Pure Mathematics
Mensuration
Surface area of sphere = 4
Area of curved surface of cone = mx slant height
Arithmetic Series
ua+(n - 1)d
2
Maths - (1tey(i74)+(7
S,n(a +)=}n [2a +(n - 1)d
Geometric Series
ar P-1
S,= for |r|<|
1-r
afor | r|<l
S -r
Summations
2r n(n + 1)(2n + )
r=l
2r=nn +1)
Binomial Series
n
n+1
+1r+1)
(a+b)" =a"-l a b a b . + a b + . . . + b " ( n e N )
2
n!
where ="C, r!(n-r)!
(1+x)" =1+nx +- n(n-),2 +.
nn) ,24+ "-)..."=7*2+... (a<1, neR)
1.2...r
1.2
Logarithms and exponentials
exna = a*
Complex Numbers
isin n6)
r(cos+isin 0)
"
=
r" (cosn0 +
e" coso+ isin
=
2k i
e" for k =
0, 1,2,...,n -1
given by
=
z
The roots of z" =l are
,
Maths # 01
RIT Poonl
R
Maclaurin's Series
S)=s0)+f 0)+(0)+...+ " (0)+..
Taylor's Series
S)=flo)+(x- a)f'(a)+
2! a)+... a r s (a)+..
Sla+x)= f(a) +zf'(a)+ a)+.+f()+....
e =
exp(x) =1+x+
2! + .. for allx
In(1+x)=x-- .. +(-1)*i+ -1<xsl)
sinx= x--
+(-
5 ..+(-1) 2r+1)
3! (2r+1)
forallx
cosx =
1--
-.. +(-1) x-(2r)!t. for all x
2r+1
tanx=x- 3 -1)-* -1sxs1)
3 2r+1
sinhx =X+- for all x
3! 5! (2r+1)!
4
coshx=1+ t.. + for allx
2! 4! (2r)!
2r+1
tanhx=x++ *...2r1t. (-1sx<1)
2r+1
Hyperbolic Functions
coshx-sinh x = 1
sinh 2x = 2sinh x cosh x
cosh 2x =
cosh x+ sinh x
coshx=In{r+r2-1} (x21)
sinh' In{x+ vx* +1}
x=
RIT Roorkee
Maths # 02
Coordinate Geometr
Conics Rectangular
Ellipse Parabola Hyperbola Hyperbola
Standard y 4ax 2 xy= c*
Form
(asec0,btan6)
Parametric (a cose,b sin@) (at.2at) (ct,)
Form (ta cosh, bsinh 0)
el e=l e>l e= 2
Eccentricity
b-a(1-e) b=a(e -1)
(tae, 0) (a,0) tae, 0) (t2c,t V2c)
Foci
X+y=tV2c
X=-a
Directrices
x= 0, y =0
none none
Asymptotes t
Trigonometric Identities
sin(A+ B) = sin Acos Bt cos A sin B
cos(At B) = cos A cos B T sin A sin B
tan A t tan B
tan(A +B) =
1 tan A tan B
(AtB (k +r)
COsA = -
For t =
tanA: sin A =
1+?
1+t
sin A+ sin B =2sin cos4
2 2
sin A-sin B=2cos- sin
2
cos4-B
cos A+cosB =2cost2 2
cos A-cos B=-2sin 4Bsin4
Vectors
a.b
of b is
The resolute of a in the direction b
a t Ab
the ratio 2 :u is
The point dividing AB in +
Matrix transformations cos-sin
O:
Anticlockwise rotation through 0 about cos
cos20 sin 20
Reflection in the line y= (tan6)x:
sin20-cos20
Maths #03
RIT Regrken
Differentiation
Function Derivative
fa) fWea)-f)g'(x)
g(x) (g(x))
tan x secx
secx sec x tan x
cot x -
COseC2 x
cosec x - COsecxcotx
sinx
v1-x
cosx 1
1-x
1
tanx
1+x
sinh x cosh x
cosh x sinh x
tanh x sechx
sinh x
1+x
coshx
-1
tanh x where x |<|
1-x
LIMITS OF FUNCTIONS
Functions:f(x),g(x)
Argument : x
Real constants: a,k
11. lim,-afx) +g«)]=1lim,-af(«)] +im,-lg)
lim-afx) - g(x)] = lim-fx)]-lim,-alg(x)]
2.
