Grade 11

First term

MATHEMATICS
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Newltorn's laws of Motion

Alian Language School 162 Secondary 2

 Types o fC .Force
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Gravity Force
Friction Force Drag Force
Applied Force

Unit 1
Lesson 1 Forces-resultant of two forces meeting at a point.
Lesson 2 forces resolution into two components
Lesson 3 The resultant of coplanar forces meeting at a point.
Lesson 4 Equilibriu1n of a rigid body under the effect of
two forces / three forces 1neeting at a point..
Lesson 5 The equilibrium.

Unit 2
Lesson 1 The straight lines and the planes in space.
Lesson 2 The pyrarnid.

Lesson 3 The cone.. Lesson 4 the circle

Tension Force
Alian Language School
Magnetic Force 163 Secondary 2
Buoyant Force
Spring Force
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Unit 1
Lesson 1
Forces-resultant of two forces meeting at a point.
The force
The force is defined as the effect of a natural body upon another one by
pushing' attraction, pressure or repulsion" The natural body is a body
consisting of material (mass) and volume not equal to zero.

Kinds of forces
Tension force (T): As the force in the string (or the rope)
when carrying a body at it.

(Tension in the string)

Pressure force (P): As the force that appears when a body r (Reaction)

stabilized on a surface.

Reaction force (r): As the reaction of a smooth surface on P(Pre ure)

a body stabilized on it.

Attraction forces and repulsion forces: As the forces which formed
between magnetic poles r electric charges and astronomical objects.

Alian Language School 164 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Gravitational forces:
If we let a body in the air r then it will drop down towards the Earth because
the attraction force of the Earth attracts anybody towards it. This force is
called gravitational force or weights. . Notice that : the weight (W) = the
body mass x acceleration of gravity = m x g
Expressing force
The force is a vector quantity so it can be represented by the same way as
the vectors.
~ e. he force can b e.·pr ed as follow: }·-------------- -------
y
{X,y)
{ F = (X , y) ⇒ the cartesian form .
..,._ .....
2) F =Xi+ y j ⇒ in tenns of the fundamental unit vectors.
(. )F= ( II FII , 8) ⇒ the polar form.
y'

Determination of the force

The force is a vector which passes through a fixed point.
i.e. It acts in a given straight line.
( i.e. The force is determined by : } ------- - ~--- ------------ - --------· ······------------- ·.
'
'
(1) The magnitude of the force. (2) The direction of the force.
(3) The point of action of the force.

For example :
The football player kicks the ball by a determined force
(magnitude of the force) in a determined direction (direction
of the force) in a certain point on the surface of the ball
(Point of action of the force)

Alian Language School 165 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

The magnitude of the force:

1) The measurement units: [Link] = 1000 [Link] = 𝟏𝟎𝟑 [Link]

1 newton = 100 000 dyne = 𝟏𝟎𝟓

dyne
2) The direction of the force
It is the direction of the vector which represents this force and it is determined
by the measure of the polar angle of the force vector in the case of the coplanar
forces in the same plane. The polar angle is the positive directed angle which the
vector makes with the positive direction of x-axis.
3) )The point of action of the force : 0 Ten~ion
♦
The line of action of the force:

- The tension line in a string is the string itself.

Teo~ioo·,
line ~
I
-The line of action of the weight of a body is the vertical Centre g r a v i l y ~

line p assing through the center gravity of the body. [Link] ~

I
Weigh1's ,
line :
l

Resultant of two forces meeting at a point ®' Weight

Finding the resultant of two forces meeting at a point

(geometrically)
-.lo. .......

If two forces ( F1 , F2 ) meeting at a point are represented D

in magnitude and direction by two sides of a parallelogram
-
meeting at this point , then their resultant ( R ) is represented
in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the
parallelogram which starts from the same point.
- -.lo. .......

Alian Language School 166 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Ex1:
⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝑭𝟏 and ⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝑭𝟐 are forces acting on the point o from a solid body, where 𝒇𝟏
= 500 newton and acts on the direction of East , 𝒇𝟐 = 300 newton and acts in
the direction 60°North of west, find their resultant graphically.

