PROCESS DYNAMIC AND CONTROL
19.10.2020
SOLUTION OF
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
BY USING LAPLACE
TRANSFORM
∞
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑡𝑡 −𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝐿𝐿 =� 𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0
Partial integration
𝑢𝑢 = 𝑒𝑒 −𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑡𝑡
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑒 −𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 �𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 − �𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑣𝑣 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡
∞
∞
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑡𝑡 −𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
� 𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 −𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 |∞
0 + 𝑠𝑠 � 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒
−𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0
0
∞
∞
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑡𝑡 −𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
� 𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 −𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 |∞
0 + 𝑠𝑠 � 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒
−𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 − 𝑓𝑓 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0
0
Laplace f(s)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑡𝑡
𝐿𝐿 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 − 𝑓𝑓 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
*** In process control f(0) = 0
2nd order differential equation
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐿𝐿 = 𝐿𝐿
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑡𝑡
𝐿𝐿 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − |𝑡𝑡=0
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝑠𝑠) − 𝑓𝑓(0) − 𝑓𝑓′ 0
= 𝑠𝑠 2 𝑓𝑓(𝑠𝑠) − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(0) − 𝑓𝑓′ 0
*** there is no change so sf(0) = f’(0) = 0
nth order differential equation
𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑛 𝑓𝑓 𝑛𝑛 𝑓𝑓 𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑛−1 𝑓𝑓 0 − 𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑛−2 𝑓𝑓 1 𝑛𝑛−2 𝑛𝑛−1
𝐿𝐿 = 𝑠𝑠 0 −. . . . −𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑓 0 − 𝑓𝑓 0
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 𝑛𝑛
For problems, terms after 𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑛 𝑓𝑓 𝑠𝑠 always equal to 0.
EXAMPLE
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 0
+7 + 10𝑥𝑥 = 2 𝑥𝑥 0 = =0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2
𝑠𝑠 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 0 − 𝑥𝑥′ 0 + 7 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 − 𝑥𝑥 0 + 10𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠 =
𝑠𝑠
2
𝑠𝑠 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑥 0 − 𝑥𝑥′ 0 + 7 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 − 𝑥𝑥 0 + 10𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠 =
𝑠𝑠
2� 2
𝑠𝑠
𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠 = 2 =
𝑠𝑠 + 7𝑠𝑠 + 10 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 2 + 7𝑠𝑠 + 10
2 2
𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠 = = 𝛥𝛥 = 𝑏𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
2
𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 7𝑠𝑠 + 10 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 5 𝑠𝑠 + 2 −𝑏𝑏 ± 𝛥𝛥
𝑥𝑥1,2 =
2𝑎𝑎
2 𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵 𝐶𝐶
𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠 = = + +
𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 5 𝑠𝑠 + 2 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 5 𝑠𝑠 + 2
→ Calculation of A
2𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠 = = + + (multiple with s)
𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 5 𝑠𝑠 + 2 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 5 𝑠𝑠 + 2
2𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠 = = + + (put the root value of s)
𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 5 𝑠𝑠 + 2 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 5 𝑠𝑠 + 2
s=0
2 1
𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴 =
0+5 0+2 5
→ Calculation of B
2 𝑠𝑠 + 5 𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠 + 5 𝐵𝐵 𝑠𝑠 + 5 𝐶𝐶 𝑠𝑠 + 5
𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠 = = + + (multiple with (s+5))
𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 5 𝑠𝑠 + 2 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 5 𝑠𝑠 + 2
2 𝑠𝑠 + 5 𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠 + 5 𝐵𝐵 𝑠𝑠 + 5 𝐶𝐶 𝑠𝑠 + 5 (put the root value of s)
𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠 = = + +
𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 5 𝑠𝑠 + 2 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 5 𝑠𝑠 + 2 s=-5
2 2
𝐵𝐵 = → 𝐵𝐵 =
−5 −5 + 2 15
→ Calculation of C
2 𝑠𝑠 + 2 𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠 + 2 𝐵𝐵 𝑠𝑠 + 2 𝐶𝐶 𝑠𝑠 + 2
𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠 = = + + (multiple with (s+2))
𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 5 𝑠𝑠 + 2 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 5 𝑠𝑠 + 2
2 𝑠𝑠 + 2 𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠 + 2 𝐵𝐵 𝑠𝑠 + 2 𝐶𝐶 𝑠𝑠 + 2 (put the root value of s)
𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠 = = + +
𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 5 𝑠𝑠 + 2 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 5 𝑠𝑠 + 2 s=-2
2 1
𝐶𝐶 = → 𝐶𝐶 = −
−2 −2 + 5 3
1� 2� 1�
𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠 = 5 + 15 − 3 (TAKE INVERSE LAPLACE)
𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 5 𝑠𝑠 + 2
1 2 −5𝑡𝑡 1 −2𝑡𝑡
𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 = + 𝑒𝑒 − 𝑒𝑒
5 15 3
IS THE SYSTEM STABLE????