3. lim-af).gt)] =im-afo)] im,-alg(*)]
lim,- f lim-alfx)] provided lim,-alg(x)] # 0
4. limy-a g lim z--a lg (x)]
5 lim-akf(x)] klim,-af(x)]
=
6 lim-af@)]= f(lim,-alg w)])
continous at x=a
if the function fx) is
7. lim-alf (x)] fa),
=
sin 1
8 lim0 1
9. lim,-0 tan1= 1
sin-1
=1
10. lim+0
tan 1
11. limy~0
12. lim+0° X
In(1+) =1
13. lim,-1+e
14. lim1+=e*
15. limo a"= 1
Maths # 05
Integration (t constant; a > 0 where relevant)
Function Integral
tan x Insecx+c
cotx Insin +c
COsec x In|cosecx- cotx+c = In tan(x)+e
sec x
In|secx+ tanx+c= In|tanx+7+c
2
sec x tan x+c
sinh x cosh x+c
cosh x sinh x+c
tanh r In cosh x+c
Va-x2
a+X a
tan
Vx - a
cosh +c Infx+Vx2 -a2} +c (r>a)
sinh +c=Infr+Vx2+a2}+c
Va+2
a 2a a-x
+c =tanh
a
a
+C
x-a 2a x+ a
d r = uv-
dr
sector
Area of a
A=rdo (polar coordinates)
Arc length
dr (catesian coordinates)
(parametric form)
dd
dt
dt
Surface area of revolution
dt
=2
S, =27 yds dt
dr
S,2n7 xds=27 + d
Numerical Mathematics
Numerical integration
t... +yn-1},
where h =
+¥,)+ 2( +P2
The trapezium
rule: | ydr* fh{(%
t..+)yn-1)+2(2 +Ya t..+yn-2)}
Rule:ydr»/h{(, +y,) +4(1 +y3
Simpson's
=b- and n is even
where h
Numerical
Solution ofEquations
f(x) =0: X,
-
=x,
iteration for solving s')
The Newton-Raphson
Mechanics
Motion in a circle
Transverse velocity: v=r6 =0r
-
ro=-=-o'
acceleration:
Radial
Bodies
of Mass of Uniform
Centres
median from vertex
Triangularlamina: along
Maths #007
Probability & Statistics
Probability
P(AUB)= P(4)+ P(B)-P(An B)
P(AB)= P(A)P(B |A)
P(B A)P(A)
P(A |B) = P(B | A)P(A) + P(B |4')P(A')
Bayes' Theorem:
P(4,)P(B 14)
P(Aj|D)PA,) P(B | 4,)
Discrete distributions
For a discrete random variable X taking values x, with probabilities p;
Expectation (mean): E(X) = 4 = Ex;p;
2
Variance: Var(X) =
a =
E(x, -4) P; ExfP;-u
=
For a function g(X): E(g(X) = Zg(z,)Pi
Standard discrete distributions:
P(X = x) Mean Variance
Distribution of X
np np(1-P)
Binomial B(7, p) p (1-p)-x
Poisson Po(2)
x
Continuous distributions
variable X having probability density functionf
For a continuous random
Expectation (mean): E(CX)=u =]f)dr
Variance: Var(X)=a* |(r-u)* flx)dr= |*/)dr -u
=
function g(X): E(g(X)) =|
g(r)f)dr
For a
Cumulative distribution
function: F(x)= P(XS x)= LS)d
Standard continuous distributions:
Mean Variance
P.D.F
Distribution of X (a + b) b-a)
Uniform (Rectangular) on la, b]
b-a
Ulab
Normal Nu,a*)
av2
Maths #08
Expectation Algebra
For independent random variables X and Y
E(XY) = E(X) E(Y) , Var(aX tbY) = a4 Var(X) +b^ Var(Y
Sampling distributions
For a random sample X1, X2,..., X, of n independent observations from
a distribution having mean u and variance o
X is an unbiased estimator of u with Var(ï) =
Sis an unbiased estimator of a2, where s?=28-X)
n-1
For a random sample ofn observations from N(u,o2)
X-HNO,1)
aln
S/Wn
IfXis the observed number of successes in n independent Bernoulli trials
in each of which the probability of success isp, and Y=, then
n
Var(Y)=P-p)
E(Y) =
p and
n
For a random sample of n, observations from N(4,,04) and
independently, a random sample of n, observations from N(4,.o})
(-Y)-( y)_NO, 1)
2
+
n ny
Method of Least Squares
If y, =a +Bx +e, i=1, 2,.,n
then the least squares estimates of B and a respectively are
b=S,/S. a =j- bi,
where
S, -F0-D-2x -22)/n
and S - 7* - x - n
If e,e2,., e, are independent and each is distributed as N(O, a*), then
) a is an observation from Na
nSx
(ii) b is an observation from N
S
(iii) o =a + bxo, the least squares estimate of yo =a + Bxo,
is an observation from Nyo,O
S