (D) is incorrect. Option (B) is
on the regulation and control of breath. It involves incorrect as the reasoning given provides for the
various breathing exercises and techniques that aim conversion in good faith which is vague and
to enhance the flow of prana (life force energy) irrelevant in the present situation. Option (C) is
within the body. While all the options may have wrong because as per the passage, even an attempt
relevance in yoga, the correct statement that to convert will attract liability if the FIR is filed by
specifically describes pranayama is option (c) a relative of the victim.
49. (c) The big difference between Android and BharOS is 55. (a) Option (A) will be the correct answer because as per
that the latter does not come with any Google the passage, for liability under the MP Freedom of
services or apps. BharOS just does not have any pre- Religion Act, 2021, it is required that there be an
installed apps. This gives users the flexibility to actual conversion or attempt to convert, which was
download any app of their choice. BharOS users can not the case here. Option (B) is wrong because the
download APK files that can be found on the same will not be actual or attempted conversion as
internet of the apps they want to use. But yes, APK per the passage. Option (C) is factually wrong.
files can be potentially dangerous and Google on its Option (D) in incorrect because all requirements for
part asks users not to download APK files. liability under the MP Freedom of religion Act,
50. (a) The idea is to allow users to have more control over 2021 have not been satisfied.
the permissions that apps have on their device, as 56. (b) Option (B) is the correct answer because the school
they can choose to only download apps that they administration will be liable as there has been an
trust to access certain features or data on their actual conversion in accordance with the passage.
devices. The OS provides access to trusted apps Option (A) is incorrect because as per the passage,
from organisation-specific Private App Store the MP Freedom of Religion Act, 2021 punishes
Services (PASS). A PASS provides access to a actual conversion. Option (C) is wrong because the
curated list of apps that is said to be thoroughly same is not sufficient to attract liability under the
vetted and meet certain security and privacy MP Freedom of Religion Act, 2021, in accordance
standards. with the passage. Option (D) is wrong because as per
 the passage, for liability under the MP Freedom of violence act provides protection against verbal
Religion Act, 2021, it is required that there be an abuse in addition to physical abuse, as per the
actual conversion or attempt to convert and only passage. Option (C) is wrong because Nikhil and
these will attract liability. Manya’s relationship fulfilled all criterions and their
57. (d) Option (D) is the correct answer because as per the relationship was in the nature of marriage. Option
passage, it is required that the couple in a live in (D) is wrong because the same is not mentioned as
relationship hold themselves out to society as being a requirement in the passage.
akin to spouses so as to be considered to be in a 62. (a) A is the correct option, in this scenario, Sarah's
relationship in the nature of marriage, which is not expressed acceptance of the offer through email
the case here. Option (A) is wrong because of the represents a valid acceptance. She clearly and
same reason. Option (B) is wrong because as per the unconditionally communicates her acceptance of all
passage, Esha and Chirag will not be considered to the terms of John's offer. This fulfills the
be in a relationship in the nature of marriage as they requirement of absolute and unconditional
did not hold themselves out to society as being akin acceptance.
to spouses. Option (C) is wrong because of the Option B) represents implied acceptance through
abovementioned reason. conduct, where Sarah starts performing project
58. (b) Option (B) is the correct answer because as per the management tasks without explicitly
passage, for a relationship in the nature of marriage, communicating her acceptance. While her actions
the couple should be of legal age to marry. However, indicate a positive response, without an explicit
since Abhishek was still not 21 years of age, he is acceptance, it is not a valid acceptance.
not of the legal age to marry and hence Pranjali Option C) represents a conditional acceptance, as
cannot file an FIR for domestic violence. Option (A) Sarah expresses her interest in the position but seeks
is wrong because even though they had been living to negotiate the salary and request changes to the
together, Abhishek and Pranjali’s relationship does project's budget. A conditional acceptance is not
not qualify as relationship in the nature of marriage considered a valid acceptance since it introduces
as per the passage. Option (C) is wrong because changes to the original offer.
despite the fact that Pranjali was a victim of physical Option D) does not represent a valid acceptance as
violence in a relationship, Abhishek and Pranjali’s Sarah asks questions and expresses her willingness
relationship does not qualify as relationship in the to consider the offer but does not provide a clear and
nature of marriage according to the passage. Option definite acceptance. Mere willingness or inquiries
(D) is wrong because as mentioned in the passage, do not constitute an acceptance.
the domestic violence act can also be used for 63. (d) D is the correct answer, in this scenario, Mark's
couples in live in relationships. expressed acceptance of Lisa's offer through a text
59. (c) Option (C) is the correct answer because as per the message represents a valid acceptance. He explicitly
passage, for a relationship in the nature of marriage, accepts the offer of Rs.1000,000 for the car without
it is required that the couple be unmarried. Since any conditions or modifications. This fulfills the
Abhishek was already married to Pranjali, he cannot requirement of absolute and unconditional
be in a relationship in the nature of marriage with acceptance.
Mahira. Option (A) is wrong because of the same Option A represents a counteroffer where Mark
reason. Option (B) is wrong because as per the proposes a lower price of Rs.9,00000. A
passage, Mahira and Abhishek cannot be in a counteroffer does not constitute a valid acceptance
relationship in the nature of marriage because he is as it introduces changes to the original offer.
already married to Pranjali. Option (D) is wrong Option B represents an act of partial performance,
because aid under the domestic Violence act is not where Mark visits Lisa's house, inspects the car, and
merely limited to married women and extends to live provides her with 100,000 in cash as a token of his
in partners as well according to the passage. intention to buy the car. However, he states that he
60. (a) Option (A) is the correct answer because Khushi and will arrange to transfer the remaining amount
Alok had not been living together for a considerable through a bank transfer. While this action shows an
period (atleast 3 years) as per the passage. Thus, intention to buy, it does not clearly communicate
their relationship was not in the nature of marriage. acceptance of all the terms of Lisa's offer.
Option (B) & (C) are wrong because of the same Option C does not represent a valid acceptance as
reason.. Option (D) is wrong because the same is not Mark asks questions and expresses his interest but
a criterion for maintenance as per the passage. does not provide a clear and definite acceptance.
61. (b) Option (B) is the correct answer because as per the Mere inquiries or expressions of interest do not
passage, women in a relationship in the nature of constitute an acceptance.
marriage can seek protection against verbal abuse. 64. (c) C is the correct answer, in this scenario, Julia's
Since Nikhil and Manya’s relationship fulfilled all acceptance through an email fulfills the requirement
criterions, their relationship was in the nature of of expressing acceptance in a reasonable and usual
marriage. Option (A) is wrong because the domestic manner. As the proposal specifically states that the
 acceptance must be made in writing via email, OptionA ) shows Jane expressing excitement about
Julia's acceptance complies with this requirement. the project but neglecting to address the absence of
She clearly and unconditionally accepts Alex's specific terms, which may lead to ambiguity and
proposal, providing additional details about the potential disputes in the future.
preferred color scheme and delivery address. This Option B ) depicts Jane meeting with Mike but
type of acceptance is considered valid. failing to inquire about the missing terms or propose
Option A) represents an acceptance through a text any contractual agreement, leaving room for
message, which does not adhere to the specified uncertainty and potential disagreements.
manner of acceptance outlined in the proposal. Option C ) indicates that Jane ignores Mike's offer,
Option B) represents a verbal acceptance over the assuming that the missing terms will be resolved
phone, indicating Julia's intention to accept the later. This approach neglects the importance of
proposal. However, it does not meet the requirement clarifying the terms from the outset and may lead to
of accepting the proposal in the prescribed manner. difficulties in the future.
Option D) involves Julia making a payment without 67. (c) Option C is the correct answer because as per the
any written communication, which does not passage a debt is in default when it is not paid in full
constitute a valid acceptance. Acceptance should be or in instalments by the debtor or the corporate
communicated explicitly and in the specified debtor, as applicable, after it has become due and
manner as prescribed in the proposal. payable. The threshold limit for the same is Rs. 1
65. (a) A is the correct answer, in this scenario, option A crore and higher, meaning that any default that is
represents a valid acceptance of Michael's proposal. equal to or greater than the threshold limit can
Sophie's acceptance is made in writing, as specified trigger CIRP (for any default prior to 24th March
in the proposal, by sending an email. She clearly 2020, threshold limit is 1 lakh). Thus, in the instant
expresses her acceptance of the proposal, attaches a case the debt is of the amount over and above the
scanned copy of the acceptance letter, and informs threshold limit and further the debt is in default since
Michael about sending the original signed all the instalment starting from March 2019 have not
acceptance letter via registered post. This been paid. For the argument that for any default
demonstrates Sophie's intent to accept the proposal made from 24th March till one year after that, no
and fulfill the requirement of expressing acceptance insolvency proceedings can be initiated it is to be
in the prescribed manner. kept in mind that the default occurred in 2019 itself,
Option B) involves a verbal acceptance over the there was no renewal of the terms as such. The RIM
phone, which does not meet the requirement of management only said that it will cover for the
acceptance through written communication via defaults occurred previously from March 2020
registered mail. onwards. Therefore, the default already occurred
Option C) represents conduct that indicates interest and hence the defence of the amendment cannot be
and intent but does not fulfill the requirement of taken in the instant case. Thus, Option C is correct
responding within the specified timeframe with a and Option D is not. Option A is wrong because as
written acceptance as stated in the proposal. per the passage debt is in default when it is not paid
Option D) involves sending the acceptance letter via in full or in instalments by the debtor or the
regular mail instead of registered mail, which does corporate debtor, as applicable, after it has become
not adhere to the prescribed manner of acceptance. due and payable. Therefore, even a default of
While Sophie follows up with an email to explain instalment makes the individual subject to CIRP. In
the situation, the initial acceptance was not made in any case in the instant case the entire principal
the manner required by the proposal. amount was defaulted as no money at all was paid
66. (d) D is the correct option, In this scenario, option D till one year from the day amount was to be returned
represents the most appropriate response by Jane. in instalments. Option B is not correct because as per
The principle states that acceptance of an offer the facts itself the agreement provided for no
encompasses the acceptance of all its terms. Since repayment in the first twelve months, therefore non-
the terms of payment and intellectual property rights payment of money since then does not amount to
are not explicitly mentioned in Mike's offer, Jane any default as per the code.
