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Acids, Bases and Salts

1. Acids and Bases

Acids
Acids wo substances hote hain jinhe chakhne par khatt taste aata hai. Jaise jab hum
lemon ko taste karte hain, ya curd (dahi) khaate hain to ek khatt pan mehsus hota hai.
Ye sab isliye hota hai kyunki inme acid hota hai. Acids nature me normally safe hote
hain jab hum unhe khaane me use karte hain, lekin strong acids (jaise laboratory wale)
skin ko jala bhi sakte hain agar dhyaan na diya jaye. Isliye hamesha acids ko carefully
handle karna chahiye.
Example:
Agar aap kabhi orange juice piyein, usme ek natural khatta taste hota hai—that taste
comes from citric acid.
Bases
Bases wo substances hote hain jin ka taste kadwa hota hai aur haath se touch karne
par soapy ya slippery lagta hai. Ghar me aapne baking soda dekha hoga—ye ek
common base hai. Bases strong bhi ho sakte hain, jaise bleaching powder ya toilet
cleaner. Inhe galat tarike se touch karne par skin ko nuksan ho sakta hai.
Example:
Agar aap haath me thoda sa soap rub karein, to wo slippery lagta hai—that is a
property of bases.

2. Indicators

pg. 1
Indicators wo special chemicals hote hain jo hume batate hain ki koi substance acidic
hai ya basic. Indicators ka kaam hota hai colour change dikhana.
Types of Indicators
1. Natural Indicators – jo nature me milte hain
o Turmeric (haldi)
o Litmus
o China rose (Gudhal ke patte)
2. Synthetic Indicators – jo laboratory me banaye jaate hain
o Phenolphthalein
Indicators kaise kaam karte hain?
Indicators acid ya base me milkar apna colour badal dete hain.
Litmus
• Blue litmus + Acid → Red
• Red litmus + Base → Blue
Example:
Agar aap vinegar (acid) me blue litmus daaloge → paper red ho jayega.
Turmeric (Haldi)
Haldi ek natural indicator hai.
• Acid me → Yellow hi rehti hai
• Base me → Red ho jaati hai

pg. 2
Example:
Agar detergent (base) haath par lage aur upar se haldi wali lep lagayi gayi ho, to haldi
wala part red ho jaata hai.
China Rose
• Acid me → Dark Pink
• Base me → Green
Example:
Gudhal ke phool ka juice banakar agar lemon juice me daalein to solution dark pink
ho jaayega.

3. Neutral Substances
Neutral substances wo hote hain jo na acid hote hain na base. Inka taste normal hota
hai aur ye indicators ka colour change nahi karte.
Example:
• Pure water
• Sugar water
• Salt solution
Ye sab me haldi ya litmus daalne par colour change nahi hota.

4. Neutralisation
Neutralisation ek reaction hoti hai jisme acid + base mil kar ek salt, water aur heat
banate hain.
Is reaction se acid aur base dono ka effect cancel ho jaata hai.

pg. 3
Reaction Formula:
Acid + Base → Salt + Water + Heat
Example Reaction:
HCl (acid) + NaOH (base) → NaCl (salt) + H₂O (water)
Why is this important?
Kyuki real life me kai baar humari body, soil, paani ya environment acidic ya basic ho
jaata hai. To neutralisation ka use karke hum usko normal bana sakte hain.

5. Ant Sting
Jab ant (chinti) kaat leti hai, to uske stinger se formic acid nikalta hai. Ye acid skin
par lagkar jaldi, burning, pain create karta hai.
Solution:
Acid ko neutralise karne ke liye hum base ka use karte hain.
• Moist baking soda (base) apply karne se acid neutral ho jaata hai.
• Calamine lotion (inme zinc carbonate – a base) bhi lagaya jaata hai.
Example:
Agar chinti ne kaata aur aap us par baking soda paste laga do, to burning kam ho
jaayegi kyunki base acid ka effect hata deta hai.

6. Indigestion (Acidity)
Kabhi kabhi hum bohot spicy, oily ya irregular food kha lete hain. Isse stomach me
acid zyada banne lagta hai.
Is condition ko indigestion ya acidity kehte hain.
Solution:
pg. 4
Acid ko neutralise karne ke liye doctor ya ghar me log antacid dete hain.
Antacid ek base hota hai, jaise Milk of Magnesia (magnesium hydroxide).
Example:
Jab aap acidity ki tablet (Gelusil/Eno etc.) lete ho → wo acid ko neutral karke dard
aur burning ko kam kar deti hai.

7. Soil Treatment
Zyada chemical fertilisers use karne se soil acidic ya basic ho sakti hai.
Plants ko neutral soil pasand hoti hai.
✔ Acidic Soil ka Treatment
Agar soil bohot acidic ho jaye:
• Isme quick lime (calcium oxide)
• Ya slaked lime (calcium hydroxide)
milaya jaata hai, jo base hote hain. Ye acidity ko neutral kar dete hain.
✔ Basic Soil ka Treatment
Agar soil bohot basic ho jaye:
• Isme organic matter, compost, leaves, manure add karte hain.
Ye soil ko neutral banata hai.
Example:
Farmer dekhte hain ki unke field me plants ache se grow nahi ho rahe. Soil test me
acidity zyada nikli. To farmer lime daal kar soil ko neutral banata hai.

8. Factory Wastes

pg. 5
Kai factories ke chemical wastes me strong acids hote hain jo environment ko damage
kar dete hain.
Agar ye waste bina treatment ke nadi ya zameen me jaaye, to paani me rehne wale
plants aur fishes mar sakte hain.
Solution:
Factories ko waste ko release karne se pehle usme bases (jaise lime) milana padta hai
taaki acidic waste neutral ho jaaye.
Example:
Ek factory acidic waste paani ko river me daalne se pehle usme lime (base) milati hai.
Lime waste ko neutral karke kam harmful bana deta hai.