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Finding the resultant of two forces meeting at a point analytically:

R= √(𝑭𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝑭𝟐 )𝟐 + 𝟐𝑭𝟏 𝑭𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜶

r----------------------------
I 𝑭 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶
I tan 𝜽= 𝟐
I 𝑭𝟏 +𝑭𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜶

-
I

Where 𝑭𝟏 , 𝑭𝟐 and R are the magnitude of ⃑⃑⃑⃑

𝑭𝟏 and ⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝑭𝟐 and ⃑𝑹
⃑

Alian Language School 167 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W
(@)
Special cases
>
1-lf the two forces are perpendicular then (𝜶 = 90°): F,
B

𝑭𝟐
R= √(𝑭𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝑭𝟐 )𝟐 , tan 𝜽= 0 A
𝑭𝟏 Fi
2-If the two forces are equal in magnitude (i.e. Fl = F2 = F) :
𝜶 𝜶
R= 2fcos , 𝜽=
𝟐 𝟐

(where R bisects the angle between the two forces)

Notice that: a= 1?0° , So R = F
3- If the two forces have the same line of action and the same
direction (i.e. 𝛂 = 0°):
0
:. cos a= 1
Substituting :
2
:. R =~F/ + F2 + 2F1F2 x 1=~(Fl+ F2)2 =Fl+ F2
. - - - ------- -- -- --· - -- - -- - -- ---- - -· .. - - --- · ---- -- · -· ........ --·- -·--- -. -- .. -- --- - - "
I

: and the direction of the resultant is the same direction of the line of
I

: action of the two forces.

I

"-···---------- --- -·- - -- ------ ---- -- ---------- -- - -- ----------- -- ------------ -• '

* In this case , R is called the greatest or the maximum value of the resultant.

4- If the two forces have the same line of action but in opposite
directions (i.e. 𝛂 = 180°):

Alian Language School 168 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

:. cos a =-1 I 0
Substituting :

:. R =1 F/ + F/ + 2 F F 1 2 x (-1) =1 F 2
1 + F 2 2 - 2 F 1F 2 =1 (F -F )2 = IF -F I
1 2 1 2
.- -- -- - - ---- - - -- .. -- - -- --- -- - ----- -. -- - --- --- -- - - -- .. - -------- ---- -- -- -- --------- --- - - - - --
i.e. [ R = IF 1 - F 2 I '

' '
: and the direction of the resultant is the direction of the greater force in magnitude. ,.:
·-------·-·- -- ----------- ----- --- --- -- -- --- -- ------------------------ --- ---- ------- -------"
* In this case , R is called the smallest or the minimum value of the resultant.

5-If the two forces are equal in magnitude and have the same line of
action but in opposite directions:

Inthiscase:F 1 =F2 =F, a.=180°

:. cos a= -1
-- .. -. - . . -. . . -
:. R =1 F2 +F2 - 2 F2 = O
:. ,· R = zero : 0 ..
' ' 0
F F
i.e. The resultant is zero vector.

6-If the resultant is perpendicular to the first force (i.e. 𝜽 = 90°):

B __________ C
''
''
(Pythagoras' theorem) ''
....... ..... . ....... ....... .,.
F +F? cos a
... 1F -. -- 0 R
'' -
\ F2
, cot 8 = 0 '' \
,. ........ ... . .... . .......... __ , 2
sm a
''
:. ( F1 + F2 cos a = 0 ,: '' \
' ,
~- --- -- ------ - ---- -- -# '
0 A
-F
.-. cos a=T 2
:. a is an obtuse angle , F1 < F2
i.e. When the resultant is perpendicular to one of the two forces it is perpendicular to the
smallest force.

Alian Language School 169 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Ex2:
Two forces of magnitudes 5 newton and 3 newton act at a point and
include an angle of measure60°, find their resultant in magnitude and
direction analytically
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Ex3:
Two perpendicular forces act at a point such that 𝑭𝟏 =6N and 𝑭𝟐 =2.5N
Find their resultant in magnitude and find its direction.
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Alian Language School 170 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Ex4:
Two forces of magnitudes 50 newton and 100 newton act at a point.
Their resultant is perpendicular to the first force. Find the measure of
the angle included between the two forces and the magnitude of the
resultant.
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B C
\
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Ex5:
Two forces act at a point, the greatest value of their resultant = 32
[Link]. and the smallest value of their resultant is 12kg.M. Find the
magnitude of each of them ,then find the magnitude of their resultant
if the measure of the included angle between them is 60°

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Alian Language School 171 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Ex6:
Two forces are equal in magnitude. The magnitude of their resultant
is 70√𝟑 newton and the measure of the angle between them is 60°.
Find the magnitude of each of the two forces.
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Ex7:
Two forces of magnitude 6 and F [Link]. act at a particle such that the
measure of the angle between them is 135°.Find the magnitude of
their resultant if the line of action of the resultant inclines by an angle
of measure 45° with the force F.
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Alian Language School 172 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Ex8:

Two forces of magnitudes 5 and 5√𝟐 [Link]. act at a point.

