Topics

Calculus
 Concept of integration
 Formulas, RULES
 TECHNIQUES
 Definite Integral
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Lemuel f. BAnal  Fundamental THeorems

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Why must a Bro know how to integrate?

If F’(x) is f(x),
then F(x) is an
antiderivative of f(x).

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 A Theorem

•If F(x) = 10x, then F’(x) = 10. If F(x) and G(x) are both antiderivatives of
a function f(x) on an interval, then there is
•F(x) is the antiderivative of f(x) = 10
a constant C such that
F(x) - G(x) = C.
•If F(x) = x2, then F’(x) = 2x. (Two antiderivatives of a function can only
•F(x) is the antiderivative of f(x) = 2x differ by a constant.) The arbitrary real
number C is called an integration constant.

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• F(x) = x2 is an antiderivative of f(x) = 2x Family of Antiderivatives y

because F’(x) = f(x) F ( x)
Since the functions:
• But so are G(x) = x2 + 2 and H(x) = x2 – 7. G(x) = x2
G ( x)
F(x) = x2 + 2
• Note that F, G and H differ only by a H(x) = x2 – 7 H ( x)
constant.
differ only by a constant,
the slope of the tangent x
• For any constant real number, C, the function line remains the same
Fcn(x) = x2 + C is an antiderivative of f(x).
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 The Indefinite Integral
The family of all antiderivaties of f(x) is indicated by

The family of antiderivatives Integrand


can be represented by

F(x) + C f ( x)dx
Integral sign

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About the symbol

Invented by Leibnitz.

Stands for the Latin word Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz

“summa,” which means sum. 1646 -1716

It is an elongated “S.” Later

you will come to know how
an integral relates to a
sum.
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The Indefinite Integral

  C
If F’(x) = f(x), then 4 5
5x dx x
 f ( x)dx  F ( x)  C d 5
for any real number C.
Since x  5x4
dx
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With the introduction

  C
of the new symbols, 2
ANTIDIFFERENTIATION 2xdx x
becomes the same as
getting the indefinite
dx means definite integral or
integral, that is,
antiderivative with respect to x
INTEGRATION.
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  2axdx  ax   xC
2
2
C 2axda a
a gets treated as a constant a gets treated as a variable,
integration is still with respect to x x gets treated as a constant
integration is with respect to a

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Integration Integration Formulas

FORMULAS and RULES

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 Integration Formulas

Integration Formulas
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Integration Rules

Constant Multiple Rule:

 cf ( x)dx c  f ( x)dx  3z  4z  5  dz
2

Sum and Difference Rule:

 [ f ( x)  g ( x)]dx   f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx
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 x2 1  x2 1 
 x   x  x dx


x2 1   3 1

  1  1
 2  
 dx   x 2  x 2  dx
 
Integration
x x2 
5
x2 x2 2
1
5 1 TECHNIQUES
   C  x 2  2x 2  C
5 1 5
2 2
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Chain Rule for Integration

(integration by substitution or change of variable)
Where F’(x) = f(x) or F is the antiderivative of f

 f ( g ( x)) g '( x)dx  F ( g ( x))  C If u = g(x), then du = g’(x)dx and

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 One of the clues that we
look for is if we can find a
function and its derivative
in the integral.

The derivative of 1 + x2 is 2xdx.

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 “The problem is not the problem.
The problem is your attitude about the
problem.”
-Capt. Jack Sparrow
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AERO BOARD PREP 2018 Lemuel F. Banal CALCULUS © Copyright 2018 All rights reserved. AERO BOARD PREP 2018 Lemuel F. Banal CALCULUS © Copyright 2018 All rights reserved.

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
All rights reserved.

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 Integration
by parts

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 Use the formula:
Find ∫ x sin x dx

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Use the formula:

Find ∫ x sin x dx What happens if we choose
u = sin x and dv = x dx
(then du = cos x dx and v = x2/2)?

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 Find ∫ t2etdt
Evaluate ∫ ln x dx  Notice that t2 becomes simpler when differentiated.
 However, et is unchanged when differentiated or
integrated.

So, we choose
Then,

Integration by parts gives:

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Use integration by parts?

NO! Just multiply and simplify.

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 Trigonometric Substitution
Expression Substitution Identity

Trigonometric
Substitution

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Evaluate

Let x = 3 sin θ, where –π/2 ≤ θ ≤ π/2.

Then, dx = 3 cos θ dθ and

Note that cos θ ≥ 0 because –π/2 ≤ θ ≤ π/2.

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 Let x = 2 tan θ, –π/2 < θ < π/2.
Then, dx = 2 sec2 θ dθ and

recall x = 2 tan θ,
–π/2 < θ < π/2.

