`

“Notes for the preparation of

Apprenticeship Interview”

Specially for the following Companies:

• Engro Fertilizer Company Daharki.

• Fauji Fertilizer Company (FFC) Mirpur
Mathelo.
• Fatima Fertilizer Company Sadiqabad.
• Lotte Chemicals Karachi.
• Pak Arab Multan and e.t.c.

Prepared By: Rahim Bux Soomro

 Composed By: Vijay Kumar Lovha
Teacher @ New Roshan Tara Model High School
Daharki

***PREFACE***
These notes have been prepared to
help the candidates who are looking forward to
join the companies through apprenticeship
programme. After passing written test the most
important step is to clear “The interview” In this regard
little work has been done to provide the important topics
for the preparation of Interview.
These notes contain the material about
which mostly questions are asked during interview. As
you look through these notes you will see short
definitions which are not enough to clear your
interview, I say yourself study, self confidence, presence
of mind and academic achievement play vital role in this
regard .
 I express thanks to my teachers Sir Taqi
Muhammad Shah, Sir Abdul Shakoor Kanju and Sir
Asif Ali Malik and for their Support in this work..
I am also thankful to Sir Abdul Majeed Kanju
(Principal) and all staff members of my school including
composer Mr. Vijay Kumar Lovha and sir Hafeezullah
Awan for their support and best wishes to me. I dedicate
these notes to students of my school New Roshan Tara
Model High School Daharki.
Rahim Bux Soomro
Teacher @ New Roshan Tara Model High School DAharki
Residential Address: Village Saindino Malik, Taluka Daharki Distict
Ghotki
Mobile Numbers:
0301-3484979
I shall always appreciate with thanks any
suggestion, comment ,error and ommision from the
readers for the improvement of these notes thanks.

(A).FORCE:
Any push or pull that changes or tends to change the state of an
object or changes the direction of an Object.

(1).CHEMISTRY:
The branch of Science which deals with the properties, Composition
and Structure of matter is called Chemistry.

(2).PHYSICS:
 The branch of science which deals with the study of matter and
energy and relationship between them is called Physics.

(3).MATTER:
Anything which has mass and occupies space is called Matter.

(4). SOLID:
Solid has definite shape as well as definite Volume.

(5).LIQUID:
Liquid has definite volume but no definite shape.

(6).GAS:
Gas has neither definite shape nor volume.

(7). ENERGY:
Ability of doing work is called energy

(8) .KINETIC ENGERY:

The energy possessed by a body due to its motion is called Kinetic
energy.
K.E= 1/2 mv2

(09).POTENTIAL ENGERY:
The energy possessed by a body due to its position is called potential
energy.
P.E= mgh

(10). DENSITY:
Mass of substance per unit volume is called density.
The degree of compactness of a substance.
Unit of density is kg/m3 or g/cm3
Density = mass/ volume

(11).MASS:
 The quantity of matter contained in a body is called Mass.
Its S.I Unit is kilogram (kg). Formula: m= F /a. It is constant quantity.

(12).WEIGHT:
The Force of gravity acting on a body is called weight. Formula = mg
S.I unit of weight is Newton (N).
It is not constant quantity its value is different at different places

(13).GRAVITY:
The attraction of the Earth which pulls the object towards the ground
is called Gravity.
The Acceleration due to gravity is denoted by “g” its value is 9.8
m
/ sec2

(14).VOLUME:
The amount of 3-dimesional space occupied by an objact is called
Volume.

(15). PRESSURE:
The force exerted per unit surface area is called pressusre
p=f/a
N 2
S.I Unit of pressure is /m or pascal (pa).

(16). STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE:

It is the pressure exerted by a merrcuy columm of 760mm height at
sea level. It is equal to 1 atm
1 atm = 760 mm of Hg
= 760 torr.
= 101325 Nm-2 = 101325 Pa

(17).SPECIFIC GRAVITY:
When we compare density of any subtance with the density of water is
called specific gravity.
 It has no unit because it is ratio between similar quantities.
Water has maximum density at 40C which is about 1.00 g/ cm3

(18).SCALAR:
A Physical quantity which is completely specified by magnitude with
proper units is called scalar quantity.
Example: Mass, Distance, Speed, Energy, Time, Electric charge
work etc…...