The first towards East , the second is towards Western North. Prove
that the magnitude of the resultant = the magnitude of the first force
and find the measure of the angle which the resultant makes with
each of the two forces.
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North
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South

Alian Language School 173 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

H.W:
Two equal forces intersect at a point and the magnitude of their
resultant equals 8 newton , if one of them is reversed , then the
magnitude of their resultant equals 6 newton’s. Find the magnitude of
each force.

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F F
(First case) (Second case)

Alian Language School 174 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Lesson 2
Forces resolution into two components
Resolution of o known force into two known directions:

I 𝑭𝟏 𝑭𝟐 𝑹 I ----------1----------
𝑹 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝟐 1I 𝑹 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝟏
I = = I 𝑭𝟏 = 𝑭𝟐 =
I 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽𝟏 +𝜽𝟏 ) I 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽𝟏 +𝜽𝟏 ) 1II II__________
_________ 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽𝟏 +𝜽𝟏 ) _
L
--------------- I

Ex1:
Resolve the force of magnitude 20 newton into two components one
of them inclined on the given force with an angle of measures 30° and
the other force inclined by an angle of measure 45° on the other side
of the force t then approximate the answer to the nearest one
decimal.
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Alian Language School 175 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Ex2: In opposite figure:

0 0
20 2
A light of weight 10 N is suspended by two strings
AC, BC fixed in two horizontal points with equal
two angles, the measure of each of them is 20°.
*Resolve the weight of the light in each of the two
directions AC,BC
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Remark

(1) The magnitude of the component adjacent to the given angle= R cos (this angle)
, the magnitude of the other perpendicular component to the previous component

~vRC
= R sin (this angle)

In the opposite figure :

If the component F inclines on the direction of -
__._, F2 8
2 R by an angle
of measure e , then

F2 = R cos 0 , Fl = R sin 0

Alian Language School 176 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

(2) The component of R in the same direction of R = The same -

.......
.-.
force Rand its component in the perpendicular direction to its R
_,._
direction = 0

Because in this case , the measure of the angle between R and -

the first component = zero , then the magnitude of the first
component =R cos 0° = R x 1 =R

and the magnitude of the perpendicular component on the previous component

= R sin 0° = R x O= zero

...... ......
(3) If i and j are two perpendicular unit vectors in the
Y.
------- ____.._ '
C
directions OX and OY where O is the origin point. 1---- - -
__.,,,

Then F1 = (R cos 0) i , F2 = (R sin 0) j

.;a.,.. ~ _.,,__
F, l V
__,Jo._ ~ -.a,,... ~ ...
~ _X
:. R = F1 + F2 = (R cos 0) i + (R sin 0) j

(4) If F= (F , 0) , then F = F cos 0 i + F sin 0 j

(5) If 0E] O , re [ , then the magnitude of the two components (R cos 0) , (R sin 0) is
less than th/magnitude of the force (R) because 0 E] 0 , ~ [

, thus O< sin 0 < 1 , 0 < cos 9 < 1

Alian Language School 177 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

(6) If a body of weight (w) is placed on a smooth inclined plane with the horizontal by an
angle (0), then we can resolve the weight (w) which acts vertically downwards into
two components.

* F 1 (The magnitude of the component in the

direction of the line of the greatest slope)
= w sine

* F2 (The magnitude of the component in the

perpendicular direction on the plane)

= w cos e
Ex3:
Resolve the force of magnitude 8{2 newton which acts at the point O in the direction
of Eastern North into two components. One of them in the East direction and the
other in the North direction.
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Nonh

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South

Alian Language School 178 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Ex4:

A force of magnitude 𝟏𝟎√𝟑 [Link] resolved into two perpendicular

components , one of them is of magnitude [Link] the
magnitude of the other component.
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H.W:
A body of weight 50 newton is placed on a smooth inclined plane by
30° with the horizontal.
Find the two components of the weight in the direction of the line of
the greatest slope and the direction perpendicular to it.
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Alian Language School 179 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Lesson 3
The resultant of coplanar forces meeting at a point
Ex1:
In each of the following three figures, a set of forces meeting at a point
O and their magnitudes are in newton unit.
Determine the magnitude and the direction of the resultant of each of
them.
'i