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NO! Because… Let x = a sec θ,

where 0 < θ < π/2 or π < θ < 3π/2.
Then, dx = a sec θ tan θ dθ and
Use
trigonometric
substitution?

Look for a simpler

method first.
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 Recall x = a sec θ

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Partial Fractions

Factor in Q(x) Term in P.F.D. Factor in Q(x) Term in P.F.D.

PARTIAL
FRACTIONS

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Trigonometric
Integrals

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Trigonometric Integrals Integrals Involving Sines and Cosines

odd convert to cosine

save for du

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Integrals Involving Sines and Cosines

convert to sine
odd save for du

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Integrals Involving Sines and Cosines

If the powers of both the sine and cosine are even

and nonnegative, make use of the identities:

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Integrals Involving Secants and Tangents Integrals Involving Secants and Tangents

convert to secants convert to tangents

odd save for du even save for du

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Integrals Involving Secants and Tangents Integrals Involving Secants and Tangents

convert to secants

n is odd and positive, possibly use

integration by parts.
If none of the first four case apply, try
converting to sines and cosines.

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 Integrals Involving Cotangents and Cosecants

The guidelines for integrals

involving cotangent and
cosecant would be similar to
that of integrals involving
tangent and secant.

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Other Trigonometric Integrals

Make use of the following identities:

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 The Definite Integral

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The Riemann Sum

x
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y y The Definite Integral
The definite integral can be defined to be
the limit of a Riemann sum,

x x
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The Definite Integral

Variable of
Upper Integration
limit

Integral Remember what we said

sign about the derivative and
the definite integral being
related?

Lower limit Integrand

Indeed, they are both LIM.
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 y

y  f (t )
Rate of Change
R of Area

We want to investigate
what happens as Δx
R goes to zero.
How are the indefinite integral, the definite integral
and the derivative related?
a x x  x b t
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y y areas
area  R( x)
y  f (t ) y  f (t )

R R
area  R( x  x)

R R f ( x  x)x f ( x)x
area  R
x x  x x x  x R( x  x)  R( x)
a b t  R( x  x)  R( x) a b t
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 Take case 1.
Three things can happen in In all cases, ΔR is “squeezed”
the interval: between the rectangles
Case 1: f is increasing f(x) Δx and f(x +Δx) Δx.
Case 2: f is decreasing
Case 3: f is constant

In the limit, as Δx approaches zero, and by the “squeeze”

Case 1.
theorem,
Case 2.

Case 1.

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Recall,
First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

If f(x) is continuous on [a,b], then

is also continuous on [a,b], and g’(x) is

Thus, x
d

dx a
f (t )dt  f ( x)

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Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

If f(x) is continuous on [a,b], and
F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x),

then
b

 f ( x)dx  F (b)  F (a)

a
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Properties of the Definite Integral Properties of the Definite Integral

y
y  f ( x)

a c b x
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Properties of the Definite Integral Properties of the Definite Integral

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Properties of the Definite Integral Properties of the Definite Integral

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Properties of the Definite Integral Properties of the Definite Integral
y
y

y  f ( x) y  f ( x)
M
y  g ( x)
m
a b x
a b x
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Properties of the Definite Integral

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 Using the original limits:

new limit
We can find Wrong! The limits don’t match!
new limits,
and then we
new limit
don’t have Leave the
limits out until
to substitute you substitute
back. back.
This is
usually
We could have substituted back and more work
used the original limits. than finding
new limits

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Calculate

Notice limits change

Don’t forget to use the new limits.

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Area under a curve Area under a curve
y
Consider a continuous, nonnegative function f on [a, b].

R1 R3
R2

a b

Area of R1 – Area of R2 + Area of R3

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Find the area enclosed by the x-axis, the vertical line x = 2 and the
graph of y = 2x2.

Gives the area since 2x3 is

y=x–1 nonnegative on [0, 2].
(5,4)
Area =8
-1
1 5
Area = 2 (-1,-2)
Antiderivative Fund. Thm. of Calculus

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Area between curves Area between curves
y y
y  f ( x) d x  f ( y)
b d
A   f ( x)  g ( x)dx A   f ( y )  g ( y )dy
a c
x  g ( y)
a b x c
y  g ( x)
x
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Area between curves The Mean Value Theorem for Definite Integral
y
y  f ( x) If f is continuous y y  f ( x)
on [a,b], then there
y  g ( x)
exist a number c in
[a,b] such that,
a c b x
c b
A   f ( x)  g ( x)dx   g ( x)  f ( x)dx a c b x
a c
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 Thank you
for listening!
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