Full Chapter Summary

• Acids → Khatt taste (lemon, curd)
• Bases → Kadwa, soapy (soap, baking soda)
• Indicators → Batate hain substance acid hai ya base (litmus, turmeric)
• Neutral substances → Na acid na base (water, sugar solution)
• Neutralisation → Acid + Base → Salt + Water + Heat
• Ant sting → Acidic → Baking soda lagao
• Indigestion → Stomach acid zyada → Antacid lo
• Soil treatment → Acidic soil me lime; basic soil me compost
• Factory waste → Acidic waste me lime milakar neutralise kiya jaata hai

pg. 6
 Wisdom worth
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Respiration in Organisms
1. Cellular Respiration
Socho aap ek mobile phone ho. Phone tabhi chal paata hai jab usme battery ho. Agar
battery khatam ho jaaye, toh phone off ho jaata hai. Bilkul isi tarah, humans, animals
aur plants tabhi zinda rehte hain jab humare body ke cells ko energy milti rehti hai.
Yeh energy khaane se milti hai, par khaana directly energy nahi deta. Pehle khaana
glucose ke form me cells tak pahuchta hai, phir cells ke andar ek process hota hai jise
cellular respiration kehte hain. Is process me glucose oxygen ke saath tootkar energy
banata hai. Ye energy ATP naam ke molecule me store hoti hai, jo humari body ki
chhoti battery jaise kaam karta hai. Jab glucose tootता hai toh energy ke saath-saath
carbon dioxide aur water bhi bante hain. Ye process body ke har cell me hota hai.
Agar cellular respiration ruk jaaye, toh hum koi kaam nahi kar paayenge—na
chalenge, na soche, na zinda rahenge. Yani cellular respiration ke bina humari body ek
machine ki tarah band ho jaayegi.

2. Types of Respiration
Living organisms do tarah se respiration kar sakte hain—oxygen ke saath aur oxygen
ke bina. Jab oxygen available hoti hai, cells glucose ko oxygen ke saath todकर zyada
energy banate hain. Isse aerobic respiration kehte hain. Ye humans, animals aur
plants sab me hota hai. Jaise jab hum normal walking karte hain, toh body ko enough
oxygen milti rehti hai.
Doosra type hota hai anaerobic respiration, jo tab hota hai jab oxygen nahi hoti. Ye
ek emergency system jaisa hota hai. Isme energy kam banti hai aur glucose poori tarah
se toot nahi paata. Yeast me sugar tootकर alcohol aur CO₂ banati hai. Aur jab hum
bahut tez daudते hain aur oxygen kam padती hai, toh humari muscles anaerobic

pg. 7
respiration karti hain aur lactic acid banााती hain—isi wajah se cramps aur pain hota
hai.
Yani aerobic = oxygen ke saath, anaerobic = oxygen ke bina.

3. Breathing and Exchange of Gases

Breathing dekhne me simple lagta hai—saans lena aur saans chhodna. Par iske peeche
puri body ki teamwork chalti hai. Jab hum saans lete hain (inhalation), toh hawa ke
saath oxygen humare lungs me jaati hai. Is time diaphragm neeche chala jaata hai aur
ribs bahar ki taraf uthते hain, jisse chest andar se badi ho jaati hai. Isi wajah se hawa
lungs me enter kar jaati hai.
Jab hum saans chhodte hain (exhalation), diaphragm upar aa jaata hai, ribs neeche aa
jaate hain aur chest choti ho jaati hai, jisse hawa bahar nikal jaati hai. Bahar nikalne
wali hawa me carbon dioxide hoti hai, jo body ka waste gas hai. Hum ye process din
bhar bina soche karte rehte hain.
Ye bilkul waise hi hai jaise ek pump paani ko andar-bahar karta hai—bas yaha pump
humari breathing system hai, aur paani ki jagah hawa aati-jaati hai.

4. Respiration in Plants
Plants bhi saans lete hain, par unka tareeka humans se alag hota hai. Patton par chhote-
chhote holes hote hain jise stomata kehte hain. Ye stomata darwaze ki tarah kaam
karte hain—jab open hote hain, oxygen andar jaati hai aur carbon dioxide bahar aati
hai. Plants ko energy banane ke liye respiration har waqt karna padta hai, chahe din ho
ya raat.
Roots bhi saans leti hain—wo soil me chhoti air spaces se oxygen absorb karti hain.
Agar soil me zyada paani bhar jaaye aur hawa ki jagah na bache, toh roots ko oxygen
nahi milegi aur plant mar sakta hai.
pg. 8
Yani plants me respiration hamesha chalta rehta hai, chahe photosynthesis sirf din
me hota hai.

5. Respiration in Microorganisms
Microorganisms jaise Amoeba, bacteria aur Paramecium bahut tiny hote hain. Inke
paas lungs ya nose jaisi koi breathing organ nahi hoti. Ye diffusion ke process se
saans lete hain. Diffusion me oxygen jahan zyada hoti hai, waha se jahan kam hoti hai,
waha khud-ba-khud move ho jaati hai.
Amoeba ka body soft aur moist hota hai, toh oxygen aasani se uske body surface se
andar chali jaati hai aur carbon dioxide bahar aa jaati hai. Ye bilkul aise hi hai jaise
sponge me paani easily andar-bahar hota hai.
Itne chhote organisms ke liye unka body surface hi respiration ke liye enough hota hai.

6. Respiration in Land Animals

Zameen par rehne wale animals me respiration unki body structure ke hisaab se alag-
alag hota hai. Cockroach ke body ke sides me chhote holes hote hain jise spiracles
kehte hain. Unke through hawa andar jaati hai aur ek tube system (tracheae) oxygen
ko poori body tak pahunchata hai. Agar spiracles block ho jaayein, cockroach saans
nahi le paayega.
Earthworm apni moist skin se saans leta hai. Skin par dissolved oxygen seedhe body
me chali jaati hai, isi liye earthworm ki skin ka geela rehna zaroori hai.
Bade animals—humans, cows, dogs, cats—sab lungs se breathing karte hain. Inme
inhalation-exhalation bilkul humari tarah hota hai.