correctly acknowledges the offer but emphasizes the 68. (d) Option D is the correct answer because as per the
need for a written agreement that clearly defines passage According to the code, a debt is in default
these missing terms before proceeding with the when it is not paid in full or in instalments by the
project. This ensures that Jane is aware of and agrees debtor or the corporate debtor, as applicable, after it
to the specific conditions and avoids potential has become due and payable. The threshold limit for
conflicts or misunderstandings. Also, she sought the the same is Rs. 1 crore and higher, meaning that any
information after accepting the offer, which is default that is equal to or greater than the threshold
allowed as per the passage. Hence her acceptance is limit can trigger CIRP (for any default prior to 24th
valid. March 2020, threshold limit is 1 lakh). Thus, it has
to be kept in mind that the defaults occurring before
 24th March have a threshold limit of 1 Lakh, not the and nor a operational creditor (does not provide any
contracts entered in which default occur have to be goods or services). And as per the passage any
seen. Thus, the date of default is the deciding factor defaulting corporate debtor may be the subject of the
and not the date of entry of the contract in which the corporate insolvency resolution process (CIRP),
default occurred. Hence, Option D is correct as the which is the restructuring mechanism outlined in the
default occurred after March 2021, and hence the code. A claim for this may be made against the
threshold limit for triggering CIRP is Rs. 1 crore and debtor by (a) a financial creditor, such as an
in the instant case the money defaulted was only in individual money lender, banks, NBFCs, etc
some lakhs. Thus, Option D is correct and Option A (Section 7) (b) Operational creditor, for example, a
is not. Option B is incorrect because debt is in provider of products or services (Section 9) (c) A
default when it is not paid in full or in instalments corporation or LLP that owes money to anyone is a
by the debtor or the corporate debtor, as applicable, corporate debtor (Section 10). Hence D is correct
after it has become due and payable. Therefore, even and Option A is not. Option B is incorrect because
a default of instalment makes the individual subject factually Yash again default in April 2021 i.e. after
to CIRP. Option C is incorrect because herein the the moratorium period ended. Further, in the instant
threshold limit has not been breached and that’s why case since ICCI is not even a financial creditor hence
CIRP cannot be initiated. the primary reason for not granting CIRP should be
69. (d) Option D is the correct answer because as per the that and not the moratorium bar. Option C is
passage, a person who owes an operational debt, incorrect because it is beyond whatever has been
including anybody to whom it has been legally provided for in the passage.
assigned or transferred, is referred to as an 71. (d) The definition of ostensible is stated or appearing to
operational creditor under section 5 (20). Any claim be true but not necessarily being so. Option C or A
relating to (a) the provision of commodities, (b) the are accurate if we go by meaning, but the factual
provision of services, including employment, or (c) inquiry asks for the meaning in the context of the
any dues owed to the government is referred to as passage, thus Option D is correct.
operational debt. Thus, as per Section 5(20) Kamal Option B has the same interpretation as options A
is an operation creditor since Mama had legally and B, but the factual inquiry asks about the
assigned his rights under the contract with Charlie & meaning of the phrase in respect to the context of the
Chocolates to him. And as Mama was an operational passage. As a result, option D is right.
creditor since he had provided supply of goods to it 72. (d) statement I is correct as the Para 1 provides that The
therefore his right as a operational creditor is Transfer of Property Act, 1882 governs the concept
transferred to Kamal and hence he has a right to of ostensible owner under Section 41. Hence,
initiate CIRP against Charlie & Chocolates. That is correct.
also the reason why Option A is incorrect as by StatementII is also correct as the passage in Para 3
virtue of the mechanism of assigning/transferring provides that the intention of this section is to
Kamal is not in real required to provide any good or safeguard the purchaser from a situation where the
service to the debtor. Option B is incorrect because real owner of the property tries to avoid the transfer
as per the passage in CIRP which is the restructuring on the ground that the transferor was not authorized
mechanism under the code, the operational creditor to do so.
may initiate or file its claim against any defaulting Statement IIIis not correct the passage suggests that
corporate debtor. Hence, the right of the creditor is it is not voidable (refer Para 3). Thus, not correct as
not merely limited to initiating the CIRP but even the passage do not states anything onto the validity
subsequent to those other creditors who can also file of such transfer.
their claims. Option C is incorrect because the Statement IVis not correct as the passage does not
passage that does not at all speaks about the co- state anything on the subject of the principle of
extensive right of the assignor and the assignee and holding out. Thus, incorrect.
hence it cannot be the correct option. 73. (b) Assertion is correct as the maxim Nemo dat quod
70. (d) Correct answer is D because as per the passage any non habet, meaning “no one gives what they do not
individual who has financial debt is a financial have”. It can be inferred from the Para 3 of the
creditor, according to Section 5(7) of the Code. The passage that the general rule for transfer of property
financial debt in essence means money borrowed is that a person cannot transfer a property if he
keeping in mind that the value of money depreciates himself doesn't have a good title over it. Reason
with time thus, Bank loan with interest qualifies as states is also correct as “No one has the right or
financial debt. Hence, for ICCI bank to qualify as a authority to impart or offer a higher right over
financial debtor it must have charged interest from property than what he himself lacks”, meaning no
Yash then only the essentials of Section 5(7) would one can transfer a title which he does not possess.
be fulfilled. In the instant case since that was not Thus, both the statements are correct and hence,
done therefore, ICCI’s request for initiating CIRP option B is correct.
cannot be fulfilled as it is neither a financial debtor
74. (d) Option A is incorrect since the text makes no seven years will not prevent the other spouse from
mention of the owner reclaiming the title or suing remarrying. Because Q returned before the seven-
the individual who served as an ostensible owner in year period expired and Z married the other lady
the absence of the true owner. As a result, incorrect. within five years of Q's disappearance, the second
Option B is erroneous since the factual matrix is marriage is null and void. As a result, options A and
silent on the facts that Simran did/did not entrust her B are excluded. D is not the right answer because it
parents with the ostensible ownership of the presents irrational and absurd reasoning.
property. As a result, cannot be determined. 79. (d) The correct answer is D because, according to the
Option C is partially accurate since the rationale is passage, even if bigamy is illegal, a child born from
true, but the entire assertion is erroneous because the a bigamous union would legally have the same
paragraph only mentions a transaction being rights as a child from a first marriage. We therefore
voidable if it is not made with the consent of the real rule out options B and C. Since A does not offer any
owner or if the genuine owner is not aware of the legal justification that is in tune with the passage, it
transaction. As a result, option D is right. is not the right answer.
75. (b) The correct answer is B because according to the 80. (b) The correct answer is option B. The passage states
passage, IPC Section 494 penalizes bigamy or that the Delhi High Court rejected the plea
polygamy, which refers to marrying again during the challenging the method of empanelment of
lifetime of a husband or wife. However, the advocates to represent the Central government. The
provision does not apply to a marriage that has been Court upheld the freedom of the Government of
declared void by a court. For example, if a marriage India to appoint its own lawyers, considering it as
is declared void due to being a child marriage, IPC one of the largest litigants in the country. Option A
Section 494 would not be applicable in such a case. is incorrect because the Court did not order a fixed
The passage specifically mentions this exception. panel size or a written examination for the
Option A is incorrect because it contains appointment of government counsel. Option C is
information contrary to the passage.. Option C is incorrect because the Court did not direct the
incorrect because it refers to the filing of a complaint payment of a fixed salary or retainer fee to the
by the first wife against her husband, which is empanelled lawyers. Option D is incorrect as the
unrelated to the circumstances where IPC Section passage mentions that the Court dismissed the PIL,
494 does not apply. Option D is incorrect because it noting that it was filed without any public interest
mentions the performance of the second marriage and with ulterior motives.
according to prescribed customs, which is not 81. (c) The correct answer is C because, according to the
mentioned as an exception in the passage. passage, a litigant is always free to select a lawyer
76. (a) The correct answer is A because, according to the to defend him, and the Government of India, one of
passage, IPC Section 494 ("Marrying again during the biggest litigants in the nation, is free to select its
the lifetime of husband or wife") penalizes bigamy own attorneys. Options A and B are ruled out since
or polygamy. "Whoever, having a living husband or there is no set protocol that must be followed for the
wife, marries in any case in which such marriage is Government to hire a lawyer. D is not the right
void by reason of taking place during the life of such answer because it offers no legal justification.
husband or wife, shall be punished with 82. (a) The correct response is A since it was argued, using
imprisonment of either description for a term which a passage example that the size of the panel
may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable appointed to represent the Central government is not
to fine," the section states. We rule out options B and fixed and that the government does not accept
C since they are clearly barred under the IPC. Option applications for its appointment or renewal.
D is improper since it lacks any legal reasoning. According to Nischal, the Supreme Court's ruling in
77. (d) The correct answer is D because, according to the State of Punjab v. Brijeshwar Singh Chahal violates
passage, IPC Section 494 ("Marrying again during the law by appointing attorneys as government
the lifetime of husband or wife") penalizes bigamy counsel. The Court began by pointing out that the
or polygamy. This rule, however, does not apply to petitioner was an empanelled government counsel
a marriage that has been declared void by a court, and that, at the time of his empanelment, neither a
such as a child marriage. Because the child marriage fixed panel to represent the government nor any
between V and T was already pronounced null and written examination had been conducted before his
void, V's marriage to H is lawful. As a result, we rule [Link] B and Option C are erroneous
out options A and C. B is not the proper answer since based on the Court's argument. Option D is improper
it lacks legal justification. since it is devoid of legal justification.