(19).VECTOR:
A Physical quantity which is completely Specified by magnitude with
proper Units and direction is called a vector quantity.
Example: Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration, Force, Weight,
Momentum, Torque etc…….

(20).SCALAR PRODUCT:
When the product of two vectors results into a scalar quantity then
product is called Scalar Product.
Example: Work=. = fd cos0.
Power= .= Fv Cos0.

(21). VECTOR PRODUCT:

When the product of two vectors result into a vector quantity, then
product is called vector product.
Example: Torque = .
Linear velocity= .x .

(22). VISCOSITY:
The resistence in the flow of liquid is called viscosity.
It is Expressed in poises ( 1 poise = 1gm/cm )
Its S.I Unit is Newton x Second per square metre (N.s.m -2)
(23).SURFACE TENSION:
The force per unit length or energy per unit area of the Surface of
liquid is called Surface tension.
The force which tends to pull the surface molecules of liquid
downwards is responsible for Surface tension
It is Expressed in dynes/cm or ergs/cm2

(24).EVAPORATION:
The Process of changing of a liquid into gas phase is called
evaporation.
It is a continuous Process taking place at all temperatures.
It is a Cooling Process.

(25). CONDENSATION:
The process of changing of a Gas into liquid Phase is called
Condensation.

(26). SUBLIMATION:
The process in which a solid is directly converted into gas without
passing through liquid phase is called sublimation.
Example: Iodine, Ammonium chloride, Napthaline.

(27). MELTING POINT:

The temperature at which solid starts melting is called melting point.

(28).BOILING POINT:
The temperature at which vapour pressure of liquid becomes equal to
external pressure is called Boiling point.
The boiling point of liquid varies with outside pressure. In
mountanous regions, the B.P of water will be below 100oc.
At hight altitude foods take longer time to cool because of the low
boiling tempertures.
(29).VAPOUR PRESSURE:
The pressure exerted by the vapours of liquid at particular
temperature is called Vapour pressure of liquid.

(30).FREEZING POINT:
The temperature at which liquid and solid coexist in dynamic
equilibrium is called freezing point of a liquid.

(31).HEAT:
Sum of total averge kinetic energy of molecules in a body is called
heat transfers from hot body to cold body.

(32).TEMPERATURE:
Degree of hotness and coldness of body is called Temperature.
Normal body temperature is 98.6of or 37oc

(33). TEMPERATURE SCALES: (conversion formulae)

(a). k = oc +273.
o
c = k-273.
(b). oF= (9/5 )
o
c = (oF-32)x 5/9.
-40oc is equal to -40 of

(34). CONDUCTION :
Heat transferred from one atom to another through vibration.

(35).CONVECTION:
Heat transferad due to the movement of molecules.

(36). RADIATION:
Heat Transferred in the form of waves or rays.
 (37).ABSOLUTE ZERO: The temperature at which the volume of
gas is considered to be Zero and all the motion of molecules stop this
temperature is -273.16oc is referred as absolute Zero.

(38). SPEED:
The rate of cahnge of distance is called Speed.

(39).VELOCITY:
The rate of change of displacement is called Velocity

(40).ACCELARATION:
The rate of change of velocity is called accelaration. Its unit is m/sec2

(41).MOMENTUM:
The product of mass and velocity is called Momentum
Formula = P= mv.

(42).SENSIBLE HEAT:
The heat that causes change in temperature in an object is called
sensible Heat.

(43).LATENT HEAT:
The heat that causes a change of state with no change in temperature
is called
latent Heat.

(44).ANOMALOUS BEHAVIOUR OF WATER:

When water is heated from 0oC to 4oC it contracts continuously
instead of expanding. Conversely expands when cooled down (from 4oC
to 0oC) is called Anomalous Expansion or Anomalous behavior of water

(45).RADIOACTIVICTY: The process in which certain elements

emit invisible radiation is called Radioactivity.
 (46).ISOTOPES:
Atoms of the same element having same atomic numbers but different
atomic masses are called Isotopes.

(47).ELECTRONEGATIVITY:
The tendency of an atom to attract shared pair of electrons towards
itself in a molecule is called Electronegativity.

(48).DIPOLE-MOMENT:
Product of magnitude of charge and distance between the centres of
opposite charge is called Dipole mement.
Its Unit is Debye or coloumb metre.