7. Respiration in Aquatic Animals

pg. 9
Paani me rehne wale animals oxygen hawa se nahi, balki paani me dissolved oxygen
se lete hain. Fish ke paas special organs hote hain jise gills kehte hain. Jab fish paani
apne mouth se andar leti hai, toh wo paani gills ke upar se flow hota hai. Gills us paani
se oxygen absorb karke blood me bhej dete hain aur carbon dioxide paani me wapas
chhod dete hain.
Isi liye fish paani ke bahar jaldi mar jaati hai, kyunki gills hawa me kaam nahi karte.
Frog land par lungs se saans leta hai aur paani me moist skin se. Wo do jagah saans le
sakta hai, isliye use amphibian kehte hain.
Aquatic animals ka main point yeh hai ki unka respiration paani ke oxygen par depend
karta hai, jo unke special organs ke through absorb hota hai.

pg. 10
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Transportation in Animals and Plants
1. Circulatory System
Socho tumhari body ek badi si “Human City” hai. Is city me hazaaron crores chote-
chote ghar bane hue hain jinko hum cells kehte hain. In cells ko rozana kuch cheezein
chahiye hoti hain — jaise khana (nutrients), paani (oxygen) aur garbage (waste) ko
bahar nikalna hota hai. Agar kisi ghar tak khana na pahunch paaye ya kachra na uthe,
toh city beemar ho jaayegi.
Isi tarah hamari body me circulatory system ek perfect transportation service ki tarah
kaam karta hai.
Yeh poora system ensure karta hai ki:
• Cells ko khana, oxygen, vitamins, sab mile
• Aur cells ka kachra time se bahar nikal jaye
Circulatory System ke 3 main parts:
1. Blood – jo cheezein le jaata hai
2. Blood Vessels – jinke through blood travel karta hai
3. Heart – jo pump ki tarah blood ko aage piche bhejta rehta hai
Example:
Jaise ek pizza delivery system hota hai — delivery boy (blood), roads (blood vessels),
aur main control center (heart).

2. Blood (Ek “Multi-Tasking Fluid”)

Blood hamari body ka ek special red color liquid hai jo andar bahot dher sari duties
karta hai.
pg. 11
Blood ko aap ek delivery truck ki tarah imagine karo. Ye har jagah jaake samaan
deliver karta hai.
Blood kya karta hai?
• Oxygen aur nutrients ko body ke har cell tak pahunchata hai
• Waste materials ko cells se collect karke bahar nikalne wale organs tak le jata
hai
Jaise
• Oxygen → cells ke liye fuel
• Waste → “dustbin wala” collect karta hai
Blood ke 4 important parts:

1. Plasma – Blood ka “Liquid Base”

Plasma ek halka-sa yellowish liquid hota hai.
Isme sare nutrients, salts, proteins, hormones, aur waste products float karte hain.
Example:
Jaise ek nadi me kai saari chizzein tair sakti hain, waise plasma me sab chizzein tairti
rehti hain.

2. RBC (Red Blood Cells) – “Oxygen Delivery Boys”

RBC ek choti Army hai jinke paas haemoglobin hota hai.
Ye oxygen ko pakad kar lungs se body tak aur wapas lungs tak le jaati hai.

pg. 12
Example:
Jaise school me ek monitor hota hai jo class se office tak messages le kar jata hai,
waise RBC oxygen messages deliver karta hai.
RBC hi blood ko red colour dete hain.

3. WBC (White Blood Cells) – Body ke “Security Guards”

WBC ko hum body ki police force bol sakte hain.
Jab germs (virus, bacteria) attack karte hain, toh WBC turant fight karte hain aur
infection ko rokne ki koshish karte hain.
Example:
Jab aapko fever hota hai, toh WBC germs ke saath fight kar rahe hote hain — isliye
temperature badh jata hai.

4. Platelets – “Repair Team”

Jab koi cut lag jata hai aur blood nikalta hai, toh Platelets turant wahan pahunch kar
blood ko jamne dete hain.
Isse bleeding ruk jati hai.
Example:
Jaise plumber pipe me leak ko band karta hai, waise platelets cut ko clog kar dete hain.

3. Lymph – Blood ka Helper Fluid

Lymph ek transparent, pani jaisa fluid hota hai.
Isme RBC nahi hote, isliye iska color clear hota hai.
Lymph ke kaam:

pg. 13
 • Extra fluid ko tissues se drain karke wapas blood me bhejna
• Body me germs se fight karne ke liye lymphocytes le kar chalna
Example:
Jaise kabhi aapka pair sooj jata hai — kabhi-kabhi lymph wahan gather ho jata hai.

4. Blood Vessels (Body ki "Sadken")

Blood travel karne ke liye 3 types ki sadken hoti hain:

1. Arteries – “Highway from Heart”

Arteries woh sadke hain jinse oxygen-rich blood heart se body me jata hai.
Inki walls thick aur elastic hoti hain kyunki blood high pressure me pump hota hai.
Exception:
Pulmonary artery CO₂-rich blood lungs me le jaati hai.
Pulse
Heart jab beat karta hai, toh arteries me dhadkan feel hoti hai.
Normal = 72–80 per minute
Example:
Wrist par finger rakh kar pulse feel karna.

2. Veins – “Roads Back to Heart”

Veins blood ko body se wapas heart tak le aati hain.
Inki walls thin hoti hain aur inme valves hote hain taaki blood ulta na beh jaye.
Exception:
pg. 14
Pulmonary vein oxygen-rich blood heart me laati hai.
Example:
Jaise office bus employees ko ghar wapas laati hai.

3. Capillaries – “Tiny Galiyan”

Capillaries body ki sabse choti vessels hoti hain.
Yahin par cells aur blood ke beech food aur oxygen ka exchange hota hai.
Example:
Jaise gali me jaakar delivery boy seedha ghar ke darwaze tak pahunchta hai.

5. Heart – Body ka “Super Pump”

Heart ek strong muscular organ hai jo kabhi rest nahi leta.
Din me lagbhag 1 lakh baar beat karta hai.
Structure:
Heart me 4 chambers hote hain:
• 2 atria (upar ke rooms)
• 2 ventricles (neeche ke rooms)
Left aur right side ke beech ek wall hoti hai jisse oxygen-rich aur CO₂-rich blood
mix nahi hota.
Function:
Heart:
• Oxygen-rich blood ko pure body me bhejta hai
• CO₂-rich blood ko lungs tak bhejta hai
pg. 15
 Heartbeat:
Ye beating “lub-dub” sound banati hai. Doctor isse stethoscope se sunte hain.
Normal adult heartbeat: 70–80 beats/min

6. Excretory System – Body ka "Waste Management System"

Jaise ghar me daily dustbin bhar jata hai, waise body me bhi daily waste banta hai —
urea, CO₂, extra salt, toxins.
Is waste ko safe tarike se bahar nikalne ka kaam excretory system karta hai.