78. (c) The correct answer is C because, according to the 83. (b) The correct answer is B because, in accordance with
passage, the prohibition of bigamy does not apply if the passage, a division bench composed of Chief
a spouse has been continuously away for seven Justice Satish Chandra Sharma and Justice
years. This means that a spouse who has abandoned Subramanian Prasad remarked that the salaries of
the marriage or whose whereabouts are unknown for attorneys appointed by the Central government are
 not fixed. These attorneys are compensated on a programs to mitigate and adapt to climate
case-by-case basis and are not even given a retainer change.
fee. We rule out options A and C since they are not o It also does not address the historical and
a Central Government policy. D is not the right political commitments towards research
answer because it lacks logic and is irrational and funding and actions for building a sustainable
absurd. climate-resilient healthcare system in India,
84. (a) The correct answer is A because, according to the which the author mentions as inadequate.
passage, a litigant is always free to select a lawyer ● D) This option does not directly relate to the
to defend him or her, and the Government of India, author’s argument, which is concerned with
one of the country's largest litigants, is free to select the health effects of climate change, not the
its own attorneys. Further, the government does not cultural effects.
accept applications for appointment to or renewal of o It also does not provide any evidence or
the panel and the panel's size to represent the Central explanation for how India’s culture can foster
government is not fixed. We therefore rule out social cohesion and solidarity in the face of
options B and C. Option D is unnecessary because climate change challenges.
option A already offers the right answer. o It also does not account for the possible
conflicts and tensions that may arise due to
SECTION - D : LOGICAL REASONING climate change among different cultural
groups in India.
85. (a) The author’s argument is based on the premise that 86. (c) An inference is a logical conclusion or deduction
India lacks a climate change or disaster- resilient that can be drawn from the passage, based on the
healthcare system, which makes it more vulnerable information and evidence provided by the author.
to the health effects of climate change. If this An inference is not explicitly stated in the passage,
premise is false, then the argument is weakened. but can be reasonably derived from it. The author
Therefore, a statement that shows that India has a suggests that climate change and its health effects
robust public health system that can cope with the are interrelated and complex phenomena that require
increased burden of diseases and disasters due to multidisciplinary approaches, by showing how they
climate change would most weaken the author’s affect various aspects of human life, such as health,
argument. agriculture, economy, environment, and society.
Additional points: The author also mentions the need for developing
● A) This option contradicts the author’s claim and implementing climate change resilient health
that there is little progress towards initiatives and technological innovations, which
developing a climate change or disaster- imply the use of scientific, technical, and practical
resilient healthcare system in India. solutions to address the challenges posed by climate
o It also implies that India can handle the health change and its health effects. The other options are
impacts of climate change without needing either too strong, too weak, or too specific to be
additional measures or initiatives. inferred from the passage.
o It also challenges the author’s assumption Additional points:
that a robust public health system is necessary ● A) This option is too strong and cannot be
for building a climate change-resilient inferred from the passage. The author does
healthcare system in India. not explicitly state or imply that climate
● B) This option does not directly address the change is the most pressing issue facing
author’s argument, which is focused on the humanity today, but rather focuses on its
health effects of climate change, not the health effects in India.
environmental or social effects. o This option also does not account for the
o It also does not provide any evidence or possibility that there may be other issues or
explanation for how India’s population can challenges that the author considers
adapt to changing environmental and social important or urgent, but does not mention in
conditions due to climate change. the passage.
o It also does not account for the existing health o This option also does not reflect the analytical
inequalities and vulnerabilities among tone of the author, who does not make value
different segments of India’s population. judgments or personal opinions, but rather
● C) This option does not directly challenge the provides a strong view to support his or her
author’s argument, which is based on the analysis.
current situation of India’s healthcare system, ● B) This option is too weak and cannot be
not its future potential. inferred from the passage. The author does
o It also does not provide any specific examples not explicitly state or imply that India should
or details of how India’s political leadership collaborate with other countries to tackle
can implement effective policies and climate change and its health effects, but
 rather analyzes the factors and challenges that passage. The other options are either too strong, too
make India vulnerable to them. weak, or too irrelevant to be assumptions that the
o This option also does not provide any author makes in the passage.
evidence or explanation for how or why India Additional points:
should collaborate with other countries to ● A) This option is too strong and cannot be
tackle climate change and its health effects. assumed from the passage. The author does
o This option also does not account for the not explicitly state or imply that climate
possibility that there may be other ways or change is caused by human activities and can
strategies for India to tackle climate change be reversed or slowed down by reducing
and its health effects, besides collaborating greenhouse gas emissions, but rather focuses
with other countries. on the health effects of climate change in
● C) An inference is a logical deduction that India.
can be made based on the information and o This option also does not account for the
evidence provided by the author in a passage. possibility that there may be other causes or
o The author indicates that climate change and factors that contribute to climate change,
its health effects are interconnected and besides human activities.
complex, requiring multidisciplinary o This option also does not account for the
approaches to address their impacts on possibility that there may be other ways or
various aspects of human life. strategies to deal with climate change and its
o The passage suggests the importance of health effects, besides reducing greenhouse
developing and implementing climate change gas emissions.
resilient health initiatives and technological ● B) This option is too weak and cannot be
innovations, implying the use of scientific, assumed from the passage. The author does
technical, and practical solutions to tackle the not explicitly state or imply that the poor and
challenges posed by climate change and its vulnerable populations in India are aware of
health effects. the health effects of climate change and are
● D) This option is too specific and cannot be willing to take preventive measures, but
inferred from the passage. The author does rather analyzes how they are affected by
not explicitly state or imply that climate them.
change and its health effects are not given o The passage does not provide any evidence or
enough attention or priority by the Indian explanation for how or why the poor and
government and society, but rather highlights vulnerable populations in India are aware of
the urgent need for developing a climate the health effects of climate change and are
change-resilient healthcare system in India. willing to take preventive measures.
o This option also does not provide any o This option also does not account for the
evidence or explanation for how or why possibility that there may be other factors or
climate change and its health effects are not barriers that prevent or hinder the poor and
given enough attention or priority by the vulnerable populations in India from being
Indian government and society. aware of or taking preventive measures
o This option also does not account for the against the health effects of climate change,
possibility that there may be other factors or such as lack of access to information,
reasons that prevent or hinder the education, or resources.
development of a climate change-resilient ● C) This option is too irrelevant and cannot be
healthcare system in India, besides lack of assumed from the passage. The author does
attention or priority. not explicitly state or imply that the health
87. (d) An assumption is a belief or premise that is not effects of climate change in India are similar
explicitly stated in the passage, but is necessary for to those in other countries or regions that face
the author’s argument or analysis to be valid. An similar climatic conditions, but rather
assumption is something that the author takes for compares India with other countries or
granted or does not question. The author assumes regions to highlight its vulnerability.
that the development of a climate change-resilient o The passage does not provide any evidence or
healthcare system in India requires adequate explanation for how or why the health effects
research funding and actions from the government of climate change in India are similar to those
and other stakeholders, by implying that the lack of in other countries or regions that face similar
these factors is one of the reasons for the little climatic conditions.
progress towards developing such a system. The o This option also does not account for the
author also implies that these factors are essential for possibility that there may be differences or
building a sustainable climate-resilient healthcare variations in the health effects of climate
system in India, which is the ultimate goal of the change in India and other countries or regions
 that face similar climatic conditions, due to alternative options are deemed insufficient to
different socioeconomic, cultural, or convey the main point of the passage.
environmental factors. ● C) This option is contrary to what is stated in
o D) An assumption is an unstated belief or - the passage. The author talks about the
premise necessary for the author's argument urgent need for climate change resilient
to be valid. health initiatives and technological
o The author assumes that adequate research innovations, and also about the factors and
funding and government actions are needed challenges that make India vulnerable to the
for the development of a climate change- health effects of climate change.
resilient healthcare system in India. o This option also does not mention India’s
o The author implies that the lack of these specific context or situation, which is a
factors has hindered progress in building such crucial part of the passage.
a system. ● D) This option is too specific and does not
o The author considers these factors essential represent the main point or message of the
for achieving a sustainable climate-resilient passage. The author does not only talk about
healthcare system in India. the lack of progress towards developing a
88. (b) The central idea of the passage is the main point or climate change or disaster-resilient
message that the author wants to convey to the healthcare system in India, but also about the
readers. The central idea of this passage is that India causes and consequences of climate change
is particularly vulnerable to the health effects of and its health effects in India.
climate change due to its socioeconomic o This option also does not mention India’s
disadvantages, geographical location, and socioeconomic disadvantages, geographical
dependence on climate- sensitive sectors. The location, or dependence on climate-sensitive
author supports this idea by providing various sectors, which are key factors that make it
examples and evidence throughout the passage, such vulnerable to the health effects of climate
as the lack of access to essential services, the change.
exposure to extreme weather events, the impact of o This option also does not capture the
air pollution on agricultural production, and the analytical tone of the author, who does not
projected rise in temperatures, changes in rainfall only criticize or complain, but also provides
patterns, and the melting of Himalayan glaciers. The evidence and reasons for his or her claims.
author also compares India with other countries or 89. (d) The author is most likely to agree with the statement
regions to highlight its vulnerability. The other that climate change is a multifaceted challenge that
options are either too broad, too narrow, or too demands comprehensive and integrated solutions
specific to capture the central idea of the passage. from various disciplines and sectors, based on the
Additional points: tone and content of the passage. The author shows
● A) This option is too broad and does not how climate change affects various aspects of
reflect the specific focus of the passage. The human life, such as health, agriculture, economy,
author does not discuss the consequences of environment, and society, and how these effects are
climate change for everyone, but rather for interrelated and complex. The author also mentions
the poor and vulnerable populations in India. the need for developing and implementing climate
o This option also does not mention the health change resilient health initiatives and technological
effects of climate change, which is a key innovations, which imply the use of scientific,
aspect of the passage. technical, and practical solutions to address the
o This option also does not capture the challenges posed by climate change and its health
analytical tone of the author, who does not effects. The other options are either too strong, too
merely state the facts, but also explains why weak, or too irrelevant to reflect the author’s
they are important and relevant. perspective on climate change.