(49).CHEMICAL BOND:
The force of attraction that holds atoms together in a molecule or
crystal is called Chemical Bond

(50).IONIC BOND:
The bond which is formed due to completely transfermation of
electrons from one atom to another atom is called Ionic Bond.

(51).COVALENT BOND:
The Bond which is fromed due to mutual sharing of electrons between
atoms is called Covalent Bond.

(52).CO-ORDINATE COVALENT BOND:

The bond which is formed due to one sided sharing of electrons is
called co-ordinate covalent bond.

(53).HYDROGEN BONDING
The force of attraction between positive Hydrogen atom of one
molecule and negative Oxygen, Flourine and Nitrogen of another
molecule is clled Hydrogen Bonding.
54).HYBRIDIZATION:.
The mixing of different atomic ortitals to produce the same number of
equivalent orbitals, having same shape and energy id called
Hybridizition.
Sp3 Hybridizaition gives Tetrahedral geometry with bond angle
1090.28 . Such as in CH4, CCl4 etc....
Sp Hybridizaition gives trigonal geometry with bond angle 1200.
2

Such as in, C2H4 BF3 etc….

Sp Hybridizaition gives Liner geometry with bond angle 1800.
Such as in, C2H2 CO2 etc….

(55).SIGMA BOND
The bond which is formed due to linear or Head to Head overlapping
of atomic Orbitals.

(56).PI- BOND:.
The bond which is formed due to side to side or parallel overlapping
of atomic orbitals.

(57).SPECIFIC HEAT:.
The quantity of heat required to change the temperature of one kg
mass of a substance by one kelvin is called Specific Heat.

(58).MOLAR SPECIFIC HEAT:.

The amout of heat required to raise the tempratrue of one mole of the
Substance through 1 kelvin is called Molar Specific Heat.

(59).LATENT HEAT OF FUSION:

The quantity of heat required to change 1kg of solid to liquid state to
change the temperature is called Latent heat od fusion.

(60). LATENT HEAT OF VAPOURIZATION.

The amount of heat needed to change one kg of liquid to vapour at a
fixed temperature is called latent heat of fusion.

(61). ISOBARIC PROCESS:.

The process which takes place at constant pressure is called Isobaric
Process.

(62). ISOCHORIC PROCESS:.

The process which takes place at constant volume is called Isochoric
process.

(63). ISOTHERMAL PROCESS.

The Process which takes palce at constant temperature is called
Isothermal Process.

(64). ADIABATIC PROCESS:.

The process which takes place at constant heat is called Abiabatic
Process.

(63). ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.

The Branch of Chemistry deals with the study of hydrocarbon
Compounds and their derivatives is called Organic Chemistry.

(66).HOMO LOGOUS SERIES..

It is a Family of similar organic compounds which follow a regular
structural pattren, in which each successive member has difference of
>CH2

(67). FUNCTIONAL GROUP:.

Functional group is an atom or group of atoms present in a molecule
which gives the molecule unique character is called Functional
Group.

(68). ISOMERISM:.
Isomerism is the existence of two or more compounds, having same
molecular formula but different structural formula.

(69). SATURATED HYDROCARBONS:.

Those Hydrocarbon which contain only single bond means valency of
carbon is fully utilized Alkanes are the example of Saturated
Hydocarbon.

(70). UNSATURETED HYDROCARBONS:.

Those Hydrocarbon which contain double or triple bonds means the
valency of carbon is not fully Utilized.
Alkenes and Alkynes are
Example of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons.

(71). HARD WATER:

Water which contain dissolved impurities of Hydrogen carbonates,
Chlorides and Sulphates of Calcium and magnesium is called hard
water.
Hard water does not give lather with soap.

(72). SOFT WATER:.

Water which contain dissolved impurities but in small quantity and
easily produces lather with soap is called soft water.

(73). HYDROLYSIS:.
The Reaction of cation or anion (or both) with water so as to change
its pH is known as hydrolysis.

(74). SOLUTION:..
Homogeneous mixture of two or more Substances is called Solution .
[Link] + water = solution.

(75). SUSPENSION:.
Hetrogeneous mixture of two or more substances is called Suspension.
 Example: Sand+ water = Suspension..

