Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)

ISSN: 2458-9403
Vol. 9 Issue 2, February - 2022

Development of an Undervoltage and

Overvoltage Device Using Programmable
Interface Controller (PIC)
Ekuewa, Oluwaseun Isaiah Ajibesin, Samson Oluwasina
Department of Electrical and electronics Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, Federal University of Technology Akure, Engineering, Federal University of Technology,
Ondo state Akure, Ondo state
ekuewao@[Link] samajibesin@[Link]

Afolabi, Basit Bolaji. Atanda Oluwaseun Sodiq

Department of Electrical and Electronics Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, Federal University of Technology Akure, Engineering, Federal Polytechnic Ede, Osun state
Ondo state Atandaseun26@[Link]
afolabibasit@[Link]

Abstract—Fluctuations and irregularities in power circuit. Electrical power system protection is

supply over the years has become a worrying
phenomenon whose effects pose risks not just to
required for both user and the system equipment
industrial consumers but also to domestic consumers. itself from faults, hence system must not be
Due to the fluctuations in the ac-mains supply to operated without installed protection devices. Fault
electricity consumers, there are chances of voltage is defined as undesirable conditions that occurs in
over-hikes and under-voltage. Protection system is the power system such as short circuit, current
necessary in both industrial and residential power leakages, under-voltage and overvoltage [1].
consumption, there are some shortcomings on Protection has become more important today. The
previous project such as unreliable time delay, voltage ability of protection system is demanded not only
readout assumptions in the output and narrow voltage for economic reason but also customer just expect
window. However, this propose protection system is
precise in output, wide voltage window and switches
reliable service [3]. When the voltage in circuit or
within microseconds. This protection system uses part of it is raised above its upper design limit, this
programmable interface controller (PIC 16F877A), which is known as overvoltage. The conditions maybe
mirrors the mains supply voltage and provide a means hazardous, depending on its duration. The
of controlling the applied load. the switching operation overvoltage event can be transient, a voltage
is achieved by using a transistor and electromechanical spike, or permanent, leading to a power surge.
relay. The system was realized using fewer components This could be caused by lightning strike or
and reduced power consumption, thereby making it switching operations of inductive or capacitive
less expensive. However, the project is limited to loads. Overvoltage can also occur due to single
domestic use only and the voltage window is between
150-240V. Some components can be added for
line to ground fault, which in turn will raise the
commercial or industrial use and likewise to increase voltage of the other phases. It can also be caused
the voltage window. due to disconnection of heavy industrial loads or
switching on the capacitor banks [1]. the load
Keywords—Over-voltage, Undervoltage drawing more current from the supply and in turn
Programmable Interface Controller (PIC) may cause damage to the load. This Under-voltage
I. INTRODUCTION is a term which describes a drop in voltage in a
circuit or part of it this leads to could be caused by
For safety purpose, all electrical and electronics opening and closing of circuit breaker at
devices, must be powered at prescribed voltage substations, transformer energizing, bad weather
limits. Voltage fluctuations in electrical power (lightning strike leading to line ground fault), and
supply certainly have adverse effects on connected equipment failure [1]. Overvoltage and under-
loads. These fluctuations can be of under-voltage voltage protection are essential so as to improve
and overvoltage which can be caused by voltage power quality supplied to electric power users and
surge, lightning overload and so on. Under-voltage this can be realized in a number of ways which
causes overloading of the equipment leading to include the use of programmable interface
lamp flickers and inefficient performance. Similarly, controllers (PIC). Electronic or electrical equipment
overvoltage are the voltages that exceeds the is dependent on power to operate. While voltage
normal or rated values which causes insulation and current bring life to a circuit and also cause
damage to electrical appliance leading to short harm. Therefore, the common sources of failure
are when the equipment exceed or below its rated
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ISSN: 2458-9403
Vol. 9 Issue 2, February - 2022