● B) The passage argues that India is highly Additional points:
susceptible to the health consequences of ● A) This option is too strong and cannot be
climate change due to its socioeconomic inferred from the passage. The author does
disadvantages, geographical location, and not explicitly state or imply that climate
reliance on climate-sensitive sectors. change is a global crisis that requires
o Examples and evidence are provided to collective action and cooperation from all
support this idea, including limited access to countries and stakeholders, but rather focuses
vital services, exposure to extreme weather on the health effects of climate change in
events, and the adverse effects of air pollution India.
on agriculture. o This option also does not account for the
o Comparisons with other regions are made to possibility that there may be other ways or
emphasize India's vulnerability, while strategies to deal with climate change and its
 health effects, besides collective action and the author is logical and consistent in his or her
cooperation. analysis of the hypothetical scenario of the absence
● B) This option is too weak and cannot be of a Muslim population in India, by showing how it
inferred from the passage. The author does would have changed the political dynamics in India,
not explicitly state or imply that climate such that Hindutva politics would have lost all locus
change is a local problem that can be solved and electoral purchase among Hindus, and the
by individual actions and initiatives from the realities of caste and class would have come to the
affected communities and regions, but rather fore. This assumption is necessary for the author’s
analyzes the factors and challenges that make argument to be valid, because it provides a basis for
India vulnerable to the health effects of comparing and contrasting the hypothetical scenario
climate change. with the actual situation, and for making a
o The passage does not provide any evidence or counterfactual claim. The other options are not
explanation for how or why individual necessary for the author’s argument to be valid,
actions and initiatives can solve climate because they are either too strong, too weak, or too
change and its health effects. irrelevant to support or justify the conclusion.
o This option also does not account for the The additional points for all options:
possibility that there may be other factors or ● A) This option is not necessary for the
barriers that prevent or hinder individual author’s argument to be valid, because it is
actions and initiatives from solving climate too strong and does not follow from the
change and its health effects, such as lack of premise or evidence provided by the author.
resources, information, or coordination. The author does not explicitly state or imply
● C) This option is too irrelevant and cannot be that he or she is biased against Hindutva
inferred from the passage. The author does politics and its instruments of Hindu
not explicitly state or imply that climate victimisation and Muslim appeasement, but
change is an inevitable phenomenon that rather provides facts and logic to support his
cannot be prevented or controlled by human or her analysis.
interventions or technologies, but rather o The author does not use any emotive or
highlights the urgent need for developing a derogatory language or tone to express his or
climate change- resilient healthcare system in her criticism of Hindutva politics, but rather
India. uses an analytical and objective style.
o This option also does not provide any o The author does not ignore or dismiss any
evidence or explanation for how or why positive or beneficial aspects of Hindutva
climate change is an inevitable phenomenon politics, but rather acknowledges its success
that cannot be prevented or controlled by and popularity among some Hindus.
human interventions or technologies. o The author does not make any personal
o This option also does not account for the attacks or accusations against the Hindutva
possibility that there may be some evidence lobby or its supporters, but rather focuses on
or arguments that suggest otherwise, such as their political actions and strategies.
scientific studies, historical trends, or ● B) This option is not necessary for the
alternative scenarios. author’s argument to be valid, because it is
● D) The author agrees that climate change is a too weak and does not support or justify the
complex challenge requiring comprehensive conclusion. The author does not explicitly
solutions from multiple fields. state or imply that he or she is knowledgeable
o The passage illustrates how climate change about the history and culture of the Muslim
impacts different areas of human life, population in India and their role in Hindutva
including health, agriculture, economy, politics, but rather assumes some prior
environment, and society, highlighting their knowledge on the topic.
interconnectedness. o The author does not provide any specific
o The author emphasizes the importance of examples or details of the history and culture
developing resilient health initiatives and of the Muslim population in India and their
technological innovations to tackle climate role in Hindutva politics, but rather makes
change and its health consequences. general references to them.
o The other options do not accurately represent o The author does not cite any sources or
the author's viewpoint on climate change. authorities to support his or her claims or
90. (d) The conclusion of the argument above is that no assertions about the history and culture of the
greater favour was ever done to the Hindutva lobby Muslim population in India and their role in
than by the vast majority of Muslim Indians who Hindutva politics, but rather relies on his or
chose not to leave their beloved Hindustan. This her own opinion or interpretation.
conclusion cannot be true unless it is assumed that
 o The author does not demonstrate any deep or Indians, and that their ancestors had contributed
nuanced understanding of the history and richly in countless ways. The other options can be
culture of the Muslim population in India and inferred from the passage, because they are
their role in Hindutva politics, but rather consistent or compatible with the tone and content
simplifies them. of the passage. The author is critical of Hindutva
● C) This option is not necessary for the politics and its instruments of Hindu victimisation
author’s argument to be valid, because it is and Muslim appeasement, by showing how they
too irrelevant and does not relate to the have exploited or manipulated the Muslim presence
conclusion. The author does not explicitly in India for their own political gains. The author is
state or imply that he or she is aware of the sympathetic to the Muslim population in India and
factors and challenges that make India their rich contributions and complex history, by
vulnerable to the health effects of climate highlighting their loyalty and diversity. The author
change, but rather mentions them as a is analytical of the factors and challenges that make
separate topic or theme in the passage. India vulnerable to the health effects of climate
o The author does not provide any connection change, by providing various examples and
or link between the factors and challenges evidence throughout the passage.
that make India vulnerable to the health Additional points:
effects of climate change and the conclusion ● A) This option can be inferred from the
that no greater favour was ever done to the passage, as explained above.
Hindutva lobby by the vast majority of o The author does not use any emotive or
Muslim Indians who chose not to leave their derogatory language or tone to express his or
beloved Hindustan. her criticism of Hindutva politics, but rather
o The author does not address or acknowledge uses an analytical and objective style.
any possible objections or counterarguments o The author does not ignore or dismiss any
that may challenge his or her awareness of the positive or beneficial aspects of Hindutva
factors and challenges that make India politics, but rather acknowledges its success
vulnerable to the health effects of climate and popularity among some Hindus.
change, such as alternative explanations, o The author does not make any personal
evidence, or perspectives. attacks or accusations against the Hindutva
● D) This option is necessary for the author’s lobby or its supporters, but rather focuses on
argument to be valid, because it is based on their political actions and strategies.
an assumption that supports and justifies the ● B) This option can be inferred from the
conclusion. passage, as explained above.
o The author is logical and consistent in his or o The author does not provide any specific
her analysis of the hypothetical scenario of examples or details of the history and culture
the absence of a Muslim population in India, of the Muslim population in India and their
by showing how it would have changed the role in Hindutva politics, but rather makes
political dynamics in India, such that general and vague references to them.
Hindutva politics would have lost all locus o The author does not cite any sources or
and electoral purchase among Hindus, and authorities to support his or her claims or
the realities of caste and class would have assertions about the history and culture of the
come to. Muslim population in India and their role in
91. (c) An inference is a logical conclusion or deduction Hindutva politics, but rather relies on his or
that can be drawn from the passage, based on the her own opinion or interpretation.
information and evidence provided by the author. o The author does not demonstrate any deep or
An inference is not explicitly stated in the passage, nuanced understanding of the history and
but can be reasonably derived from it. The author is culture of the Muslim population in India and
supportive of the partition of India and Pakistan and their role in Hindutva politics, but rather
the migration of Muslims to the new dominion simplifies lifies them.
cannot be inferred from the passage, because it ● C) This option cannot be inferred from the
contradicts or goes against the tone and content of passage, as explained above.
the passage. The author does not express any o This option also contradicts or goes against
support or approval for the partition of India and the sympathetic tone of the author, who does
Pakistan or the migration of Muslims to the new not support or approve the partition of India
dominion, but rather presents a hypothetical and Pakistan or the migration of Muslims to
scenario of what would have happened if all Indian the new dominion, but rather presents a
Muslims had opted to go join the new dominion. The hypothetical scenario of what would have
author also implies that the Muslim population in happened if all Indian Muslims had opted to
India belongs to Hindustan as much as Hindu go join
 o This option also does not provide any o This option is also opposite to the mentioning
evidence or explanation for how or why the of why the Muslim population in India did a
author would support or approve the partition great favour to the Hindutva lobby by staying
of India and Pakistan or the migration of in India, or why their rich contributions and
Muslims to the new dominion, given his or complex history are irrelevant or
her perspective on Hindutva politics and its insignificant for Hindutva politics.
implications for India. o This option also accounts for the possibility
o This option also does not account for the that there may be other factors or aspects that
possibility that there may be other reasons or influence or affect Hindutva politics in India,
motives for the partition of India and Pakistan besides the Muslim presence or absence.
or the migration of Muslims to the new ● B) This option is incorrect. The author of the
dominion, besides political or religious ones, passage has nothing to do with some political
such as economic, social, or personal ones. parties in India but the overall fabric of
● D) This option can be inferred from the politics. Refer to these lines, “Imagine that
passage, as explained above. all Indian Muslims had opted to go join the
o This option also reflects the analytical tone of new Dominion of Pakistan in 1947. What
the author, who does not make value then might have been the shape of
judgments or personal opinions, but rather Hindutva politics? Would Hindutva politics
provides facts and logic to support his or her been either possible at all, or fruitful if tried
analysis. as a standard electoral gimmick.
o This option also covers one of the main CLEARLY, THE RIGHT-WING
themes or topics of the passage, which is the WOULD HAVE BEEN OBLIGED TO
existential relaity of the right wings by VIE FOR STATE POWER WITHIN AN
pointing out the fact that the political EXCLUSIVELY HINDU SOCIETY,
dynamics would have changed had the Indian WITH NO “OTHER” TO POLARISE
Muslims opted to go join the new Dominion HINDUS AGAINST. Calls to the spectre of
of Pakistan in 1947. Hindu victimisation and ‘Muslim
92. (a) Flaw reasoning happens when premise fails to appeasement’ – two conjoint tried and tested
properly justify conclusion. In this passage, the instruments of Hindutva politics – WOULD
author took a hypothetical situation in account and HAVE LOST ALL LOCUS AND
based his argument on it. His assumption is based on ELECTORAL PURCHASE among
religious ground and no other parameter. Since, the HINDUS.” These highlighted part clearly
political fabric has multiple aspects of governing shows that it is about the locus and electoral
and putting an allegation on the ground of one aspect purchase among Hindus. That means, Hindus
would fail the very purpose of politics. He suggests are only interested in Hindutva and not any
that the Muslim population in India did a great other aspect. So either if we talk about some
favour to the Hindutva lobby by staying in India, or all political parties it would still be
despite their rich contributions and complex history. erroneous to justify the option to address the
This seems contradictory or absurd, because one flaw.
would expect that the Muslim population in India ● This option also does not provide any
would be a hindrance or a challenge to the Hindutva evidence or explanation for why Hindutva
lobby, not a favour or an advantage. The best way to politics can thrive in the absence of a Muslim
address the flaw is to look for other factors or population in India, or why their presence is
aspects. Therefore, a statement that shows that the irrelevant or insignificant for Hindutva
author overlooks the other sources and strategies of politics.