@
x' X x' 0 X x' X

@
y' y' y'
Fig. (1) Fig. (2) Fig. (3)
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Alian Language School 180 Secondary 2
 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Ex2:
Five coplanar forces meeting at a point, their magnitudes are 12 , 9 ,
5√𝟐 , 7√𝟐 and 7 [Link]., act in the directions : East , North , Western
North , Western South and South respectively. Prove that the set of
these forces are in equilibrium.
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onh
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Ex3:
Four coplanar forces meeting at a point and their magnitude are F , 2F
, 3√𝟑 F and 4 F [Link]. The measure of the angle between the first and
the second forces is 60° and between the second and third is 90° and
between third and fourth is 150°.Find the magnitude and the
direction of ⃑𝑹
⃑ .

Alian Language School 181 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

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Ex4:
Three forces of magnitudes 2 F ,4F , 6 F act at a point in directions
parallel to the sides of an equilateral triangle in the same cyclic order.
Find the magnitude and the direction of the resultant.
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@
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x' --- _X
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M
Alian Language School 182 Secondary 2
 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Ex5:

ABCDEF is a regular hexagon. Forces of magnitudes 6 ,2√𝟑 , 6 , 2√𝟑

newton act along AB , AC , AD and AE respectively.
Find the magnitude and the direction of the resultant of these forces.
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Alian Language School 183 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Ex6:

Four: coplanar forces meeting at a point their magnitudes are F1

, 6√𝟐 , 8√𝟐 , F2 [Link]. The first force in the East direction, the
second force is in the direction of Eastern North, the third is in the
direction of Western North and the fourth acts in South direction.
If their resultant is 7 [Link]. in magnitude and acts in the East
direction, find the value of F1 , F2
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@
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0
45
0
45
Eat
0
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Soulh

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Alian Language School 184 Secondary 2
 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

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Ex7:

Five coplanar forces meeting at a point their magnitudes are F , 9 , s1/2 ,11{2 ,K ([Link].)
The measure of the angle between the first force and the second force is 90° , between
the second and the third is 45° , between the third and the fourth is 90° and between the
fourth and the fifth 45° If the system of forces is in equilibrium , find the value of F and K
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Yi
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Alian Language School 185 Secondary 2
 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

H.W
ABCD is a rectangle in which AB is 8cm ,BC = 6cm, F∈ CD where FD =
6cm, the forces of magnitudes 6, 20, 13√𝟐 and 2 n act along AB , CA ,
AF , AD respectively . Find the magnitude and the direction of the
resultant of these forces.
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Alian Language School 186 y' Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Lesson 4
Equilibrium of a rigid body under the effect of two forces –three
forces meeting at a point ( Lami’s rule)

First : Equilibrium of a rigid body under the action of two forces:

The conditions of equilibrium of a rigid body under the action of two forces - ---
The rigid body is in equilibrium under the action of two forces only , if the two forces :
(1) Are equal in magnitude.
(2) Are opposite in direction.
(3) Their lines of action are on the same straight line.

*Examples on the equilibrium of a body under the action of two forces :

(1) Abody suspended by a light string :

If a weight (W) is suspended by a light string. It balances under the action

T
of two forces which are: weight (W) acting vertically downwards and
the tension in the string (T) acting vertically upwards therefore : T = W
w
(2) A body of weight Wplaced on a horizontal smooth plane :

If a body of weight (W) is placed on a smooth horizontal plane.

It balances under the action of two forces which are : weight (W) acting I
r

vertically downwards and the reaction of the horizontal smooth plane (r)
acting vertically upwards as shown in the figure.
, we deduce that : r = W
Alian Language School 187 Secondary 2
 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Remark
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0

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T

A
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B
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Second : Equilibrium of a rigid body under the action of three forces:

If three coplanar forces as F1 , F2 and F3 are acting at a point and they

-
are in equilibrium as shown in the figure , and if R1,2 is the resultant
- ~ -- _i,,,

of the two forces F1and F2 , then the two forces , R1,2 and F3 are
balanced. Then from the conditions of the equilibrium of two forces
, we deduce that R1,2 and F3 are equal in magnitude , opposite in
direction and they have the same line of action.
GeneraJly : If three forces acting at a point are in equilibrium , then the resultant of
any two forces of them is equal in magnitude to the third force and acts in the opposite
direction of it and they have the same line of action.