working voltage. The common example of an over- atmospheric changes along the length of the line,
voltage is lightning. Lightning strikes and other electrostatically induced voltages due to presence
similar type of transient over-voltages are often of charged clouds nearby and electrostatically
referred to as surges. Transient over-voltages have induced over voltages due to the frictional effects
a short duration of a few microseconds after which of small particles like dust or dry snow in the
they disappear [2]. Surge appear when large atmosphere or due to change on the altitude of the
amounts of energy are released in a system. This line. [4]
may be due to the switching of capacitive and Internal over voltages, these over voltages are
inductive elements, connection or disconnection of caused by changes in operating condition of the
power-lines and general switching in and out of power system. These can be divided into two
other circuit elements. Furthermore, poorly groups as: Switching over voltages or transient
designed supply and distribution grids can increase over operation voltages of high frequency. This is
the susceptibility to disturbances. Transient over- caused when switching operations is carried out
voltages can enter the equipment from the outside under normal conditions or when fault occurs in the
through power lines and other mediums. However, network. Likewise, when a side of a transformers
they may also arise from inside. Example is the or reactors is switched on, over voltages of
operation of electric motors as they are inductive transient nature occurs [4, 16]. Temporary over
elements. Moreover, sudden decrease in load voltages are caused when some major loads get
conditions where more energy is supplied than is disconnected from the long line under normal or
needed could cause an overvoltage [2]. Large steady sate conditions.
enough transients may damage or immediately
destroy equipment or shorten the lifetime of the B. Effects of over voltages on power systems
equipment. Likewise, under-voltage is caused due Over voltage tends to stress the insolation of the
to overloading of equipment leading to inefficient electrical equipment and probable to caused harm
performance of the equipment. A voltage which is to them when it occurs. Over voltage caused
below the optimum operational or rated value of a surges can result in spark over and flash over
component, circuit or device is called an under- between phase and ground at the weakest point in
voltage. When there is a sudden drop in the root the network, breakdown of gaseous/solid/liquid
mean square (r.m.s) voltage and is usually insolation, failure of transformer and rotating
characterized by remaining or retained voltage, it is machines [4, 18]. The quantity of the exhausted
said to be under-voltage. Thus, it is a short power by a load depends not only on the
duration reduction in r.m.s voltage, caused mainly magnitude and nature of the load, but also on the
by short circuit, starting of large motors and voltage useful to the load. Precisely, in engineering
equipment [Link] also occurs in electrical circuit terms, power is the rate of energy distribution and
due to load switched or on and power factor is proportional to the product of the voltage and
correction capacitors switched off, likewise poor current.
system voltage regulation results in the P = v(t) ×i(t) (1)
undesirable effect called under-voltage [3]. Voltage The effects on power consumption that are caused
irregularities are one of the greatest power by the over-voltages, today, are a key problem for
qualities facing industry and homes today and study and resolution [1]. Essentially, their
often times, is responsible for damaging valuable undesirable effects include a variety of negative
electrical equipment. Electrical power system consequences, mostly to the economy and the life
protection is required for protection of both user duration of the loads or equipment. There are
and the system equipment from fault, hence always a chance of suffering an electrical power
electrical appliances are not allowed to operate system from irregular over voltages. These
without any protective device. irregular over voltages may be caused due to
various reason such as, sudden lightening
A. Causes of Over-voltage
impulses, switching impulses, interruption of heavy
Overvoltage are caused in power systems due to load, etc. These over voltage strains may damage
external and internal factors. The voltage stress insulation of various equipment and insulators of
caused by overvoltage can damage the lines and the power system. Although, all the over voltage
equipment connected to the system. Overvoltage strains are not robust enough to damage insulation
arising in a system can be generally classified into of system, but still these over voltages also to be
two main categories: External overvoltage is type evaded to safeguard the smooth operation of
of overvoltage which originates from atmospheric electrical power system.
disturbances, mainly due to lightning. This takes
the form of a surge and has no direct relationship C. Causes of under-voltage
with the operating voltage of the line. It may be due Some of the various causes of under-voltage in a
to any of the following causes: Direct lightning system are as follows:
stroke, electromagnetically induced over voltages Closing and opening of circuit breakers: When the
due to lightning discharge taking place near the circuit breaker of a phase is opened suddenly, the
line, called ‘side stroke’, voltages induced due to line in which it is feeding will be temporarily
disconnected. The other feeder lines from the
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ISSN: 2458-9403
Vol. 9 Issue 2, February - 2022