Hindutva politics in India, such as its nationalist and ● C) and D) both of these options are incorrect.
cultural ideology, its use of external enemies or In option C) it talks about that people of India
internal dissenters, or its manipulation of media and want Indian political parties to be Hindutva
education systems, and Hindutva politics can thrive oriented where as in passage it is about
in India regardless of or despite the Muslim Hindus and NOT INCLUDING MUSLIMS
presence. IN IT. Option D) is irrelevant because the
Additional points: author has not mentioned anything related to
● A) This option is correct and does addresses Muslims interest in Hindutva Rashtra.
the core flaw in the reasoning out of given 93. (d) The author’s argument is that no greater favour was
options. It is unreasonable to assume only ever done to the Hindutva lobby than by the vast
Muslims as a way to milk the political agenda majority of Muslim Indians who chose not to leave
and no other aspect is needed and required as their beloved Hindustan, because they provided an
discussed in the explanation part of the “other” to polarise Hindus against, and a pretext for
solution. invoking Hindu victimisation and Muslim
 appeasement. If this argument is true, then any opportunities and challenges for Hindus that
statement that provides additional evidence or may undermine or counteract Hindutva
explanation for how Hindutva politics has benefited politics.
from the Muslim presence in India would strengthen ● D) This option is correct as explained above.
the argument. Therefore, a statement that shows that o The author argues that Hindutva politics
Hindutva politics has been able to mobilise the owes its success to the Muslim presence in
Hindu vote bank by creating a sense of insecurity India, which provides an “other” to polarise
and resentment among Hindus against the Muslim Hindus against.
presence in India would most strengthen the o The author’s argument can be strengthened
author’s argument, by showing how Hindutva by showing how Hindutva politics has
politics has used the Muslim presence in India as a benefited from the Muslim presence in India.
political tool or weapon. o One way to strengthen the argument is to
Additional points: show that Hindutva politics has created a
● A) This option does not directly address the sense of insecurity and resentment among
author’s argument, which is based on the Hindus against the Muslim presence in India.
hypothetical scenario of the absence of a 94. (d) The author’s argument is that Hindutva politics
Muslim population in India, not on the actual would have lost all locus and electoral purchase
situation of communal riots and conflicts. among Hindus in the absence of a Muslim
o This option also does not provide any population in India, because there would be no
evidence or explanation for how or why “other” to polarise Hindus against, and the realities
Hindutva politics has exploited the of caste and class would have come to the fore. If
communal riots and conflicts that have this argument is true, then any statement that shows
occurred between Hindus and Muslims in that Hindutva politics has other sources or strategies
India since independence. of gaining locus and electoral purchase among
o This option also does not account for the Hindus would weaken the argument. Therefore, a
possibility that there may be other causes or statement that shows that Hindutva politics is not
factors that contribute to communal riots and only aimed at creating a Hindu majority, but also at
conflicts, besides Hindutva politics or homogenising and assimilating the diverse and
Muslim presence. pluralistic expressions of Hinduism into a
monolithic and hegemonic identity would most
● B) This option does not directly challenge the weaken the author’s argument, by showing how
author’s argument, which is focused on the Hindutva politics can create an “other” within
internal dynamics of Hindutva politics within Hinduism itself, and suppress or marginalise the
India, not on its external relations with other differences and dissent among Hindus.
countries. Additional points:
o This option also does not provide any specific ● A) This option does not directly address the
examples or details of how or why Hindutva author’s argument, which is based on the
politics uses the perceived threat of external hypothetical scenario of the absence of a
enemies such as Pakistan or China to Muslim population in India, not on the actual
mobilise Hindus. situation of Hindutva politics.
o This option also does not address the o This option also does not provide any
hypothetical scenario of the absence of a evidence or explanation for how or why
Muslim population in India, which may Hindutva politics has a nationalist and
affect the perception or relevance of external cultural ideology that appeals to many
enemies such as Pakistan or China for Hindus regardless of their caste or class.
Hindutva politics. o This option also does not account for the
● C) This option does not directly relate to the possibility that there may be other nationalist
author’s argument, which is concerned with and cultural ideologies that appeal to many
the communal aspect of Hindutva politics, Hindus besides Hindutva politics, such as
not with its social or economic aspect. secularism, socialism, or regionalism.
o This option also does not provide any ● B) This option does not directly challenge the
evidence or explanation for how or why author’s argument, which is focused on the
urbanisation, globalisation, and consumerism internal dynamics of Hindutva politics within
create new aspirations and anxieties among India, not on its external relations with other
Hindus that can be exploited by Hindutva countries.
politics. o This option also does not provide any specific
o This option also does not account for the examples or details of how or why Hindutva
possibility that urbanisation, globalisation, politics uses the perceived threat of external
and consumerism may also create new
 enemies such as Pakistan or China to o This option also does not reflect the tone and
mobilise Hindus. content of the passage, which is critical and
o This option also does not address the negative towards the report, not neutral or
hypothetical scenario of the absence of a descriptive.
Muslim population in India, which may o This option also does not reflect the author’s
affect the perception or relevance of external perspective and position on the issue, which
enemies such as Pakistan or China for is opposed to retaining section 124A on the
Hindutva politics. books, not indifferent or unconcerned about
● C) This option does not directly relate to the it.
author’s argument, which is concerned with ● B) This option captures the central idea of the
the communal aspect of Hindutva politics, passage, as explained above.
not with its social or economic aspect. o This option also reflects the tone and content
o This option also does not provide any of the passage, which is critical and negative
evidence or explanation for how or why towards the report, especially for ignoring the
urbanisation, globalisation, and consumerism Supreme Court’s free speech jurisprudence
create new aspirations and anxieties among and the principle of proportionality.
Hindus that can be exploited by Hindutva o This option also reflects the author’s
politics. perspective and position on the issue, which
o This option also does not account for the is opposed to retaining section 124A on the
possibility that urbanisation, globalisation, books, not in favour of it.
and consumerism may also create new ● C) This option does not capture the central
opportunities and challenges for Hindus that idea of the passage, because it contradicts or
may undermine or counteract Hindutva goes against what the author has stated or
politics. implied in the passage. The Law Commission
● D) This option is correct as explained above. of India has submitted a report on the
o The author claims that Hindutva politics constitutionality of section 124A of the
depends on Muslims as the “other” to unite Indian Penal Code, which is a comprehensive
Hindus and win votes. and balanced document that considers the
o The author’s argument can be weakened by history, purpose, and comparative analysis of
showing that Hindutva politics has other the provision and its impact on free speech
ways of gaining support among Hindus. does not convey the author’s criticism and
o One way to weaken the argument is to show disappointment with the report, which is the
that Hindutva politics tries to make Hinduism main point or argument of the passage.
uniform and dominant, and creates an “other” o This option also does not reflect the tone and
within Hinduism itself. content of the passage, which is critical and
95. (b) The central idea of the passage is the main point or negative towards the report, not positive and
argument that the author wants to convey to the appreciative.
reader. It is usually stated or implied in the o This option also does not reflect the author’s
introduction or conclusion of the passage, or perspective and position on the issue, which
throughout the passage. The Law Commission of is opposed to retaining section 124A on the
India has submitted a report on the constitutionality books, not in favour of it.
of section 124A of the Indian Penal Code, which is ● D) This option does not capture the central
a flawed and biased document that ignores the idea of the passage, because it contradicts or
Supreme Court’s free speech jurisprudence and the goes against what the author has stated or
principle of proportionality captures the central idea implied in the passage. The Law Commission
of the passage, because it summarizes the author’s of India has submitted a report on the
criticism and disappointment with the report for its constitutionality of section 124A of the
lack of rigour, analysis, and coherence in assessing. Indian Penal Code, which is a vague and
Additional points: irrelevant document that focuses on the
● A) This option does not capture the central colonial origins, Constituent Assembly
idea of the passage, because it is too general debates, and public-order jurisprudence of
and incomplete. The Law Commission of the provision does not convey the author’s
India has submitted a report on the criticism and disappointment with the report,
constitutionality of section 124A of the which is the main point or argument of the
Indian Penal Code, which is a measure that passage.
limits citizens’ free speech rights does not o This option also does not reflect the tone and
convey the author’s criticism and content of the passage, which is critical and
disappointment with the report, which is the negative towards the report, not indifferent or
main point or argument of the passage. dismissive.
 o This option also does not reflect the author’s but rather implies that it is a flawed and
perspective and position on the issue, which biased one, according to his or her
is opposed to retaining section 124A on the perspective.
books, not unconcerned about it. o This option also does not reflect the tone and
o This option also does not account for the content of the passage, which is critical and
possibility that there may be some relevance negative towards the Law Commission of
or significance of the colonial origins, India and its report, not positive and
Constituent Assembly debates, and public- appreciative.
order jurisprudence of the provision, despite o This option also does not reflect the author’s
their limitations or shortcomings. perspective and position on the issue, which
96. (c) An inference is a logical conclusion or deduction is opposed to retaining section 124A on the
that can be drawn from the passage, based on the books, not in favour of it.
information and evidence provided by the author. ● C) This option can be inferred from the
An inference is not explicitly stated in the passage, passage, as explained above.
but can be reasonably derived from it. The author o This option also reflects the tone and content
believes that the principle of proportionality is a of the passage, which is critical and negative
crucial and effective standard of review for towards the Law Commission of India and its
assessing the constitutionality of rights-infringing report, especially for ignoring this principle.
sections can be inferred from the passage, because it o This option also reflects the author’s
follows from the author’s criticism and perspective and position on the issue, which
disappointment with the Law Commission’s report is in favour of using this principle as a
for ignoring this principle. The author also implies standard of review for assessing the
that this principle is more suitable and desirable than constitutionality of rights-infringing sections,
other standards of review, such as Wednesbury such as section 124A.
unreasonableness analysis, and that this principle ● D) This option cannot be inferred from the
can reveal the logic and consistency of any passage, because it contradicts or goes
constitutional assessment. against what the author has stated or implied
Additional points: in the passage.