EXAMPLE
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2
+2 + 5𝑦𝑦 = 1 𝑦𝑦(0) = 𝑦𝑦′(0) = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2
1
𝑠𝑠 𝑦𝑦 𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 0 − 𝑦𝑦′ 0 + 2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 − 𝑦𝑦 0 + 5𝑦𝑦 𝑠𝑠 =
𝑠𝑠
1
𝑠𝑠 2 𝑦𝑦 𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑠𝑦𝑦 0 − 𝑦𝑦′ 0 + 2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 − 𝑦𝑦 0 + 5𝑦𝑦 𝑠𝑠 =
𝑠𝑠
1
𝑦𝑦 𝑠𝑠 =
𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 2 + 2𝑠𝑠 + 5
1 𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵 𝐶𝐶
𝑦𝑦 𝑠𝑠 = = + +
𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 1 + 2𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠 + 1 − 2𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 1 + 2𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠 + 1 − 2𝑖𝑖
→ Calculation of A
1𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝑦𝑦 𝑠𝑠 = = + +
𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 1 + 2𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠 + 1 − 2𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 1 + 2𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠 + 1 − 2𝑖𝑖
1𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝑦𝑦 𝑠𝑠 = = + +
𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 1 + 2𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠 + 1 − 2𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 1 + 2𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠 + 1 − 2𝑖𝑖
2 1
𝐴𝐴 = → 𝐴𝐴 =
1 + 2𝑖𝑖 1 − 2𝑖𝑖 5
→ Calculation of B
1 𝑠𝑠 + 1 + 2𝑖𝑖 𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠 + 1 + 2𝑖𝑖 𝐵𝐵 𝑠𝑠 + 1 + 2𝑖𝑖 𝐶𝐶 𝑠𝑠 + 1 + 2𝑖𝑖
𝑦𝑦 𝑠𝑠 = = + +
𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 1 + 2𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠 + 1 − 2𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 1 + 2𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠 + 1 − 2𝑖𝑖
1 𝑠𝑠 + 1 + 2𝑖𝑖 𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠 + 1 + 2𝑖𝑖 𝐵𝐵 𝑠𝑠 + 1 + 2𝑖𝑖 𝐶𝐶 𝑠𝑠 + 1 + 2𝑖𝑖
𝑦𝑦 𝑠𝑠 = = + +
𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 1 + 2𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠 + 1 − 2𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 1 + 2𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠 + 1 − 2𝑖𝑖
1
𝐵𝐵 =
4 −2 + 𝑖𝑖
→ Calculation of C
1 𝑠𝑠 + 1 − 2𝑖𝑖 𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠 + 1 − 2𝑖𝑖 𝐵𝐵 𝑠𝑠 + 1 − 2𝑖𝑖 𝐶𝐶 𝑠𝑠 + 1 − 2𝑖𝑖
𝑦𝑦 𝑠𝑠 = = + +
𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 1 + 2𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠 + 1 − 2𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 1 + 2𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠 + 1 − 2𝑖𝑖