same substation system will act as an under- between the two output states when the input voltage
voltage. Under-voltage due to fault can be critical difference is near zero volts.
to the operation of power plant. The magnitude of [22] presented a low-cost under-voltage and
under voltage can be equal in each phase or on overcurrent protection device using a micro controller.
equal respectively and it depends on the nature of The main purpose of the device is to isolate the load
the fault, whether it is symmetrical or from overvoltage and under-voltage conditions by
unsymmetrical [3,19, 22]. They are mainly two controlling the relay tripping coil using micro controller.
causes of under voltage due transformer The microcontroller compares the supply voltage with
energizing. One is normal system operations which the desired pre-set voltage and operates the tripping
include manual energizing of transformer and coil in the relay if the input voltage falls below or
another is reclosing actions. This under voltages above the pre-set range of values. The type of
are unsymmetrical in nature [3, 11]. Equipment programmer used for the microcontroller was a USB
Failure: Failure of electrical equipment occurs due programmer, while the programming code used was
to insolation breakdown or heating or short circuit compiler CCS. The programming of the
etc. Bad weather: Lighting strike in the power line microcontroller was done by first writing the program
cause a significant number of under voltages. A code in C+, after which it was compiled using the CCS
line to ground fault occurs when lightning strikes complier, it is easy to repair and maintain and is
the line and continues to the ground. economical. However, the pre-set was at the voltage
D. Effects of under-voltages on power systems range of 200-240V.
[3] presented fault detection and load protection with
Under-voltage causes several problems with the sensors which protects the devices from under-
equipment that required steady voltage, particularly voltage and overvoltage faults. The sensors detect the
existing load, so it results in malfunction, miss- faults and cut the supply from the supply mains.
operation and in some times full operation stoppage According to the authors, the ability of protection
[4]. Under voltages are the most common power system is demanded not only for economic reason but
disturbance whose effect is quite severe specifically in also for expert and reliable service. However, it has
industrial and large commercial customers such as not been adopted and adapted to protect overvoltage
the damage of the sensitivity equipment’s and loss of and under-voltage using programmable interface
daily productions and finances[5, 11,19]. The controller.
examples of the sensitive equipment’s are
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), Adjustable III. METHODOLOGY
Speed Drive (ASD) and Chiller control. Under voltage This project utilizes the principle of voltage sensor and
at the equipment terminal can be due to a short circuit control. It converts the high voltage mains supply to a
fault hundreds of kilometers away in the transmission type and range with which the microcontroller can
system. n under voltage is a decrease in the RMS access through its input terminal, processes it and
value ac voltage to less than 90 percent or 0.90pu at gives output at its output terminal. It uses the
the power frequency for a time period longer than 1 PIC16F877A microcontroller (from microchip) to
min. Under voltages are the result of switching events control the activities of the various stages and design
that are the opposite of the events that cause over circuitry involved. The Project has been preset to
voltage. create a voltage window whose low and high
thresholds are set at 150 and 240 V. The
II. REVIEW OF RELATED WORKS
microcontroller scans the mains voltage and sends
In this section, a review of related works and their out a digital high output to the peripheral switching
shortcomings are briefly presented. An automatic circuit. This closes the switch and allows the mains
changeover system with a high and low voltage input voltage to be passed to the output thereby
detector ranging from 180- 240V was presented in [6]. powering the connected loads.
However, the voltage range was not as wide as that of For extremely low (< 150V) and high voltages(>240V)
the proposed project which is 150-240V. the wider the the microcontroller sends out a digital low output
voltage ranges the better. signals which de-energizes the relay, and disconnects
[10] implemented an overvoltage and under-voltage utilities. This prevents the connected loads from
protection system, which has a prolonged time delay. getting damaged as a result of the bad mains voltage.
It has a fixed time limit, the time delay is too long, It encompasses ensuring that the objective and
since it has largely fixed time limit to the extent of requirements of the device, equipment and facility are
disconnecting from the appliance if there is high or low right. The main challenge is to design an electronic
fluctuation. circuit that allows all voltage level to be passed except
[21] designed an overvoltage and under-voltage the ones less than 150 V and greater than 240 V.
protection system for domestic load using comparator.
The major drawback is that comparator normally IV. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
changes its output state when the voltage between its The principle of operation of the proposed device can
inputs crosses through approximately zero volt. Small be explained using the block diagram shown in Figure
voltage fluctuations due to noise always present on 1.
the inputs. This can cause undesirable rapid changes

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ISSN: 2458-9403
Vol. 9 Issue 2, February - 2022

Figure 1: Block Diagram of Microcontroller Based Over/Under Voltage Control.