Main Parts of Excretory System:

1. Kidneys – “Blood Cleaning Machines”

Kidneys do bean-shaped organs hote hain.
Inka kaam hai blood ko filter karna aur urine banana.
Kidneys:
• Roz 1–1.8 L urine banate hain
• Urine me hota hai:
o 95% water
o 2.5% urea
o 2.5% salt aur toxins
Nephrons – “Mini Filters”

pg. 16
Kidneys ke andar hazaaron nephrons hote hain.
Har nephron me hota hai:
• Glomerulus (filter)
• Bowman’s capsule
• Tubes
Example:
Jaise RO water filter hota hai, waise nephron blood ko clean karta hai.

2. Ureters – Pipes
Kidneys se urine bladder tak le jaate hain.
3. Urinary Bladder – Storage Tank
Yahan urine store hota hai jab tak aap washroom nahi jaate.
4. Urethra – Final Exit
Yahan se urine body se bahar nikalta hai.

Dialysis
Agar kidneys kaam na karein toh machine blood ko clean karti hai.
Is process ko dialysis kehte hain.

7. Transport in Plants
Plants bhi ek mini "factory" ki tarah hote hain.
Unhe water, minerals aur food ko transport karne ke liye special pipelines chahiye hoti
hain.
pg. 17
Plants me do transport tissues hote hain:
1. Xylem – Water pipeline
2. Phloem – Food pipeline

1. Water Transport (Xylem)

Roots me root hairs hote hain jo soil se water aur minerals absorb karte hain.
Phir xylem water ko upar leaves tak pahunchata hai.
Example:
Jaise ek straw se juice upar chadh jaata hai.

2. Food Transport (Phloem)

Leaves me photosynthesis se food (glucose) banta hai.
Phloem is food ko roots, stems, fruits, flowers — sab jagah bhejta hai.
Example:
Jaise Mumbai ki Dabba service lunch box har office tak pohchati hai.

8. Excretion in Plants
Plants me toilet system nahi hota, par wo apna waste alag-alag tariko se nikalte hain.
1. Transpiration
Leaves ke stomata se extra water vapour bahar nikalta hai.
2. Gas Exchange
Stomata oxygen aur CO₂ ka exchange bhi karte hain.

pg. 18
 3. Waste Storage
Plants kuch waste leaves, bark, fruits me store kar dete hain.
Jab ye gir jaate hain, waste bhi saath me bahar ho jaata hai.
Example:
Neem leaves me stored bitter chemicals — plant ka waste hota hai.

pg. 19
 Wisdom worth
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Reproduction in Plants
What is Reproduction?
Socho ek sundar garden hai jisme bahut saare plants hain—rose, lotus, mango, neem,
tulsi… Har saal naye-naye paudhe bhi ugte rehte hain. Kya aapne kabhi socha hai ki
yeh naye paudhe kaise bante hain? Plants khud chal kar baby plants nahi bana sakte,
par unke andar ek special process hoti hai jise reproduction kehte hain. Reproduction
ka matlab hota hai naye plants ka banna purane plants se. Jaise ek family me
parents ke se bachche hote hain, waise hi plants bhi apne "chhote baby plants" banate
hain. Yeh process plants ko zinda rakhti hai aur unki generation ko continue karti rehti
hai. Agar reproduction na ho, toh dhire-dhire sab plants khatam ho jaate. Isliye
reproduction nature ka ek zaroori rule hai jo sab living things follow karte hain.

Modes of Reproduction
Plants apne babies do tareeke se banate hain—bas socho jaise ek game ke do levels
hote hain. Pehla level hota hai asexual reproduction, jisme sirf ek hi parent plant se
new plant ban jaata hai. Isme na male part hota hai na female part. Dusra level hota hai
sexual reproduction, jisme do parents (male aur female parts) milkar ek seed banate
hain, jisse new plant grow hota hai. Matlab ek tareeke me seed nahi banta aur doosre
me seed banta hai. Kuch plants jaldi multiply karna chahte hain, toh woh asexual
method use karte hain; aur kuch plants seeds ke through dhire-dhire spread hote hain.

Asexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction ek bahut hi direct aur simple method hota hai plants ke liye.
Socho ek plant hai, aur usi ka koi hissa—stem, leaf, root—agli baar ek poora naya
plant ban jaata hai. Is process me sirf ek parent plant hota hai, aur koi male-female
pg. 20
cells ka role nahi hota. Aur jo new plant banta hai woh bilkul photocopy hota hai
parent jaise—same height, same leaves, same features. Isi wajah se farmers seedless
fruits jaise banana, sugarcane, potato bahut aasani se uga lete hain.

1. Vegetative Reproduction
Vegetative reproduction me plant ke kisi part se naya plant ban jaata hai—jaise stem,
root, leaf. Socho ek potato le lo. Us par chhote chhote “eyes” hote hain. Agar aap
potato ka chhota tukda zameen me daal do, toh wahi se ek new potato plant grow ho
jaata hai. Yehi reason hai ki ghar me rakhay potatoes kabhi-kabhi shoot nikal dete
hain. Sweet potato root se new plant banata hai, aur Bryophyllum ke leaves ke ककनारे
chhoti-baby plants grow ho jaate hain. Is method ka fayda yeh hai ki bahut tezi se kai
plants ek saath ban jaate hain, woh bhi bilkul parent jaise aur seedless fruit bhi
easily grow ho jate hain.

2. Budding
Budding ek bahut cute process hoti hai. Socho parent organism (jaise yeast) ke side
me ek chhota sa bulge banta hai—jise bud kehte hain. Step-by-step woh bud badi hoti
jaati hai, jaise ek chhota bacha grow ho raha ho, aur phir ek time aake woh parent se
alag ho kar ek independent new organism ban jaati hai. Yeast bread, idli, dosa banane
me use hoti hai—aur woh isi budding method se multiply hoti hai.