● A) This option cannot be inferred from the ● The author stated that “As a measure that
passage, because it is too strong and goes limits citizens’ free speech rights,
beyond what the author has stated or implied proportionality should be the primary
in the passage. The author does not explicitly standard of review any court – in our “age of
state or imply that he or she believes that proportionality” – deploys.” This sentence
section 124A of the Indian Penal Code is has clarified the stand of the author in regards
unconstitutional and should be repealed or to the constitutionality and rights of the
struck down, but rather criticises the Law citizens in the eye of the reforms.
Commission’s report for its lack of rigour, 97. (b) An assumption is a premise or belief that is not
analysis, and coherence in assessing its explicitly stated or supported by evidence, but is
constitutionality. taken for granted or implied by the author in order
o This option also does not account for the to make his or her argument valid or coherent. An
possibility that there may be other reasons or assumption is usually necessary for the author’s
motives for the author’s criticism of the Law argument to be valid, because it provides a basis or
Commission’s report, besides his or her link between the premise and the conclusion. The
belief that section 124A is unconstitutional Supreme Court’s free speech jurisprudence and the
and should be repealed or struck down, such principle of proportionality are crucial and effective
as academic, professional, or personal ones. standards of review for assessing the
o This option also does not account for the constitutionality of rights- infringing sections is an
possibility that there may be some validity or assumption that the author makes in the passage,
merit in section 124A or the Law because it is not explicitly stated or supported by
Commission’s report, despite their flaws or evidence.
drawbacks, such as security, stability, or Additional points:
public interest ones. ● A) This option is not an assumption that the
● B) This option cannot be inferred from the author makes in the passage, because it is too
passage, because it contradicts or goes strong and does not follow from the premise
against what the author has stated or implied or evidence provided by the author. The
in the passage. The author does not believe author does not explicitly state or imply that
that the Law Commission of India is an the Law Commission of India is a flawed and
independent and impartial body that provides biased body that does not provide objective
objective and reliable reports on legal issues, and reliable reports on legal issues, but rather
 criticises its report on the constitutionality of 98. (b) An Objection is similar to a flaw or a weakness or
section 124A of the Indian Penal Code for its an error in reasoning, logic, or evidence that
lack of rigour, analysis, and coherence. undermines or invalidates an argument or claim. A
o This option also does not account for the flaw can be identified by pointing out how it affects
possibility that there may be other reasons or or influences the validity or coherence of an
motives for the author’s criticism of the Law argument or claim, or by showing how it can be
Commission’s report, besides his or her challenged or refuted by an alternative explanation,
assumption that it is a flawed and biased evidence, or perspective. The report does not use the
body, such as academic, professional, or principle of proportionality as a standard of review
personal ones. for assessing the constitutionality of rights-
o This option also does not account for the infringing sections is a flaw in the Law Commission
possibility that there may be some validity or of India’s report on the constitutionality of section
merit in the Law Commission of India or its 124A of the Indian Penal Code, according to the
report, despite their flaws or drawbacks, such author, because it undermines or invalidates its
as expertise, experience, or authority. argument or claim that section 124A is
● B) This option is an assumption that the constitutional and should be retained on the books.
author makes in the passage, as explained The author implies that this principle is more
above. suitable and desirable than other standards of
o This option also reflects the tone and content review, such as Wednesbury unreasonableness
of the passage, which is critical and negative analysis.
towards the Law Commission of India and its Additional points:
report, especially for ignoring this ● A) This option is not a flaw. This option is
assumption. wrong in the eye of the information provided
o This option also reflects the author’s in the passage. The author has not mentioned
perspective and position on the issue, which that the understanding of the proportionality
is in favour of using this assumption as a was crystal clear.
standard of review for assessing the ● On the other hand, the report must have used
constitutionality of rights-infringing sections, the principle of proportionality to assess the
such as section 124A. constitutionality of rights infringing sections;
● C) This option is not an assumption that the that was the missing part in the eye of the
author makes in the passage, because it is author.
partially true. The author does not explicitly ● B) This option is a flaw in the Law
state or imply that the authorities were unable Commission of India’s report on the
to understand the role and relevance and constitutionality of section 124A of the
significant factors that should be considered Indian Penal Code, according to the author,
in any constitutional assessment. as explained above.
o This option also does not provide any o This option also reflects the tone and content
connection or link between this assumption of the passage, which is critical and negative
and the argument of the author. towards the report, especially for ignoring
● D) This option is not an assumption that the this principle.
author makes in the passage, because it is too o This option also reflects the author’s
irrelevant and does not relate to the perspective and position on the issue, which
conclusion. The author does not explicitly is in favour of using this principle as a
state or imply that he or she assumes that the standard of review for assessing the
constitutionality of section 124A of the constitutionality of rights-infringing sections,
Indian Penal Code is a matter of public such as section 124A.
interest and concern that affects the citizens’ ● C) This option is not a flaw in the Law
free speech rights, but rather takes this as a Commission of India’s report on the
given or a fact in the passage. constitutionality of section 124A of the
o This option also does not reflect the tone and Indian Penal Code, according to the author,
content of the passage, which is critical and because it is not true or accurate. The report
negative towards the Law Commission of does provide some evidence or explanation
India and its report, not neutral or descriptive. for why section 124A should be retained on
o This option also does not reflect the author’s the books, such as its history, purpose, and
perspective and position on the issue, which comparative analysis with other jurisdictions.
is opposed to retaining section 124A on the The author may disagree or dispute with this
books, not indifferent or unconcerned about evidence or explanation, but he or she does
it. not deny or disregard its existence.
 o This option also does not account for the o The author accuses the report of passing the
possibility that the report may have provided buck onto the police for the misuse of
sufficient or convincing evidence or sedition law, instead of holding the political
explanation for why section 124A should be class accountable.
retained on the books, according to its own o The author implies that the report’s
perspective or criteria. comparative survey of sedition law in other
o This option also does not account for the jurisdictions is irrelevant or misleading, as it
possibility that there may be other reasons or does not reflect India’s constitutional values
motives for retaining section 124. or context.
● D) This option is not a flaw in the Law ● B) This option is correct because it captures
Commission of India’s report on the the author’s main argument and tone. The
constitutionality of section 124A of the author strongly disagrees with the Law
Indian Penal Code, according to the author, Commission report and its conclusions. The
because it is not relevant or significant for the author finds the report flawed and biased, as
issue at hand. The author does not explicitly it ignores or contradicts the constitutional
state or imply that the report should address values of India.
or acknowledge any possible objections or o The report wants to keep sedition law, but
counterarguments that may challenge its ignores the Supreme Court’s rulings, gives
constitutionality, but rather criticises its unclear rules, and raises the penalty.
report for its lack of rigour, analysis, and o The author disagrees with the report’s
coherence in assessing its constitutionality. conclusion, and criticizes its
o This option also does not account for the recommendations for being vague, arbitrary,
possibility that the report may have addressed and harsh.
or acknowledged some possible objections or o The author also notes that the report does not
counterarguments that may challenge its consider the colonial origin and the political
constitutionality, but did not find them misuse of sedition law.
relevant or significant for its constitutionality ● C) This option is incorrect because it gives a
assessment. positive evaluation of the Law Commission
o This option also does not account for the report, which is contrary to the author’s view.
possibility that there may be other factors or The author does not find the report useful or
aspects that are more relevant or significant informative, but rather redundant or
for the issue at hand, such as the Supreme deceptive. The author does not appreciate the
Court’s free speech jurisprudence and the report’s historical and comparative
principle of proportionality. perspective on sedition law, but rather
99. (b) The author criticizes the Law Commission report for questions its relevance and accuracy.
concluding that sedition law should be retained, o The author states that he will not examine the
despite its colonial origins and its misuse by the report’s history of sedition law, as it serves no
political class. The author also points out that the purpose beyond establishing the provision’s
report disregards the Supreme Court’s jurisprudence origin.
on free speech and public order, which has narrowed o The author argues that highlighting the
down the scope of sedition law. The author also colonial origins of sedition law is only
finds fault with the report’s recommendations, relevant insofar as it displaces any
which are vague, arbitrary, and harsh. presumption of constitutionality; it has no
Additional points: bearing on its constitutionality itself.
A) This option is incorrect because the author o The author criticizes the report for
clearly disagrees with the Law Commission undertaking a wide-ranging comparative
report and its conclusions. The author does survey of sedition law in diverse
not find the report comprehensive or jurisdictions, without explaining how they
balanced, but rather flawed and biased. are relevant or applicable to India’s situation.
o The author questions the purpose of the o The author suggests that the report’s
report’s history of sedition law, which does comparative survey may be misleading, as it
not address the issue of proportionality, may omit or distort important differences or
which is the primary standard of review for similarities between different legal systems.
rights-infringing measures. ● D) This option is incorrect because it
o The author challenges the report’s exaggerates the author’s criticism of the Law
assumption that sedition law is necessary for Commission report. The author does not
India’s security, which is not backed by any claim that the report is irrelevant or outdated,
evidence or analysis. but rather that it is flawed and biased. The
author does acknowledge that the report will
 likely form an important part of any future o The author shows that “all of this data has
judgement on sedition law, which implies been stored in un-encrypted databases and
that it has some bearing on its has clearly been breached.”
constitutionality. o The author claims that “The screenshots of
o The author states that “it is important to the data breach show us that the extent of this
closely read a document that will likely form breach is so wide that mitigating this can be
an important part of any future judgement on so challenging.”