The whole system is basically made up of three units V (The maximum value of the transformer’s
namely; secondary) is:-
Power supply unit. Vs = √2×Vrms1 (2)
Programmable Microcontroller interface unit.
The switching and the relay driver unit. Where, Vrms1 = 12V (the transformer secondary
A. Power system unit voltage)

Vs = √2 𝑥 12
The 220V from the mains is stepped down into 12V

Vs = 16.97 𝑉
AC at the secondary side of the transformer. This is (3)
the source of power for both the microcontroller and (4)
the peripheral circuitry as well the connected load. It is
therefore of uttermost important quantity without which The maximum output of the rectifier is calculated
this project is useless. However, this AC input may using the formula,
have abnormal values which can pose threat and Vs2= Vs -2VD (5)
danger to the connected loads. The expected AC Where, Vs2 is the maximum output voltage of the
input voltage range between 150 and 240 V. The rectifier, and is the voltage drop across the diode
power supply unit must be able to achieve the (0.7V for a silicon diode)
following: Therefore;
1. Supply each component part with the required Vs2 = 16.97 - (2×0.7) (6)
voltage. Vs2 = 16.97 - (2×0.7) (7)
2. Account for all voltage drops in the system. Vs2 = 15.57 V (8)
3. Deliver voltage at the required current rating Where Vrms2 (The rms value of the output voltage
of the rectifier) is:-
of the device/ components.
Vrms2 =𝑉𝑠2 (9)
√2
B. Design calculations

15.57
√2
Calculation of the transformer output voltage; Vrms2 = = 11.01 V (10)
Transformer T is a 230/12V, 500mA step down Calculation of the ripple factor and the filter
transformer, and the maximum value of the
capacitance
transformer secondary is given by;
The ripple factor is given by the formula:

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Vol. 9 Issue 2, February - 2022
𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎.𝑐
=
𝑉𝑎.𝑐
(11)
Ripple factor (r) =
𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑.𝑐𝑉𝑑.𝑐

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But Vdc which is the mean value of the rectifier’s The maximum voltage for D1 = D4 = 50V
output voltage is given by the formula; The maximum current for D1 = D4 = 1A
Vdc = 2𝑉𝑠2 [11]
𝜋
(12) The circuit diagram for under/over voltage switch is
Recall from (8), Vs2 = 15.57 V, shown in the Figure 2.
Therefore,
2 𝑥 15.57 𝑥 7
22
Vdc =

217.98
Vdc = 22

Vdc = 9.91 V
Vac is calculated using the formula;
Vac =√(Vrms2² - Vdc²) (13)
From (10), Vrms2 = 11.01V,
Vac = √121.22 – 98.21
Vac = √23.01
Vac = 4.80 V
Therefore, the ripple factor can be calculated as
follows,
𝑉𝑎𝑐
r = 𝑉𝑑𝑐 (14)
4.80
r = 9.91 Figure. 2: Circuit diagram for Under/Over voltage
0.48
r=
switch
Also, determining the rectifier output current
The mean value of the rectifier’s output current
2𝐼𝑚
Idc = 𝜋 (15) C. High voltage Opto-Isolation
Irms = 500mA AC voltage from the mains has some characteristics

Im = √2 𝑥 500
Im = √2× Irms (16) that do not match the operating environment of the
microcontroller. There is therefore a need to remove
Im = 707mA or avoid this strange and dangerous inherent
2 𝑥 707 𝑥 7 environmental conditions of the mains from affecting
Idc = 22 the quiescent operating environment of the
Idc = 449.91mA microcontroller. The properties of the mains include
The value of the filtering capacitance C6 is line noise, frequency compromise, ac voltage, and
obtained from [11] high voltage spike among others. This property must
𝐼𝑑𝑐
r = 4√3𝐹𝐶6𝑉𝑠 (17) be changed to a low dc voltage and must have
Where, r =ripple factor, immunity against noise and impurity bypass.
𝐶6
= 4√3𝐹𝑟
𝐼𝑑𝑐
To effect these changes, the high voltage ac supply
(18)
needs to be rectified to high voltage dc voltage using
𝑉𝑠
Substituting the values of F, Vs, Idc, and r in 1N4007 (D5-D7) which can handle up to 700 ac
equation (18); where F=50Hz, V = 16.97 V, r = voltage without breaking down. A voltage dropper and
0.48 and Idc = 449.91mA, then current limiting 220kΩ resistor R8 is used in series

0.449
Therefore; with the four-bridge rectifier (D5-D8). It is then passed
𝐶6 =
4𝑥
to the opto-isolator which removes noise and prevents

√3𝑥50𝑥0.48𝑥16.97
other dangerous quantities from passage to the
0.449
𝐶6 =
microcontroller.