3. Fragmentation
Fragmentation me parent organism ke pieces hi new plant ban jaate hain. Ye method
mostly simple organisms me hoti hai, jaise Spirogyra (ek green algae). Socho ek
lambi si green thread-like algae paani me tair rahi hai. Agar woh toot kar 2 pieces ho

pg. 21
jaye, toh dono pieces khud ek-ek new algae ban jaate hain. Matlab ek plant do ban
gaya, phir do se chaar, aur chaar se aur zyada.

4. Spore Formation
Spore formation ek secret survival trick jaisi hoti hai. Plants jaise mosses and ferns
hawa me chhote, halka-spores release karte hain. Yeh spores bilkul powder jaisa lagte
hain, par andar se full power wale hote hain. Jab inhe sahi moisture, temperature aur
environment milta hai, toh yeh ek new plant me grow ho jaate hain. Ye method useful
hai kyunki spores tough hote hain aur mushkil condition me bhi survive kar lete hain.

Sexual Reproduction in Plants

Sexual reproduction plants ka main method hota hai jisme flowers important role play
karte hain. Flowers plant ke reproductive organs hote hain—yeh hi male aur female
parts ko hold karte hain. Male part ko stamen kehte hain jisme pollen grains (male
gametes) bante hain. Female part ko pistil kehte hain jisme ovule (female gamete) hota
hai. Jab male aur female gamete milte hain, tab seed banta hai, jisse new plant grow
hota hai. Sexual reproduction me variation hota hai, matlab new plant parent jaisa
exact copy nahi hota—usme thoda difference hota hai, bilkul bachchon jaisa.

Pollination
Pollination ek travel journey jaisi hoti hai, jisme pollen grains male part (anther) se
nikal kar female part (stigma) tak pahunchte hain. Ye journey insects, birds, wind,
water sabke through ho sakti hai. Jab pollen same flower ke stigma tak jaye, toh use
self-pollination kehte hain. Aur jab pollen ek flower se doosre flower me jaye, use
cross-pollination kehte hain. Cross-pollination se variation badhta hai, plants strong
bante hain. Example—bee jab honey collect karti hai, toh woh pollen dusre flower me
deposit kar deti hai bina jaane plant ki help kar deta hai.
pg. 22
Fertilization
Pollination ke baad fertilization hota hai, jo plant life ka sabse important step hai.
Socho pollen grain stigma par land karta hai. Uske baad pollen tube pistil ke through
neeche ovule tak jaati hai. Jab male gamete pollen tube ke through ovule ke andar
female gamete se milta hai, tab ek zygote banta hai. Ye zygote slowly-grow होकर
embryo ban jaata hai jo future me ek baby plant banega. Ye process nature ka magic
moment hota hai—do cells milkar ek new life create karte hain.

Formation of Fruits and Seeds

Fertilization ke baad flower ka kaam lagbhag khatam ho jaata hai. Petals sukh jaate
hain, gir jaate hain, par ovary grow kar ke fruit ban jaati hai. Aur jo ovules ovary ke
andar hote hain woh seeds ban jaate hain. Fruit ke andar jo seed hota hai uske andar ek
embryo hota hai—ye hi baby plant hota hai. Seed ke bahar ek tough seed coat hota
hai jo embryo ko protect karta hai. Jaise tomato ke andar multiple seeds hote hain—ye
sab ovules hi hote hain.

Seed Dispersal
Ab socho agar saare seeds parent plant ke paas hi gir jaaye, toh kya hoga? Space nahi
milega, sunlight divide ho jayegi, food kam pad jayega. Isliye nature ne ek smart
system banaya—seed dispersal, jisme seeds parent plant se door-door jaakar grow
hote hain. Kuch seeds wind me udd kar jate hain—jaise dandelion ke cotton-like
seeds. Kuch animals kha kar seeds ko doosre jagah girate hain—jaise monkeys mango
khakar seed ko gira dete hain. Some seeds water me float karte hain—jaise coconut.
Kuch fruits explosion method use karte hain, jaise balsam jo suddenly burst ho kar
seeds ko door fake deta hai. Is process se plants new areas me grow kar paate hain.

pg. 23
 Wisdom worth
BrahamPuri colony Ranhola ....Contact 7428667599
Electric Current and its Effects
What is Electric Current?
Socho aapke ghar me light chal rahi hai, fan ghoom raha hai, TV on hai. Par ye sab
kaise chal raha hai? Imagine karo ki wires ke andar ek invisible river beh rahi hai. Ye
river paani ki nahi hoti, balki electrons naam ke tiny particles ki hoti hai. Jab ye
electrons ek direction me smoothly flow karte hain, toh is flow ko hum electric
current kehte hain. Jaise hum road par gaadiyon ka traffic flow dekhte hain, waise hi
current wire ke andar flow karta hai. Aur jaise jaise electrons aage badhte hain, wire
thoda garam ho jata hai. Isko hum “heating effect of electric current” kehte hain. Isi
electric current ki wajah se hum poore ghar ke appliances chala sakte hain. Agar
current hi na ho, toh bulb andhera ho jata, fan ruk jaata, aur mobile charge bhi nahi
hota!

Electronic Components
Ab socho ek ghar me kaafi saare log milkar kaam karte hain—koi cooking karta hai,
koi washing machine chalata hai, koi light banata hai. Waise hi, ek electric circuit me
bhi kuch chhote-chhote electronic components hote hain jo apna-apna kaam karte
hain. Jaise bulb current aane par glow karta hai, fan current milne par ghoomne lagta
hai, motor machines ko chalati hai, aur bell current se bajti hai. Har component ek
special kaam karta hai. Bina inke circuit adhoora hota, jaise bina actors ke movie
adhoori hoti hai. Ye components electricity ko light, heat, movement ya sound me
convert kar dete hain. Example: jab aap switch on karte ho, bulb turant glow ho jata
hai—kyunki usko zaroori current mil jaata hai.