1 𝑠𝑠 + 1 − 2𝑖𝑖 𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠 + 1 − 2𝑖𝑖 𝐵𝐵 𝑠𝑠 + 1 − 2𝑖𝑖 𝐶𝐶 𝑠𝑠 + 1 − 2𝑖𝑖
𝑦𝑦 𝑠𝑠 = = + +
𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 1 + 2𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠 + 1 − 2𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 1 + 2𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠 + 1 − 2𝑖𝑖
1
𝐶𝐶 =
4 −2 − 𝑖𝑖
1 1 1 1 1
𝑦𝑦 𝑠𝑠 = + +
5𝑠𝑠 4 −2 + 𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 1 + 2𝑖𝑖 4 −2 − 𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 + 1 − 2𝑖𝑖
1 1 1
𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡 = + 𝑒𝑒 − 1+2𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡
+ 𝑒𝑒 − 1−2𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡
5 4 −2 + 𝑖𝑖 4 −2 − 𝑖𝑖
1 𝑒𝑒 −𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒 2𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = cos𝛼𝛼 + 𝑖𝑖sin𝛼𝛼
𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡 = + +
5 4 −2 + 𝑖𝑖 −2 − 𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒 −𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = cos𝛼𝛼 − 𝑖𝑖sin𝛼𝛼
1 𝑒𝑒 −𝑡𝑡 cos2𝑡𝑡 − 𝑖𝑖sin2𝑡𝑡 cos2𝑡𝑡 − 𝑖𝑖sin2𝑡𝑡
𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡 = + +
5 4 −2 + 𝑖𝑖 −2 − 𝑖𝑖
1 𝑒𝑒 −𝑡𝑡 cos2𝑡𝑡 − 𝑖𝑖sin2𝑡𝑡 −2 − 𝑖𝑖 + cos2𝑡𝑡 − 𝑖𝑖sin2𝑡𝑡 −2 + 𝑖𝑖
𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡 = +
5 4 −2 + 𝑖𝑖 −2 − 𝑖𝑖
1 𝑒𝑒 −𝑡𝑡 −4cos2𝑡𝑡 − 2sin2𝑡𝑡
𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡 = +
5 4 5
1 2𝑒𝑒 −𝑡𝑡
𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡 = + −2cos2𝑡𝑡 − sin2𝑡𝑡
5 20
1 𝑒𝑒 −𝑡𝑡
𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡 = + −2cos2𝑡𝑡 − sin2𝑡𝑡
5 10
𝑎𝑎1
𝑎𝑎1 cos𝑏𝑏 + 𝑎𝑎2 sin𝑏𝑏 = 𝑎𝑎3 sin 𝑏𝑏 + 𝜑𝜑 𝑎𝑎3 = 𝑎𝑎12 + 𝑎𝑎22 𝜑𝜑 = tan−1
𝑎𝑎2
(𝜑𝜑 = 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)
1 𝑒𝑒 −𝑡𝑡
𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡 = + −2cos2𝑡𝑡 − sin2𝑡𝑡
5 10
1 𝑒𝑒 −𝑡𝑡
𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡 = − 5sin 2𝑡𝑡 + 𝜑𝜑
5 10
LINEARIZATION
• A major difficulty in analyzing the dynamic response of many
processes is that they are nonlinear, that is, they can not be
represented by linear differential equations.
• The method of Laplace transforms allows us to relate the
response characteristics of a wide variety of physical systems to
the parameters of their transfer functions. Unfortunately, only
linear systems can be analyzed by Laplace Transforms.
• Linearization is a technique used to approximate the response of
non linear systems with linear differential equations that can than
be analyzed by Laplace transforms.
A linearized model can be developed by approximating
each non linear term with its linear approximation. A
non linear term can be approximated by a Taylor series
expansion to the nth order about a point if derivatives
up to nth order exist at the point.