2821.64
𝐶6 = 0.000159F
D. Signal Conditioner

𝐶6 = 159µF
Since the output from the filter cannot be passed to

A capacitor of 470µf was chosen due to market The max current is 1A

availability and because it still functions to The bias voltage for D1 = D2 = 0.7V
smoothen the rectified output of the transformer.
Other capacitors = 0.1µf, the value was chosen
because they will be used as a by-pass filter used
to eliminate frequency noise generated by the load
which also follow the microcontroller design.
Using the IN 4001 diode (specification sheet);
The bias voltage is 0.7V
The maximum voltage is 50V
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the digital input of the Microcontroller directly,
a signal conditioner is used. The purpose of
the signal conditioner is to change the un-
damped analog signal at the output of the filter
to a digital form as near as possible.
The test switch is however used to test
whether the circuit would respond in the event
of serious errors.
E. Programmable interface controller
The heart of this project is the PIC16F877A, a
40-pin microcontroller. The sampling rate of
the microcontroller depends largely on the
speed or otherwise the frequency of the
crystal oscillator used.

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For this project a 4MHz crystal oscillator was used assembled on a Breadboard to determine the
thus enabling the microcontroller to be pre-scaled to performance of the design.
(1/ (4000000)4) *4)10 microseconds. It receives dc After the assembly of components on a Breadboard,
signal from the output of the opto-coupler, processes the entire circuit components were transferred to the
it, generates a binary code for it and compares it with Vero board and proper soldering was carried out. All
the binary code that has been programmed and connections were properly and neatly soldered so as
stored inside the look-up table. It uses these two to ensure that soldering joints are electrically
signals/ codes to reproduce the mains input ac continuous and firm. The following precautions were
voltage which is then sent to be displayed on the LCD. taken in the process:
It monitors the voltage reading, making sure that any 1. The soldering bit was tinned before soldering.
voltage outside the voltage window of 150 and 240 V 2. The soldering iron was carefully applied to the
is flagged by sending a low voltage output through its soldered joint to prevent overheating.
RA3 digital output pin which goes to the base of the 3. Excess application of soldering lead was avoided so
transistor BC457 controlling the triggering of the relay. as to prevent gating of the component next to each
The assembly code used in programming this other.
microcontroller can be found in the appendix and can The photograph of prototype of a breadboard is
work seamlessly with any compiler. shown in Figure 3.
F. Relay Switching
The action of this switching device allows or disallow
the passage of input mains voltage to the output and
connected loads in response to the triggering pulse
received from the microcontroller PIC16F877A
through the switching transistor BC548. If the signal
from the microcontroller is high, it is sufficient enough
to send a triggering pulse to saturate the transistor
which in turn sends a triggering pulse to the relay and
consequently switches it ON allowing power to be
transferred to the connected loads. On the other hand,
a low digital signal from the microcontroller causes the
transistor T1 to operate at the cut off mode with no
triggering pulse to the relay hence the relay Figure 3: Photograph of prototype of a breadboard
switches/remains in OFF position, cutting off the
transfer of power to the connected loads. D9 is a The response from the breadboard implementation
freewheeling diode. Its function is to prevent high has satisfy the desired output, the implementation on
inductive ‘voltage kick’ (which can amount to several the Veroboard is carried out. Figure 4 and 5 shows
hundreds of volts in a transient spike) from destroying the process at which the component is soldered on
the transistor, apart from this it also provides a smooth the Veroboard.
hysteresis loop for the relay coil. The capacitor C8
helps to filter out ripples during the switching action of
the transistor and improves the transient response of
the circuit.