Electric Circuit
pg. 24
Electric circuit ko ek road network ki tarah imagine karo. Jaise roads allow karti hain
cars ko move karne ke liye, waise hi electric circuit electric current ko ek jagah se
doosri jagah bhejne ka raasta hota hai. Circuit me kuch essential parts hote hain—
jaise battery, wires, aur switch. Battery ko aap electricity ka tank samajh lo jo current
provide karta hai. Wires roads ki tarah behave karti hain jinke through electrons travel
karte hain. Switch gate ki tarah hota hai—jab gate band hoga (switch off), toh current
ruk jaata hai, aur jab gate open hoga (switch on), toh current flow karne lagta hai. Agar
circuit me kahin gap ho, toh hum usko open circuit kehte hain—isme bulb glow nahi
karta. Aur jab sab kuch connected ho aur switch on ho, toh woh closed circuit hota
hai—aur bulb glow karta hai. Circuit diagram me hum elements ko simple symbols se
draw karte hain—jaise battery ka symbol, bulb ka symbol, etc.

Heating Effect of Electric Current

Jab current kisi wire se flow karta hai, toh wire thoda garam ho jata hai—jaise aap
friction se haath rub karo toh garm ho jaate hain. Ye hota hai resistance ki wajah se.
Resistance ka matlab hota hai current ko rokne wali force. Agar wire lamba hoga, toh
electrons ko zyada raasta cover karna padega—isliye heat zyada milegi. Agar wire
patla hoga, toh electrons ek dusre se takra kar heat produce karte hain. Kuch materials
jaise copper heat kam banate hain, par kuch jaise nichrome kaafi heat produce karte
hain. Isi property ka use hum electric heater, geyser, iron aur stove me karte hain.
Safety ke liye hum fuse use karte hain—fuse ek thin wire hoti hai jo zyada current
aane par melt ho kar circuit ko tod deti hai, taaki fire na lage. Ab modern gharon me
MCB use hoti hai, jo automatic switch off ho jaati hai.

Magnetic Effect of Electric Current

Electric current sirf heat hi nahi banata, balki ek aur magic karta hai—ye magnet jaisa
behave karne lagta hai. Socho ek wire me current flow kar raha hai. Agar aap uske
paas ek iron nail le jao, toh kabhi-kabhi nail attract ho jaata hai. Isko hum magnetic
pg. 25
effect of electric current kehte hain. Ye discovery ek scientist Hans Christian
Oersted ne ki thi, jab unhone dekha ki current-carrying wire ke paas rakhi compass
needle deflect ho rahi hai. Matlab wire ke around ek invisible magnetic field ban gayi
thi. Ye effect aaj ke time me electric trains, motors, speakers, fans, aur generators me
use hota hai.

Electromagnet
Electromagnet ek special magnet hota hai jo normal magnet ki tarah hamesha
magnetised nahi hota. Isko aap electric-magnet keh sakte ho. Imagine karo ek iron rod
hai, aur uske around aapne wire coil (solenoid) lapet di. Jaise hi aap is coil me current
pass karoge, poori iron rod ek powerful magnet ban jayegi. Jaise hi current off karoge,
magnet ki power khatam. Isliye electromagnets ka fayda ye hai ki hum unhe on/off kar
sakte hain. Ye scrapyards me bade iron pieces ko lift karne me use hote hain,
telephones me signal transfer karne me, toys me movement lane me aur electric bells
me sound banane me. Agar permanent magnets harmful hote, toh hum unhe control
nahi kar paate, isliye electromagnets bohot useful hain.

Electric Bell
Electric bell ek simple par smart machine hoti hai jo electromagnet ki help se sound
banati hai. Socho ek school bell—jab teacher switch dabata hai, bell “Trrrr” karke
bajne lagti hai. Electric bell ke andar ek coil hoti hai iron core ke around—ye hi
electromagnet banata hai. Uske paas ek iron strip hoti hai jiske end par ek chhota
hammer hota hai. Jab aap switch on karte ho, current coil me flow karta hai, aur coil
turant magnet ban kar strip ko apni taraf kheech leti hai. Strip ke move hote hi hammer
gong (lohe ki plate) par jor se strike karta hai—aur sound banti hai. Par jaise hi strip
pull hoti hai, circuit ka contact toot jata hai, current ruk jata hai, aur strip wapas apni
jagah aa jaati hai. Phir contact ban jaata hai, current dobara flow karta hai, hammer fir

pg. 26
strike karta hai… Aur ye process bohot tezi se baar-baar hota hai. Isi wajah se bell
continuously ring karti rehti hai.

pg. 27
 Wisdom worth
BrahamPuri colony Ranhola ....Contact 7428667599
LIGHT
1. What is Light?
Socho ek din aap ek dark room me enter hote ho. Andhera hi andhera hai. Aapko kuch
dikhai nahi deta—na table, na chair, na door. Jaise hi aap light switch on karte ho, pura
room ekdum se bright ho jaata hai. Ab aapko sab kuch clearly dikhne lagta hai. Yeh
magic jaisa lagta hai, par actually yeh magic nahi—yeh “light” ki power hai. Light ek
tarah ki energy hoti hai jo humari aankhon ko activate karti hai, jisse hume
duniya ki cheezein nazar aati hain. Light ki ek important baat yeh hoti hai ki light
hamesha seedhi line me travel karti hai. Isi wajah se jab sunlight window se aati hai,
ek straight beam jaisi lagti hai. Light humare surroundings ko visible banati hai. For
example, jab suraj nikalta hai, pura environment chamak jaata hai aur plants,
buildings, roads sab clearly dikhne lagte hain. Light ke bina duniya completely dark
hoti—matlab kuch bhi nazar nahi aata.

2. What is an Image?
Aap kabhi mirror ke saamne jaake smile kiya hoga. Mirror me ek picture dikhai deti
hai—that is called image. Jab light kisi object se takra kar mirror tak pahunchti hai,
toh mirror us light ko wapas humari aankhon tak bhej deta hai, aur hume us object ka
ek picture dikhai deta hai. Isi picture ko image kehte hain. Aapne notice kiya hoga ki
mirror me object jitna dur hota hai, image bhi utni hi dur hoti hai. Agar aap
mirror se thoda aage badhte ho toh image bhi aage badh jaati hai.
Image do types ki ho sakti hai— Erect (seedhi) aur Inverted (ulti). Plane mirror (jo
ghar me hota hai) erect image banata hai, matlab image bhi seedhi hi dikhai deti hai.
Lekin agar aap camera ya projector se picture dekhte ho, toh kabhi-kabhi inverted
image bhi ban sakti hai, jo upside-down hoti hai.

pg. 28
Example: Jab aap mirror me khud ko dekhte ho, aapko ek exact seedhi image dikhai
deti hai—this is an erect image.