(76). UNSATURATED SOLUTION:…

A solution which contain less solute than it has the capacity to
dissolve is called Unsatureted solution..

(77).SATURATED:.
A solution which cantains maximum amount of solute in a given
solvent at room temperature is called unsaturated solution.

(78).SUPER SATURATED SOLUTION:.

A solution which contains greater amount of dissolved solute than that
present in a saturated solution at given temperature.

(79).CRYSTALLIZATION:
The process in which dissolved solute comes out of solution and forms
crystals is called Crystallization.

(80).MOLARITY:
The number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter (1 dm3) of solution
is called Molarity.

(81) MOLALITY:
The number of moles of solute dissolved per 1 kg (1000g) of solvent is
called Molality.

(82).ELECTROLYTE:.
The chemical compound which conducts electricity in molten
condition through its aqueous solution with chemical change is called
Electrolyte.

(83).NON-ELECTROLYTE:..
The chemical compound which do not conduct electricity in molten or
in aqueous solution are called Non-Electrolytes such as sugar, pertrol
ben zene etc..

(84).LE-CHATELIER'S PRINCIPLE:
when a stress is applied to a system in equillibrium , the equilibrium
Position change So as to undo the effect of stress
constriants or stress means change in pressure, concentration or
temperature.

(a). EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION:

Increasing the concentration of reactants increase rate of
forward reaction increase , equilibrium shifts to right side and more
product will form.

(b). EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE.

(1). FOR ENDOTHERMIC REACTION:.

If we increase the temperature more product will from more if we
decrease the temperature more reactant will form.
(2). FOR EXOTHERMIC REACTION:
If we decrease the temperature more product will form. if we
increase the temperature rate of backward reaction will increase and
more reactants will from.

(C). EFFECT OF PRESSURE:

Note: Pressure effects only equilibrium of gases (not solid and
liquid).
If volume is same both sides pressure will have no effect.
If we have a reaction 2NH3 N2+3H2 in this condition increase in
pressure will decrease yield of product because volume on product
side is greater.
 If we have a reaction PCl3 +Cl2PCl5 in this condition increase in
pressure will increase yield of product.

(85). BOYLE'S LAW:

The volume of given mass of a gas is inversely proportional to the
pressure at constant temperature. Mathematically PV= k (product of
pressure and volume is always constant at constant temperature.

(86).CHARLE'S LAW:
Volume of given mass of a gas is directly proportional to absolute
temperature at constant pressure.
Mathematically: =k (Ratio of volume to its temperature is always
constant at constant pressure.).

(87).AVOGADRO'S LAW:
Equall volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure
contain same number of molecules.
OR
Volume of gas is direcetly proportional to the number of molecules
of the gas at constant temperature and pressure.

(88).GRAHAM'S LAW OF DIFFUSION:

Rate of diffusion of gas is inversally proportional to the square root
of density of that gas at constant temperature and pressure.

(89). DALTON'S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE.

The total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial
pressure of the gases in the mixture.

(90).HENRY'S LAW :
The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the
pressure of gas.

(91).HOOK'S LAW:
Within elastic limit stress is directly proportional to the strain.

(92).PASCAL'S LAW.
The pressure exerted by a liquid is transmitted equally in all
direction.

(93).ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE.
When an object is immersed in a liquid an upthrust force acts on it
which is equal to the weight of the object.

(94).OHM'S LAW:
Current passing through a conductor is directly proportional to the
potential difference applied across its ends provided physical
conditions of the conductor constant.

(95).COULOMB`S LAW:
The force of attraction or repulsion between the charges is directly
proportional and the product of magnitude of charges and inversely
proportional the square of the distance between them.

(96).LAW OF UNIVESAL GRAVITATION:

Everybody in the universe attract another body with a force which is
directly proportional of the product of their masses and Inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between their centre’s .

(97). NEWTON`S FIRST LAW OF MOTION:

In the absence of an external force, a body at rest will remain at rest
and a body in motion will continue its motion in straight line .

(98).NEWTON`S SECOND LAW OF MOTION:

When a force is applied on a body it produce acceleration in it which
is directly proportion to the applied force and inversely proportional
to the mass of body.

(99). NEWTON`S THIRD LAW OF MOTION:

Every action has reaction which is equal in magnitude but opposite in
direction.