[sedition law].” ● C) This option is correct because it is an
o The author does not dismiss the report’s assumption on which the conclusion depends.
history of sedition law as irrelevant or See reference line and explanation above.
outdated, but rather as having no bearing on o The government wants to make money from
its constitutionality. the data by storing and selling it.
o The author does not ignore or deny the o The author wants the government to delete
report’s comparative survey of sedition law the data and let the citizens request it. He
in other jurisdictions, but rather criticizes it assumes that the government does not delete
for being irrelevant or misleading. the data because of its money-making
100. (c) The author’s conclusion is that there is no need for motive.
the government to maintain the health data anymore, ● D) This option is incorrect because it is not
and that the citizens should be allowed to demand an assumption on which the conclusion
data deletions. This conclusion depends on the depends, but rather a possible implication or
assumption that the government has a secondary consequence of the conclusion. The author
interest in creating a data economy by selling the does not assume that the future data
data, which is the reason why it does not delete the protection law will not apply to the
data. government databases, but rather predicts
Additional points: that it may be so based on his conclusion.
● A) This option is incorrect because it is not o The author states that “A future data
an assumption on which the conclusion protection law may allow data deletions, but
depends, but rather a possible objection or again only with the private sector and not
counterargument to the conclusion. The from government databases.”
author does not assume that the government o The author implies that his conclusion may
has no legal obligation to protect the data, but have an impact on how the future data
rather argues that it has a moral and protection law will be framed or
constitutional obligation to do so under the implemented.
Right to Privacy judgement. o The author suggests that his conclusion may
o The author states that “Ideally, under the challenge or change the status quo of how the
Right to Privacy judgement, we should be government handles its databases.
allowed to demand data deletions.” 101. (c) This option weakens the arguments given in the
o The author implies that the government has passage as it is depicting the benevolent nature of
violated the Right to Privacy judgement by the intention of the government in storing the data
storing and potentially selling the data collected by it through the portal.
without consent or protection. This option negates or weakens the point of the
o The author suggests that the government has author when he states that the government wants to
failed to fulfil its legal obligation to protect create a data economy by utilising the portal data.
the data by not conducting forensic analysis, This option makes author’s argument weak that the
cybersecurity audits, or basic security government has shady ulterior monetary motives in
measures. storing the data of persons in the portal.
● B) This option is incorrect because it is not an Incorrect option A) This option strengthens the
assumption on which the conclusion depends, argument of the author in stating that the personal
but rather a possible premise or evidence for information or identity numbers of persons are not
the conclusion. The author does not assume stored in the portal negating any possibility of data
that the data breach of CoWIN has caused breach.
irreparable harm to the privacy and security This option
of the citizens, but rather presents it as a fact Incorrect Option B) This option strengthens the
or an argument to support his conclusion. point of the author that under the right to privacy
o The author states that “The scale of this data judgment citizens should have the right to ask for
breach is much higher than any other data erasing the history of their data from the portal.
breach so far given that almost every adult Incorrect Option D) This option strengthens the
Indian citizen who took the COVID vaccine point of the author that the authority managing the
was forced to do it through CO-WIN.” app had to come up with a privacy policy after
 pressure and protests. Most government apps not caring or being responsible for the
lacking the privacy policy must be mandated to have citizens’ data or privacy.
such a policy as the author states that data breaches ● D) This option is incorrect because it is
from such apps or portals are very common. contradictory. The author does not imply or
102. (c) The author expresses his dissatisfaction and distrust suggest that he is unsupportive of the Right to
of the government and the bureaucracy throughout Privacy judgement and the Internet Freedom
the passage. He accuses them of denying, ignoring, foundation, but rather mentions them directly
or mishandling the data breach of CoWIN, and of in his argument.
having no interest or obligation to protect the o The author states that “Ideally, under the
citizens’ data or privacy. Right to Privacy judgement, we should be
● A) This option is incorrect because it cannot allowed to demand data deletions.” and "In
be inferred from the passage, but rather stated fact, the CoWin website had no privacy
explicitly by the author. The author does not policy, to begin with, and it was the common
imply or suggest that he is in favour of data public and Internet Freedom foundation
deletion and data protection laws, but rather which forced the National Health Authority
asserts it directly in his conclusion. to get one two years ago.”
o The author states that “Ideally, under the o The author also implies that he is supportive
Right to Privacy judgement, we should be of the Right to Privacy judgement by
allowed to demand data deletions.” and “A criticizing the government for violating or
future data protection law may allow data ignoring it by storing and potentially selling
deletions…” the data without consent or protection.
o The author also implies that he is in favour of o The author also implies that he is supportive
data protection laws by criticizing the of the Internet Freedom foundation by
government for not having any interest to acknowledging their role in forcing the
protect the data or complying with the Right National Health Authority to get a privacy
to Privacy judgement. policy for CoWIN.
o This option is also too narrow, as it does not 103. (a) This option is most similar to the author’s arguments
capture the author’s main point, which is in the given passage, as it also criticises the
about the government’s secondary interest in government for collecting and storing the personal
creating a data economy. data of the citizens without their consent or
● B) This option is incorrect because it cannot protection, and for violating their right to privacy
be inferred from the passage, but rather and exposing them to the risk of data breaches and
assumed or speculated by the reader. The identity theft.
author does not state or imply that he is Additional points:
against data collection and data economy, but ● A) This option is most similar to the author’s
rather questions or challenges the arguments in the given passage. See
government’s motives and methods of doing explanation above.
so. o The option and the passage both criticise the
o The author does not oppose data collection or government’s data collection and storage.
data economy per se, but rather criticizes the o The option and the passage both claim that
government for maximising data collection the government does not have consent or
without protecting the data, and for having a protection for the data.
secondary interest in creating a data economy o The option and the passage both argue that
by selling the data. the government violates the right to privacy
o The author does not suggest any alternative of the citizens.
or preferable way of handling data collection o The option and the passage both warn that the
or data economy, but rather focuses on government exposes the citizens to data
demanding data deletion or protection. breaches and identity theft.
o This option is also too broad, as it does not ● B) This option is not similar to the author’s
reflect the author’s specific concern, which is arguments in the given passage, as it does not
about the government’s misuse or abuse of deal with the issue of data collection or data
CoWIN data. protection, but rather with the issue of
● C) This option is correct because it can be taxation. It also does not criticise the
inferred from the passage. See reference line government for violating any constitutional
and explanation above. right or exposing any security risk, but rather
o The author is unhappy and distrustful of the for being unjust or inequitable.
government and the bureaucracy. o This option is about a different topic
o The author blames them for lying, neglecting, (taxation) than the passage (data).
or botching the CoWIN data breach, and for
 o This option is based on a different value ● Option B partially agrees with the main point
(justice or equity) than the passage (privacy that the author is trying to make in the
or security). passage, which is to criticize Boris Johnson’s
o This option does not mention any data breach hyperbole conservatism and hardline
or data economy, which are central to the nationalism. However, it does not mention
passage. his lack of accountability, which is the main
● C) This option is not similar to the author’s focus of the author. It also does not cover his
arguments in the given passage, as it does not entire political career, but only his
deal with the issue of data collection or data resignation as an MP.
protection, but rather with the issue of o This option supports the information given in
infrastructure development. It also does not the passage that Boris Johnson rose to the top
criticise the government for violating any of the Conservative Party during the chaotic
constitutional right or exposing any security Brexit years, and that he accused the
risk, but rather for being wasteful or committee of a witch hunt and revenge for
unnecessary. Brexit.
o This option is about a different topic o This option does not address Boris Johnson’s
(infrastructure) than the passage (data). violation of lockdown rules and lying to
o This option is based on a different value Parliament, or his continued attack on Prime
(efficiency or necessity) than the passage Minister Rishi Sunak.
(privacy or security). o This option could be seen as an ad hominem
o This option does not mention any data breach attack, which is a logical fallacy.
or data economy, which are central to the ● Option D partially agrees with the main point
passage. that the author is trying to make in the
● D) This option is not similar to the author’s passage, which is to criticize Boris Johnson’s
arguments in the given passage, as it does not mishandling of the COVID-19 pandemic and
deal with the extreme view that the govt. the Brexit aftermath. However, it does not
should never collect and store data under any mention his lack of accountability, which is
circumstance. The author is not agreeing with the main focus of the author. It also does not
govt. on not deleting the data along with not cover his entire political career, but only his
providing security to the collected data. resignation as an MP.
o This option is about an extreme view that is o This option supports the information given in
not in coherence with author’s. the passage that Boris Johnson faced
o This option is based on a different value that criticism from both sides of the Brexit debate
suggest that the govt. has no power in any and that he attended parties during the
case to collect data and store data. lockdown.
104. (c) Option C captures the main point that the author is o This option does not address Boris Johnson’s
trying to make in the passage, which is to criticize lying to Parliament or his other allegations of
Boris Johnson’s lack of accountability and its corruption and cronyism.
impact on his political career. It also summarizes the o This option could be seen as an appeal to
main theme that runs throughout the passage. popularity, which is a logical fallacy.
Additional points: 105. (b) Option B reflects the author’s negative tone and
● Option A partially agrees with the main point critical evaluation of Boris Johnson’s leadership,
that the author is trying to make in the which is evident throughout the passage. It also
passage, which is to criticize Boris Johnson’s captures the main points of his misconduct and lack
misconduct and dishonesty. However, it does of accountability, which are the reasons for his
not mention his lack of accountability, which resignation.
is the main focus of the author. It also does Additional points:
not cover his entire political career, but only ● Option A contradicts the author’s opinion and
his resignation as an MP. the information given in the passage, which
o This option supports the information given in portray Boris Johnson as a failed and
the passage that Boris Johnson violated unpopular leader who was rightly exposed by
lockdown rules and lied to Parliament, and his opponents.
that he lost popularity and support. o This option is similar to Boris Johnson’s own
o This option does not address Boris Johnson’s claim of being a victim of a witch hunt and
other allegations of corruption and cronyism, revenge for Brexit, which the author
or his attack on an imagined racket of dismisses as an attack on an imagined racket
Remainers. of Remainers.
o This option could be seen as an appeal to o This option does not acknowledge Boris
emotion, which is a logical fallacy. Johnson’s violation of lockdown rules and
 lying to Parliament, which are the main criticism from both sides of the Brexit debate
reasons for his resignation. and that he attended parties during the
o This option could be seen as an appeal to lockdown.
emotion, which is a logical fallacy. o This option does not address the specific
● Option C partially agrees with the author’s charges of breaking the rules and lying to
opinion and the information given in the Parliament, which were the main reasons for
passage, which acknowledge Boris Johnson’s his resignation.