3. Left-Right Inversion
Aapne kabhi notice kiya hoga ki jab aap mirror ke saamne right hand uthate ho, toh
image me left hand utha hua dikhta hai. Yeh thoda funny lagta hai, par isko kehte hain
left-right inversion. Mirror aapka top-bottom change nahi karta (upar neeche same
rehta hai), par left aur right ko opposite kar deta hai.
Example: Agar aapki shirt me “ABCD” likha hai, toh mirror me woh “DCBA” jaisa
dikhega. Isi wajah se ambulance ki spelling ulta likhi hoti hai taaki mirror me seedhi
dikhai de.

4. Reflection of Light
Jab light kisi surface par girti hai aur wapas laut ke aati hai, usko reflection kehte hain.
Socho aap ball ko wall par marte ho. Ball jaake wall se takraati hai aur wapas aati
hai—bilkul waise hi light ray bhi mirror se takra kar wapas aa jaati hai.
Reflection ke teen important words hote hain:
• Incident Ray: Mirror par girne wali light ray.
• Reflected Ray: Mirror se lautne wali light ray.
• Normal: Ek imaginary line jo mirror surface par 90° par hoti hai.
Example: Jab aap sunlight ko ek smooth steel plate par giraate ho, toh light
bounce ho kar aapki aankhon me aati hai, isliye steel plate bhi mirror jaisi lagti
hai.

5. Laws of Reflection

pg. 29
Mirror ke reflection ke kuch rules hote hain jinko laws of reflection kehte hain, bilkul
traffic rules jaise:
Incident ray, reflected ray aur normal ek hi plane me hote hain. Matlab ye
sab ek flat surface ki imaginary sheet ke andar hi hote hain.
Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection. Agar light 30° ke angle se mirror par
girti hai, toh woh 30° ke angle se hi wapas aayegi.
Example: Torch ki light ko mirror par daal kar dekh lo—jahan se girti hai, bilkul usi
angle me turn ho kar wapas jaati hai.

6. Spherical Mirrors
Kabhi aapne spoon me apna chehra dekha hai? Spoon ke andar wali side me chehra
bada aur ulta dikhai deta hai, aur bahar wali side me chhota aur seedha—ye hi concept
spherical mirrors ka hai. Yeh mirrors sphere (gola) ke part jaise hote hain.
1. Concave Mirror (Andar Wali Chamchi)
Iska surface andar ki taraf curved hota hai. Jab aap apna chehra isme dekhte ho toh
kabhi bada, kabhi chhota, kabhi seedha, kabhi ulta dikhai deta hai—ye light rays ke
meet hone par depend karta hai.
Ye use hota hai:
• Makeup mirrors (kyuki image bada dikhata hai)
• Car headlights (light ko focus karta hai)
• Telescopes
2. Convex Mirror
Iska surface bahar ki taraf curved hota hai. Isme image hamesha chhoti par seedhi
dikhai deti hai.
Ye use hota hai:

pg. 30
 • Car side mirrors (wide view dene ke liye)
• Shop ke security mirrors
Types of Images:
• Real Image: Light rays actually milti hain. Screen par dikhaya ja sakta hai.
• Virtual Image: Light rays sirf milti hui dikhai deti hain. Screen par nahi dikhaya
ja sakta.
Example: Cinema projector real image banata hai jo screen par dikhai deti hai.

7. Lenses (Glass Ka Magic!)

Lens ek transparent material hota hai jo light ko bend karta hai. Mirror light ko
bounce karta hai, but lens light ko andar lene ke baad direction change kar deta hai.
1. Convex Lens (Magnifying Glass Lens)
Center me mota, edges par patla. Light rays ko ek point par laakar milata hai.
Use hota hai:
• Magnifying glass
• Camera
• Eye glasses (for long-sighted people)
Example: Jab aap paper par magnifying glass se sunlight daalte ho toh ek bright
point banta hai—ye convex lens ki focusing power hai.
2. Concave Lens (Opposite Lens)
Center me patla, edges par mota. Light rays ko alag-alag direction me bhej deta hai.
Use hota hai:
• Spectacles for short-sight
• Many optical devices
pg. 31
Example: Agar aap concave lens se dekhte ho, cheezein hamesha chhoti dikhengi.

8. Rainbow (Nature Ka Most Beautiful Magic!)

Socho baarish ke baad sky me ek colorful arc dikhai deta hai—rainbow! Rainbow tab
banta hai jab chhoti-chhoti water droplets sunlight ko bend aur reflect karte hain. Jab
sunlight droplet me enter hoti hai, wo bend hoti hai, phir andar reflect hoti hai, phir
bahar aate time phir bend hoti hai. Yeh process sunlight ko 7 colors me split kar deta
hai— VIBGYOR:
Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red.
Example: Garden me pipe se paani spray karo, aur sunlight ho toh chhota sa rainbow
dikhega—same process!

pg. 32
 Wisdom worth
BrahamPuri colony Ranhola ....Contact 7428667599
FOREST
1. Forest
Socho aap ek jungle ke beech khade ho. Char taraf lambe-lambe trees, neeche green
grass, beech me bushes, aur un bushes me chhote insects, butterflies udte hue—yeh
poori jagah milkar ek “forest” banati hai. Forest ek bahut bada area hota hai jahan
bohot saare trees, bushes, herbs, grass, animals aur microorganisms ek saath
rehte hain. Ek forest koi simple area nahi hota—yeh ek poori “living world” hoti hai
jisme sab ek-dusre par depend hote hain. Forest ki vegetation layers bhi alag-alag hoti
hain: sabse upar hoti hai canopy (tall trees ke top wale parts), beech me shrubs aur
herbs, aur neeche grasses aur small plants. Har layer me alag types ke animals, birds
aur insects ko shelter aur food milta hai. Forest soil ko erosion se bachata hai, climate
ko control karta hai, barish me help karta hai aur hawa ko clean bhi rakhta hai. Sabse
special baat yeh hai ki forests khud ko naturally regenerate kar sakte hain—matlab
purani plants mar jaati hain aur new plants ug jaate hain, jisse forest hamesha alive
rehta hai. Example ke liye, agar ek ped gir bhi jaaye, uske seeds ya roots se naye ped
ug sakte hain.