(100). EXOTHEMIC REACTION:

The reaction in which heat in given out is called exo thermic reaction

(101) ENDO THERMIC REACTION

The reaction in which heat is absorbed is called endo thermic
reaction .

(102).TYPES OF CHEMCAL REACTION :

There are five types of chemical reaction
1).Addition reaction
2).decomposition reaction
3). Single Displacement reaction
4). Double Displacement reaction
5). Combustion reaction

(104).COMBUSTION REACTION:
A reaction in which substance reacts with oxygen with the rapid
release of heat and flame is called combustion reaction
Example. burning of methane
CH4 +2O2 = CO2+2H2O

(105).MOLE:
When atomic mass, molecular mass and formula mass f a substance is
expressed in grams is called a mole.

(106).AVOGADRO`S NUMBER:
One mole of any substance contains 6.02×1023 particles

(107).NEUTRALLIZATION REACTION:
The reaction in which acid and base react with each other to form
salt and water is called neutrallization reaction

(108) BUFFER SOLUTION

The solution which tends to resist change in its pH is called buffer
solution.

(109).CATALYST:.
The substance which alters the rate of chemical reaction but does not
take part in chemical reaction and remains unchanged at the end of
chemical reaction is called Catalyst.

(110).LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS:

Mass can never be reacted nor destroyed during a chemical reaction.
(or).
In any chemical reaction initial weight of reacting Substances is
equal to final weight of product.

(111). LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY:.

The energy can be change from one to another form but total amount
of energy remains constant.

(112). STRESS:.
Force acting per Unit area is called Stress unit of stress is Pascal.

(113).STRAIN:.
The relative deformation produced in the body on applying Stress is
called strain. (or).
It is the ratio of change in length to the original length.
(114). YOUNG`S MODULUS:.
The ratio of the stress to the longitudinal strain is called Young’s
Modulus .

(115. ALLOTROPY:.
The existence of an element in more than one forms in same physical
state is called allotropy.

(116. SQUARE:.
A close four side figure whose all sides are equal in length is called a
square
Sum of angles of square is 360o

(117).RECTANGLE
A close four sided figure whose apposite sides are equal in length is
called a rectangle-

(118) RIGHT ANGLE TRIANGLE

A triangle whose one angle is equal to 900 is called Right angle
Triangle.

(119). PYTHAGOROUS THEOREM:

In any right angled triangle square of Hypotenuse is equal to the sum
of the square of two remaining sides.
H2 = P2 + B2..
* Symbols Full names Atomic Numbers and Atomic Masses of
First 20 elements.*
Atomic
[Link] Symbol Full name Atomic mass
number

1 H Hydrogen 1 1
2 He Helium 2 4
3 Li Lithium 3 7
4 Be Beryllium 4 9
5 B Boran 5 10
6 C Carbon 6 12
7 N Nitrogen 7 14
8 O Oxygen 8 16
9 F Fluorine 9 19
10 Ne Neon 10 20
 11 Na Sodium 11 23
12 Mg Magnesium 12 24
13 Al Aluminum 13 27
14 Si Silicon 14 28
15 P Phosphorus 15 31
16 S Sulphur 16 32
17 Cl Chlorine 17 35.5
18 Ar Argon 18 40
19 K Potassium 19 39
20 Ca Calcium 20 40

* Formula and Molar masses of Some Compounds*

[Link] Compound Formula Molar mass

1 Methane CH4 16g
2 Ammonia NH3 17g
3 Water H 2O 18g
4 Nitric Acid HNO3 63g
5 Glucose C6H12O6 180g
6 Sugar C12H22O11 342g
7 Urea NH2-CO-NH2 60g

Mathematical Formulae:

1). Area of circle =

2). Area of square = side side
3). Area of rectangle = LW
4). Circumference of Circle =
5). Volume of Sphare =
6). Radius =
7). Diameter = 2r
8).Surface area of sphare =
9). Volume of a Cone =
10). (a-b) (a +b) = a2 –b2

EQUATIONS OF MOTAION.
1). Vf = Vi + at first equation of motion
2). S = Vit + at2 second equation of motion
3). 2as= Vf2 – Vi2 third equation of motion
Note: Dear readers these notes consists of short definations,
you should go through details of all these topics using different
books thanks .

****The End****