The Taylor series for a function of f(x1, x2) is given as:
𝑥𝑥̅1 : Steady state value of x1
𝑥𝑥̅2 : Steady state value of x2
How do we find the steady state values?
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 )
𝜕𝜕𝑓𝑓 𝜕𝜕𝑓𝑓
= 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥̅1 , 𝑥𝑥̅2 ) + 𝑥𝑥1 − 𝑥𝑥̅1 + 𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑥̅2
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥̅ 1 ,𝑥𝑥̅ 2
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥2 𝑥𝑥̅ 1 ,𝑥𝑥̅ 2
𝜕𝜕 2 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥1 − 𝑥𝑥̅1 2 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑥̅2 2
+ + +⋯
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥12 𝑥𝑥̅ 1 ,𝑥𝑥̅ 2
2! 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥22 𝑥𝑥̅ 1 ,𝑥𝑥̅ 2
2!
𝜕𝜕 6 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥1 − 𝑥𝑥̅1 6
𝜕𝜕 6 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑥̅2 6
+ + + 𝑅𝑅
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥16 𝑥𝑥̅ 1 ,𝑥𝑥̅ 2
6! 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥26 𝑥𝑥̅ 1 ,𝑥𝑥̅ 2
6!
R is residual
𝜕𝜕𝑓𝑓 𝜕𝜕𝑓𝑓
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 ) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥̅1 , 𝑥𝑥̅2 ) + 𝑥𝑥1 − 𝑥𝑥̅1 + 𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑥̅2
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥̅ 1 ,𝑥𝑥̅ 2
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥2 𝑥𝑥̅ 1 ,𝑥𝑥̅ 2
Example
• Isothermal second order reaction
𝑑𝑑𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴
𝐹𝐹0 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴0 − 𝐹𝐹𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 − 𝑉𝑉 −𝑟𝑟𝐴𝐴 = 𝑉𝑉 −𝑟𝑟𝐴𝐴 = 𝑘𝑘𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴
𝐹𝐹0 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴0 − 𝐹𝐹𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 − 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴2 =𝑉𝑉
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴2 → 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 − 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝑓𝑓 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴2 = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅ 2 + 2𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅ 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 − 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅
𝑑𝑑𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴
𝐹𝐹0 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴0 − 𝐹𝐹𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 − 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅ 2 − 2𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅ 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 − 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅ =𝑉𝑉
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
̅ − 𝐹𝐹 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅ − 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅ 2 =0
𝐹𝐹0 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴0
𝑑𝑑 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 − 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅
̅ − 𝐹𝐹 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 − 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅
𝐹𝐹0 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴0 − 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴0 − 2𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅ 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 − 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅ =𝑉𝑉
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Example
• Exothermic reaction
𝑑𝑑𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 𝐸𝐸
𝐹𝐹0 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴0 − 𝐹𝐹𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 − 𝑉𝑉 −𝑟𝑟𝐴𝐴 = 𝑉𝑉 −𝑟𝑟𝐴𝐴 = − 𝑎𝑎
𝑘𝑘0 𝑒𝑒 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐸𝐸
− 𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴
𝐹𝐹0 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴0 − 𝐹𝐹𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 − 𝑉𝑉𝑘𝑘0 𝑒𝑒 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 =𝑉𝑉
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐸𝐸
− 𝑎𝑎
𝑉𝑉𝑘𝑘0 𝑒𝑒 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 → 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 − 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝐸𝐸
− 𝑎𝑎�
𝐸𝐸
− 𝑎𝑎
𝐸𝐸
− 𝑎𝑎� ̅ 𝐸𝐸𝑎𝑎 𝑘𝑘0 𝑒𝑒 𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇 𝐸𝐸
− 𝑎𝑎�
𝑓𝑓 𝑉𝑉𝑘𝑘0 𝑒𝑒 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 = 𝑉𝑉𝑘𝑘0 𝑒𝑒 𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 + 𝑉𝑉 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅ 𝑇𝑇 − 𝑇𝑇� + 𝑉𝑉𝑘𝑘0 𝑒𝑒 𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 − 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅
𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇� 2
𝐸𝐸
− 𝑎𝑎�
𝐸𝐸
− 𝑎𝑎� ̅ 𝐸𝐸𝑎𝑎 𝑘𝑘0 𝑒𝑒 𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇 𝐸𝐸
− 𝑎𝑎� 𝑑𝑑𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴
𝐹𝐹0 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴0 − 𝐹𝐹𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 − 𝑉𝑉𝑘𝑘0 𝑒𝑒 𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 − 𝑉𝑉 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅ 𝑇𝑇 − 𝑇𝑇� − 𝑉𝑉𝑘𝑘0 𝑒𝑒 𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 − 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅ =𝑉𝑉
𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇� 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐸𝐸
̅ − 𝐹𝐹 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅ − − 𝑎𝑎� ̅
𝐹𝐹0 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴0 𝑉𝑉𝑘𝑘0 𝑒𝑒 𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 =0
𝐸𝐸
− 𝑎𝑎�
𝐸𝐸𝑎𝑎 𝑘𝑘0 𝑒𝑒 𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇 𝐸𝐸
− 𝑎𝑎� 𝑑𝑑 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 − 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅
̅ − 𝐹𝐹 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 − 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅ − 𝑉𝑉
𝐹𝐹0 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴0 − 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴0 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅ 𝑇𝑇 − 𝑇𝑇� − 𝑉𝑉𝑘𝑘0 𝑒𝑒 𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 − 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅ =𝑉𝑉
𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇� 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Example
• Isothermal first order reaction; Flow rate is not constant
𝑑𝑑𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴
𝐹𝐹0 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴0 − 𝐹𝐹𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 − 𝑉𝑉 −𝑟𝑟𝐴𝐴 = 𝑉𝑉 −𝑟𝑟𝐴𝐴 = 𝑘𝑘𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴
𝐹𝐹0 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴0 − 𝐹𝐹𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 − 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑓𝑓(𝐹𝐹0 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 ) = 𝐹𝐹0 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅ + 𝐹𝐹0 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 − 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅ + 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅ 𝐹𝐹0 − 𝐹𝐹0
𝑓𝑓(𝐹𝐹𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 ) = 𝐹𝐹� 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅ + 𝐹𝐹� 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 − 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅ + 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅ 𝐹𝐹 − 𝐹𝐹�
� 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅ + 𝑉𝑉𝑘𝑘
𝑓𝑓 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 = 𝑉𝑉𝑘𝑘 � 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 − 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅ + 𝑘𝑘𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅ 𝑉𝑉 − 𝑉𝑉�
̅ + 𝐹𝐹�0 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴0 − 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴0
𝐹𝐹�0 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴0 ̅ + 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴0̅ 𝐹𝐹0 − 𝐹𝐹�0 − 𝐹𝐹� 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅ − 𝐹𝐹� 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 − 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅ − 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅ 𝐹𝐹 − 𝐹𝐹�
𝑑𝑑𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� ̅ � ̅ ̅ �
− 𝑉𝑉𝑘𝑘𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 − 𝑉𝑉𝑘𝑘 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 − 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 − 𝑘𝑘𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 𝑉𝑉 − 𝑉𝑉 =𝑉𝑉 + 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
̅ − 𝐹𝐹� 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅ − 𝑉𝑉𝑘𝑘
𝐹𝐹�0 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴0 � 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅ =0
̅ + 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴0
𝐹𝐹�0 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴0 − 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴0 ̅ 𝐹𝐹0 − 𝐹𝐹�0 − 𝐹𝐹� 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 − 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅ − 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅ 𝐹𝐹 − 𝐹𝐹� − 𝑉𝑉𝑘𝑘
� 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 − 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴̅
𝑑𝑑𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
̅ �
− 𝑘𝑘𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 𝑉𝑉 − 𝑉𝑉 =𝑉𝑉 + 𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