2. Deforestation
Socho ek jagah pe bohot saare ped khade hain, par thode time me insan un pedon ko
kaat kar ghar, roads ya farms banane lagte hain. Dheere-dheere pura jungle khali ho
jaata hai. Yahi hota hai deforestation—jab hum forests ke trees ko cut karte hain
ya poora forest hi hata dete hain. Trees wood ke liye kat-te hain, naye buildings
banane ke liye jagah chahiye hoti hai, agriculture expand karna hota hai, highways
banane hote hain—ye sari human activities deforestation ka reason hain. Ek ped ko
grow hone me saalon lag jaate hain, par usko cut karne me sirf kuch minute lagte hain.
Isi wajah se forests fast destroy ho rahe hain.
pg. 33
 3. Effects of Deforestation
Deforestation ek chhoti problem nahi, balki poore environment ke liye bahut bada
danger hai. Jab ped kam ho jaate hain toh hawa me carbon dioxide badh jaati hai,
kyunki trees hi CO₂ ko absorb karte hain. Isse global warming badh jaati hai aur
Earth ka temperature increase ho jaata hai. Dusra effect hota hai flooding—tree roots
soil ko pakad kar rakhti hain, par jab trees nahi hote toh soil pani ko hold nahi kar pati
aur baarish ke time flood aane lagte hain. Isi ke saath-saath animals aur birds ka ghar
bhi chala jaata hai—unki habitat destroy ho jaati hai, aur woh survive nahi kar
paate. Forest ke microorganisms, insects aur plants ka balance bhi disturb ho jaata hai,
jisse environment ka natural balance bigad jaata hai. Example: Agar jungle me
deer ke liye grass kam ho jaaye, toh deer kam ho jaayenge; phir deer ko khane wale
tiger bhi affected ho jaayenge.

4. Interdependence of Plants and Animals

Forest me plants, animals, insects, birds, fungi, microorganisms sab ek doosre se
connected hote hain—bilkul ek team ki tarah. Plants animals ko food aur oxygen
dete hain, jaise fruits, leaves, grass. Animals plants ki help karte hain seed dispersal
aur pollination me. Example ke liye, jab ek bird ek tree ka fruit khati hai, toh woh seed
ko kisi aur jagah gira deti hai, jahan se new plant grow ho jaata hai. Dead animals aur
dead leaves ko microorganisms decompose kar dete hain, jisse soil fertile aur nutrient-
rich ban jaati hai. Yani forest ke har living organism ka ek role hota hai aur sab ek-
dusre par depend hote hain. Agar ek part disturb ho jaaye, toh poora forest system
disturb ho jaata hai.

5. Canopy

pg. 34
Forest ka canopy ek tarah ka green umbrella hota hai jo tall trees ke tops se milkar
banta hai. Jab saare bade trees apne branches aur leaves failate hain, toh woh upar ek
chhatri jaisa layer bana dete hain. Canopy forest ke neeche wale area ko shade deta
hai, jisse direct sunlight neeche nahi aati. Is shade me bohot saare animals, birds aur
insects rehte hain. Yeh layer forest ka temperature maintain karne me help karti hai aur
neeche ke small plants ko extreme heat se bachati hai. Example: Monkeys, parrots aur
bohot saare insects canopy me hi apne ghar banate hain.

6. Food Chain
Forest me sab living organisms ko survive karne ke liye food chahiye hota hai. Food
ka flow ek sequence me hota hai jisko food chain kehte hain. Iska matlab simple hai—
kaun kise khata hai?
Example:
Grass → Grasshopper → Frog → Snake.
Yani grass energy banati hai (producer). Grasshopper usko khata hai, frog grasshopper
ko khata hai, aur snake frog ko. Is chain me energy ek organism se dusre me pass hoti
jaati hai. Agar chain ka ek part disappear ho jaaye, toh poori chain affect ho jaati hai.

7. Food Web
Forest me ek simple food chain nahi hoti—aisa nahi hai ki frog sirf grasshopper hi
khata hai. Reality me frog kai insects khata hai, snake frog, mouse aur kabhi birds ko
khata hai. Yeh saari different food chains milkar ek food web banati hain. Food web
dikhata hai ki forest me sab living organisms multiple ways se connected hote hain.
Example: Ek hawk snake ko bhi kha sakta hai, aur mouse ko bhi. Isse energy ka
complex network banta hai jisse forest ka balance maintain hota hai.

pg. 35
 8. Importance of Forests
Forests humare liye ek blessing hain. Sabse pehle toh yah air ko clean rakhte hain—
trees CO₂ absorb karke oxygen release karte hain. Forest soil erosion rokta hai,
kyunki roots soil ko pakad kar rakhti hain. Forest noise ko absorb karte hain, isliye
jungle areas peaceful hote hain. Forest me se hume wood, paper, medicines, gum,
honey jaise bohot saare useful things milte hain. Yeh animals aur birds ka ghar hote
hain—agar forests na ho toh wildlife khaatam ho jaaye. Forest flood control bhi karta
hai, kyunki roots water absorb karte hain aur pani ko behne nahi dete. Without forests,
life on Earth impossible ho jaati.

9. Conservation of Forests
Forest ko bachana hum sab ki responsibility hai. Conservation ka matlab hota hai
forests ko protect aur preserve karna, taaki future me bhi yeh hume benefits de
sakein. Forest fires ko control karna zaroori hai kyunki ek fire poora forest destroy kar
sakti hai. Jitne ped cut hote hain, utne hi naye ped lagana—isko afforestation kehte
hain. Overgrazing rokna important hai kyunki animals plants ko destroy kar dete hain.
Wildlife ko protect karna zaroori hai taaki animals extinct na ho jaaye. Government
national parks, wildlife sanctuaries aur biosphere reserves banati hai jahan forests aur
animals safe hote hain. Communities ko encourage kiya jaata hai social forestry me—
jahan log milkar trees plant aur protect karte hain.

pg. 36