G. LCD Readout
This concept of feedback is important as it ensures
system stability. The Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
provides useful feedback to the user on the (internal)
activities of the microcontroller vis-à-vis the prevailing
voltage trend of the input voltage and the status of the
connected load, whether they are receiving power or
not as a result of extremely low or high mains input
voltage. It provides the user with all the information
needed per time.
V. CONSTRUCTION
All components shown in the circuit diagram were
purchased locally and the necessary tools required for Figure 4: Photograph of prototype soldered on a
the construction of the project were purchased locally. Veroboard
During pre-soldering assembly and testing stage, the
circuit diagram was simulated to determine the
effectiveness of the circuit. The circuit was then

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Hence, T =20mS
VIII. RESULTS
At the end of the careful integration of the developed
components, the result is an under-voltage and
overvoltage protection device with a function the
enables consumers to use unstable power supply
effectively without damaging the loads.
After implementation of the circuit and casing the
device was turned on and it was able to switch on and
off the loads connected to it. The switching was fully
operative within the above specified period. Variable
Figure 5: Photograph of the circuit components transformer was connected at the input side of the
device and loads were connected to the output to
affirm its effectiveness. Also the values of voltage of
VI. CASING
the corresponding input were display on LCD as the
After all the components were tested and the faulty output. The following readings were taken at intervals
ones replaced, then the entire circuit was housed in a as shown in Table 1.
plastic material. Plastic was chosen for the casing Variac
because of its light weight and also has a high Nominal LCD readout voltage
S/N voltage
resistance to corrosion which makes it a better voltage (v) (v)
alternative compared to materials like metal. The cost (v)
and availability of the plastic material can also be Error (since the
seen as others reason for choosing a plastic material. voltage value is
The casing used is shown in Figure 6. 1 230 241
above the designed
voltage window)
2 230 239 Fit to use
3 230 150 Fit to use
Error (since the
voltage value is
4 230 148
below the designed
voltage window)

The test above and the result demonstrate that the

circuit achieved its design aim and purpose. The
Figure 6: Casing system worked according to specification and quite
satisfactorily.
VII. TESTING Figure 6 and 7 show photographs of the protective
device when connected to the mains and when load is
The circuit was tested by connecting the input of the connected respectively.
circuit through a variac (regulating transformer) to the
mains power supply. The variac was then used to vary
the power supplied to the circuit within the scope of
the project (150V-240V). The output of the circuit is
connected through a relay whose connection is done
through the normally open (NO), to a lamp which is
used as the demonstrative load. When the voltage
goes below 150V, the relays trips and is normally
closed (NC), thereby disconnecting the load, this is
the under-voltage protection. Also, when the supply
goes above 240V the relay also trips and is normally
open also disconnecting the load, this is the
overvoltage protection. During both conditions, the
LCD comes on indicating that there is an abnormal
supply from the mains. Figure 7: Photograph of the protective device when
The tripping time for disconnecting the load is given connected to the mains

𝑇=
by: 1
𝐹
(19)

Where F =50Hz, the supply frequency

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[9] Thakur G.C. 2016 “Implementation of Single

Phasing, overvoltage, under-voltage protection of
three phase systems without using microcontroller”,
[Int. Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications, available at ‘[Link]’] ISSN:
2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 5, (Part -6), pp.110-115.
[10] Choundry M.D and Chakma S, (2013)
Implementation of an overvoltage and under-voltage
protection system, Northern University, Bangladesh,
Technical Report.
[11] Horowitz, P. and Hill, W. (1995). The art of
electronics, 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, MA, USA.
Figure 8: Photograph of the protective device when [12] Theraja, B. L. and Theraja, A. K. (2000). Electrical
load is connected. Technology, S. Chand and Company Limited, New
Delhi India.
IX. CONCLUSION [13] Amos, S.W. and James, M. (1981). Principles of
In this work, the causes and impacts of undervoltage transistor circuit: Introduction to the design of
and overvoltage in electrical appliances were amplifiers, receivers and digital circuits, 6th Edition,
discussed. This paper described the design, testing, Hartnolls Ltd.,
and implementation of a PIC-based over/undervoltage Bodmin, UK.
safety system for electrical appliances. It will be a [14] “IEEE Recommended Practice for Monitoring
handy and dependable gadget for improving the Electric Power Quality,” IEEE
quality of power supply to household appliances while Std.1159-1995, June 1995
also ensuring their safety. [15] “Definitions of overvoltage and under-voltage”
retrieved on Dec 28 2015 from
X. REFERENCES
[Link]
[1] Wikipedia. Under and overvoltage protection. [16] Realization of overvoltage and under-voltage
wikipedia, the free encyclopedia[online]. Available: protection for home appliances retrieved on Jan 06
[Link] 2016; [Link]
on. undervoltage/
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