ST.

XAVIER’S HIGH SCHOOL

KEDARGOURI

TOPIC – TO STUDY THE PHENOMENON OF

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND WORKING
MODEL.

SUBMITTED TO : -
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
INDEX
[Link] DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.
1 CERTIFICATE 2
2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3
3 INTRODUCTIION 4
4 PRINCIPLE 5
5 THEORY 6
6 FARADAY’S EXPERIMENT 7-8
7 FARADAY’S FIRST LAW 9
8 FARADAY’S SECOND LAW 10
9 LENZ LAW 11
10 WORKING AND 12
CONSTRUCTION
11 OBSERVATION 13
12 APPLICATION 14
13 PRECAUTIONS 15
14 BIBLIOGRAPGHY 16

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Ayush Kumar Dash, a student
of class 12th, has successfully completed the
research on the topic “Study of phenomenon of
Electromagnetic Induction”, under the guidance
of Mr. Gyanaranjan Bhatta during the academic
year 2025-26 in partial fulfilment of Physics
practical examination of Central Board of
Secondary Education (CBSE).

EXAMINATOR’S SiGNATURE PRINCIPAL’S SIGNATURE

TEACHER IN CHARGE SCHOOL STAMP

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I warmly acknowledge the continuous encouragement
and timely suggestions offered by our dear Principal
Mrs. Archana Misra. I extend my hearty thanks for
giving me the opportunity to make use of the facilities
available in the campus to carry out the project
successfully.

I am highly indebted to Mr. Gyanaranjan Bhatta for the

constant supervision, providing necessary information
and supporting in completing the project. I would like
to express my gratitude towards them for their kind
cooperation and encouragement.

Finally, I extend my gratefulness to one and all who are

directly or indirectly involved in the successful
completion of this project work.

I am making this project not only for marks but to also

increase my knowledge.

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 INTRODUCTION
The word electromagnetic induction is made up of two words
— Electromagnet + Induction. So let’s understand the
meaning of these two words:

Electro Magnet : -
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic
field is produced by electric current. The magnetic field
disappears when the current is turned off.

Induction : -
The process of generating current in a conductor by placing
the conductor in a changing magnetic field is called
induction.

So we can define electromagnetic induction as—

It is the production of a potential difference (voltage) across

a conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic field.
Electromagnetic induction is when an electromagnetic field
causes molecules in another object to flow. Induction can
produce electricity (in coils), heat (in ferrous metals), or
waves (in a radio transmitter). Finally, it refers to the
phenomenon where an emf is induced when the magnetic
flux linking a conductor changes.
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 PRINCIPLE
Electromagnetic induction is a process where
a conductor placed in a changing magnetic
field (or a conductor moving through a
stationary magnetic field) causes the
production of a voltage across the conductor.
This process of electromagnetic induction, in
turn, causes an electrical current. It is said to
induce the current.

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THEORY
Electromagnetic induction was discovered by Michael
Faraday, published in 1831. It was discovered
independently by Joseph Henry in 1832.
If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then an E.M.F.
will be generated in the coil. This effect was first
observed and explained by Ampere and Faraday
between 1825 and 1831. Faraday discovered that an
E.M.F. could be generated either by,
(a) moving the coil or the source of flux relative to each
other.
(b) changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic
flux in some way.

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Faraday’s Experiment
Michael Faraday performed a series of experiments
and based on the results he gave the law on induction.
Magnetic field is capable of producing current in a
conductor. Faraday took a coil and attached a
galvanometer to it. As there is no battery attached,
therefore there is no source of current. He brought the
magnet near the coil.

When the magnet is moved towards the coil, the

galvanometer showed deflection. The galvanometer
even showed deflection in the opposite direction when
the magnet is taken away from the coil. When the
magnet was not moved, there was no deflection in the
galvanometer.
This shows current is related to the magnet
Faster the magnet is moved, the more is the deflection
in the galvanometer. This showed more and more
current flows if the magnet is moved very fast.

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Same effect was observed if the coil is moved and the
magnet was not moved.

From this experiment, Faraday concluded that

whenever there is relative motion between a
conductor and a magnetic field, the flux linkage with a
coil changes and this change in flux induces a voltage
across a coil.

Michael Faraday formulated two laws on the basis of

the above experiments. These laws are called Faraday’s
laws of electromagnetic induction.

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Faraday’s First Law
Whenever a conductor is placed in a varying
magnetic field an EMF gets induced across the
conductor (called as induced emf), and if the
conductor is a closed circuit then induced current
flows through it.

Magnetic field can be varied by various methods –

1. By moving magnet
2. By moving the coil
3. By rotating the coil relative to magnetic field

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Faraday’s Second Law
Faraday's second law of electromagnetic induction
states that the magnitude of induced emf is equal to
the rate of change of flux linkages with the coil. The
flux linkages is the product of number of turns and the
flux associated with the coil.

Faraday’s Law
Where:
N = number of loops
ΔΦₘ = change in magnetic flux
Δt = change in time
ε = induced voltage (also known as emf)

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Lenz Law
Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz was a Russian physicist of Baltic
German descent who gave his law on electromagnetic
induction. His law was important because it states that when
a voltage is created by a change in magnetic flux, the induced
voltage must create a current whose magnetic field is in
opposition to the change which produces it.

Fig 1.A: When the "N" pole of the magnet is moved towards
the coil, the end of the coil becomes the "N" pole.
Fig 1.B: When the "N" pole of the magnet is moved away
from the coil, the end of the coil becomes the "S" pole.

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WORKING AND CONSTRUCTION

Current is produced in a conductor when it is moved

through a magnetic field because the magnetic lines of
force are applying a force on the free electrons in the
conductor and causing them to move. This process of
generating current in a conductor by placing the
conductor in a changing magnetic field is called
induction. This is called induction because there is no
physical contact between the conductor and the
magnet. The current is said to be induced in the
conductor by the magnetic field. One requirement for
this electromagnetic induction to take place is that the
conductor, which is often a piece of wire, must be
perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force in order to
produce the maximum force on the free electrons. The
direction that the induced current flows is determined
by the direction of the lines of force and by the
direction the wire is moving in the field. In the
animation above the ammeter indicates when there is
current in the conductor.

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OBSERVATION
* Magnet is moved at certain rate and certain
voltage is produced.
* Magnet is moved at faster rate and creating a
greater induced voltage.
* Magnet is moved at same speed through coil
that has greater number of turns and greater
voltage is induced.

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APPLICATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION IN REAL LIFE
The principles of electromagnetic induction are
applied in many devices and systems, including:
* Electrical generators
* Induction motors
* Induction sealing
* Inductive charging
* Transformers
* Wireless charger

ELECTRICAL GENERATOR

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PRECAUTIONS
* DO ALL THE CONNECTIONS CAREFULLY

* DO NOT SCRATCH COPPER WIRE WHILE MAKING LOOP

* DO NOT USE DIGITAL VOLTMETER FOR ABOVE

DEMONSTRATION

* DO NOT USE VERY THICK OR THIN COPPER WIRE

* USE ONLY INSULATED COPPER WIRE

* KEEP YOURSELF SAFE FROM HIGH VOLTAGE

* BEFORE DOING ANY EXPERIMENT PLEASE CONSULT TO

YOUR SUBJECT TEACHER OR LAB ASSISTANCE

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
 NCERT PHYSICS BOOK CLASS 12
 GOOGLE SEARCH ENGINE
 SL ARORA BOOK CLASS 12
 [Link]

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