charisma and vision as factors that helped ● Option B partially provides the reason by
him rise to the top of the Conservative Party. showing how Boris Johnson’s party had lost
However, it downplays the severity and several seats in by- elections and local votes
frequency of his mistakes, which are not mere due to the public discontent with his policies
errors of judgment but deliberate acts of and scandals, which reduced his political
misconduct and dishonesty. power and influence. However, it does not
o This option is similar to some of Boris explain why he resigned as an MP or why he
Johnson’s supporters’ views, who admired faced an inner-party revolt and a
his leadership and personality despite his parliamentary inquiry.
flaws. o This option supports the information given in
o This option does not address Boris Johnson’s the passage that Labour expects to win all
lack of accountability and repentance, which three seats vacated by Tory MPs and that the
are the main reasons for his resignation. Tories are under pressure due to their low
o This option could be seen as an appeal to public support.
popularity, which is a logical fallacy. o This option does not address the specific
● Option D partially agrees with the author’s charges of breaking the rules and lying to
opinion and the information given in the Parliament, which were the main reasons for
passage, which recognize Boris Johnson’s his resignation.
pragmatism and flexibility as qualities that ● Option D partially provides the reason by
enabled him to navigate the chaotic showing how Boris Johnson’s opponents had
Brexit years. However, it implies that he launched a campaign to expose his corruption
adapted to the changing circumstances for the and cronyism and to demand his resignation
betterment of the country, rather than for his or suspension, which increased his scrutiny
own political gain or survival. and accountability. However, it does not
o This option is similar to some of Boris explain why he resigned as an MP or why he
Johnson’s defenders’ arguments, who faced an inner-party revolt and a
justified his policy shifts and compromises as parliamentary inquiry.
necessary responses to the challenges he o This option supports the information given in
faced. the passage that Boris Johnson faced several
o This option does not address Boris Johnson’s allegations of corruption and cronyism and
violation of lockdown rules and lying to that he accused the committee of a witch hunt
Parliament, which are the main reasons for and revenge for Brexit.
his resignation. o This option does not address the specific
o This option could be seen as an appeal to charges of breaking the rules and lying to
authority, which is a logical fallacy. Parliament, which were the main reasons for
106. (c) Option C the reason by showing how Boris his resignation.
Johnson’s own actions alienated his core base of 107. (a) Option A weakens the argument by providing an
supporters, who were crucial for his electoral alternative motive for Rishi Sunak’s rebellion,
success in 2019. It also explains why he faced an namely his personal ambition and rivalry, which
inner-party revolt and a parliamentary inquiry, makes it less likely that he acted out of genuine
which led to his resignation. concern for the government’s performance. It also
Additional points: casts doubt on his credibility and integrity as a
● Option A partially provides the reason by leader.
showing how Boris Johnson’s popularity had Additional points:
declined due to his mishandling of the ● Option B strengthens the argument by
COVID-19 pandemic and the Brexit suggesting that Rishi Sunak had a positive
aftermath, which were major issues for the and loyal relationship with Boris Johnson,
public. However, it does not explain why he which makes it more likely that he rebelled
resigned as an MP or why he faced an inner- only when he saw serious flaws in the
party revolt and a parliamentary inquiry. government’s performance.
o This option supports the information given in
the passage that Boris Johnson faced
 o This option supports the information given in ● Option C weakens the argument by providing
the passage that Rishi Sunak was a member an alternative reason for Mr. Johnson’s
of Boris Johnson’s Cabinet. resignation, namely his poor performance on
o This option does not explain why Rishi Sunak Brexit, which was a key issue for his party
changed his stance on Boris Johnson’s and the country.
leadership or what specific issues he raised o This option shifts the focus away from Mr.
against him. Johnson’s misconduct and dishonesty, which
o This option could be seen as an appeal to are the main points of the argument.
authority, which is a logical fallacy. o This option does not explain why Mr.
● Option C neither strengthens nor weakens the Johnson would resign before the committee
argument by providing irrelevant information report was made public, which suggests that
about the policy differences between Rishi he was afraid of the consequences.
Sunak and Boris Johnson, which do not o This option could be seen as an ad hominem
directly relate to the government’s attack, which is a logical fallacy.
performance or their rebellion. ● Option D weakens the argument by offering
o This option does not address the main issue a partial admission and an excuse for Mr.
of whether Rishi Sunak’s rebellion was Johnson’s actions, which could reduce his
constructive or political. culpability and elicit sympathy from some
o This option does not indicate whether these people.
policy differences were significant or minor, o This option contradicts the information given
or how they affected the public opinion or the in the passage that Mr. Johnson told
party unity. Parliament that he followed all guidance
o This option could be seen as a red herring, completely, which shows that he lied or was
which is a logical fallacy. deliberately ignorant.
● Option D neither strengthens nor weakens the o This option does not account for the multiple
argument by providing neutral information parties that Mr. Johnson attended, which
about Rishi Sunak’s consultation with other shows a pattern of disregard for the rules and
stakeholders before rebelling against Boris public health.
Johnson, which does not imply anything o This option could be seen as an appeal to
about his motive or assessment of the ignorance, which is a logical fallacy.
government’s performance.
o This option does not contradict or support the SECTION - E : QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES
information given in the passage that Rishi
Sunak’s rebellion quickened Boris Johnson’s Hint (Q.109-112)
fall as Prime Minister.
o This option does not indicate whether these
consultations were genuine or manipulative,
or how they influenced the outcome of the
rebellion.
o This option could be seen as an appeal to
consensus, which is a logical fallacy.
108. (a) Option A strengthens the argument by providing
additional evidence of Mr. Johnson’s misconduct
and lack of accountability, which undermines his
claim of being a victim of a witch hunt. It also According to the question the Venn diagram is
weakens the alternative explanation that he resigned drawn above. Y is the number of students studying
due to a revenge plot by his opponents. no subjects and 2y is the students studying all the
Additional points: subjects. Now the number of students studying at
● Option B weakens the argument by least two subjects is region 2 + region 3 = 32 = 28 +
suggesting that Mr. Johnson had a strong 2y. Hence y = 2 and the students studying all
political position and popularity, which subjects is 4, studying no subject is 2.
makes it less likely that he resigned due to 109. (a) Hence the ratio of students studying all the subjects
external pressure or fear of losing support. to studying B&C both is = 4: 8 = 1 :2. Ans. (a)
o This option contradicts the information given 110. (a) Students studying no subjects is 2 and studying
in the passage that Mr. Johnson faced an A&B both is 6 hence their ratio becomes 1:3.
inner-party revolt and lost public support. Ans.(a)
o This option does not address the main issue 111. (d) Data is insufficient to find the number of students
of Mr. Johnson’s violation of lockdown rules studying A only. Ans (d)
and lying to Parliament.
112. (a) Number of students studying at least two subjects is 114. (b) Required ratio = 6000: 6500 = 12: 13
32 which is 16 times the number of students 115. (d) Required average = (4200 + 740 + 2200 + 3360)/4
studying no subjects that is 2. Ans.(a) = 10500/4 = 2625
HINT [113-116]: 116. (d) Number of female workers is highest from Bihar
Total number of workers = 24000 which is 3000.
Number of males = 7/12 x 24000 = 14000 117. (b) Profit of Aditya in Industrial sector = 81000 – 30000
Number of females = 5/12 x 24000 = 10000 – 24000 = Rs.27000
Number of males from Bihar = 25/100 x 14000 = Let, the investment of Aditya in Industrial sector be
3500 Rs. x
24000 27000
8000 =
Number of females from Jharkhand = 4/7 x 3500 = 𝑥
2000 ⇒ x = 9000
Number of males from Jharkhand = 2000 x 110/100
= 2200 Let, the investment of Aditya in finance sector be
Number of females from Kerala = 18/100 x 10000 = Rs.y
85000 105000
17000 =
1800
𝑦
Total number of workers from Kerala = 25/100 x
24000 = 6000
Number of males from Kerala = 6000 - 1800 = 4200 118. (a) ⇒ y = 21000
Desired Ratio = 21000:9000= 7:3
Profit of Veer = 75000 3 × 5 = 125000
Number of males from Punjab = 80/100 x 4200 = Profit of Aditya = 75000 3 × 4 = 100000
3360 Let, the amount invested by Aditya and Veer be Rs.x
Number of males from Karnataka = 14000 - 4200 - and Rs.y respectively
𝟒
2200 - 3500 - 3360 = 740 According to the question, 𝒙×𝟖 =
Number of females from Karnataka = 740 x 120/100 𝒚×𝟏𝟎 𝟓
= 888 x; y = 1: 1
Number of females from Bihar = 30/100 x 10000 = And,
3000 x + y = 14000 ⇒ x = 7000, y = 7000
Number of females from Punjab = 10000 - 1800 - Let, the time period for which Sushant invested his
888 - 2000 - 3000 = 2312 amount be z months
7000×10 5
Total number of workers from Karnataka = 740 + ∴ = ⇒ z = 7 months
6000×𝑧 3
888 = 1628 119. (c) Profit of Aditya = 396000 – 132000 – 165000
Total number of workers from Jharkhand = 2200 + = Rs.99000
2000 = 4200 Amount invested by Aditya = 15000 × 99000 =
Total number of workers from Bihar = 3500 + 3000 165000
= 6500 𝑅𝑠 9000
Total number of workers from Punjab = 3360 + Amount invested by Veer = 15000 × 132000 =
165000
2312 = 5672 Rs.12000
States Male Female Total Desired Percentage = 9000 × 100 =
12000+9000+15000
Kerala 4200 1800 6000 25%
Karnataka 740 888 1628 120. (c) Investment of Aditya in Finance = 17000 × 105000 =
Jharkhand 2200 2000 4200 85000
Rs. 21000
Bihar 3500 3000 6500
Investment of Veer in Energy = 15000 × 132000 =
Punjab 3360 2312 5672 165000
Total 14000 10000 24000 Rs. 12000
113. (c) Required percentage = 3500/4200 x 100 = 83.33%
Desired Percentage = 21000−12000 × 100 = 75%
= 83% approx. 12000