Alian Language School 188 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Ex1:
- ~ __,.__
F1 , F 2 and F 3 are three coplanar forces meeting at a point , their magnitudes
are 12 , 121°3 and 24 newton respectively. If these forces are balanced , find
the measures of the angles among the three lines of action of the three forces.

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Rule ( 1 )
If three forces are acting at a point and can be represented by the
sides of a triangle taken in the same cycle order , then the forces are
in equilibrium.

Alian Language School 189 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Rule ( 2 )
If a rigid body is in equilibrium under the action of three forces acting
at a point and a triangle is drawn whose sides are parallel to the lines
of action of the forces and taken in the same cycle order then the
lengths of sides of the triangle are proportional to the magnitudes of
the corresponding forces.
z

then ~ = F2 = F3
AB BC AC y

X
Ex2:

-- -
Three forces of magnitudes F1 , F2 and 96 [Link]. act on a particle. They are
represented by the directed line segments AB , BC and CA respectively in ~ ABC ,
where AB= 8 cm. , BC= 10 cm. and CA = 12 cm. Find the value of each of F1 and F2

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Alian Language School 190 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Important remarks:

(1) It is possible to draw the triangle of forces , such that two of

its sides are on the line of action of two forces and the third side
is parallel to the line of action of the third force.
A
As in the opposite figure :
/J. ABC is the triangle of forces.

(2) * If the triangle of forces of three equilibrium forces is

a right-angled triangle and it has an angle of measure
30° , then the ratio among its side lengths is 1 : 2 : {3
* If the triangle of forces is isosceles
right-angled triangle , then the ratio
among its side lengths is 1 : 1 :1{2

Rule ( 3 ) Lami’s rule

If three coplanar forces meeting at a point and acting up on a particle are in
equilibrium, then the magnitude of each force is proportional to the sine of
the angle between the two other forces.

Then /1 BCA is the triangle of forces

B
I
Alian Language School 191
'
Secondary 2
 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Ex3:
Three coplanar forces of magnitudes F1 , F2 and 18 newton meeting at a particle in
balance. If the measure of the angle between the line of action of 1st and 2nd forces is
90° and between the 2nd and the 3rd is 120° Find the value of each of F1 and F2

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@
Equilibrium of a body placed on o smooth inclined plane

If a body of weight (W) is placed on a smooth inclined plane 0

which inclines by an angle of measure 0 with the horizontal
, then the body will be under the action of two forces :
---
(1) The weight force (W) acting vertically downwards. \
\
•
(2) The reaction force (r) of the inclined plane and it acts
in direction perpendicular to the plane.
These two forces cannot be in equilibrium because they have two different lines of action.
Therefore , in order to be in equilibrium , a third force must act on the body.
It may be in one of the fallowing forms :
Alian Language School 192 Secondary 2
 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W
(1) The force is in the (2) The force acts (3) The force (4) The force inclines
direction of the horizontally. inclines by a by a with the
line of the greatest with the plane horizontal upward.
slope upwards. upwards.
®

Remark
The reaction of the smooth plane ( 𝒓
⃑ ) is perpendicular to the plane.
Ex4:

A body of weight 5 [Link]. is placed on a smooth plane inclined to the horizontal

at an angle of n1easure 30°. It is pulled up the plane under the action of a force of
magnitude F which its line of action coincides the line of the greatest slope up the
plane. Find F and the reaction of the plane.

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0
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Alian Language School 193 CD
Secondary 2
 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Ex5:

A body of weight 20 [Link]. is placed on a smooth plane inclined to the horizontal with
an angle of measure a. where cos a. = 1
The body is kept in equilibrium by a horizontal force of magnitude F
Find F and the reaction of the plane.

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3
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4

Alian Language School 194 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

General examples on the equilibrium of three coplanar concurrent

forces:
Ex1:

A weight of 200 [Link]. is suspended by two strings of lengths 90 cm. and 120 cm.
fixed in two horizontal points , the distance between them is 150 cm. Find the value of
the tension in each of the two strings in case of equilibrium.

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Ex2:
A body of weight [Link] is placed on a smooth plane inclined to the
horizontal by an angle of measure 30°. It is pulled upwards under the
action of a force F inclines with the line of greatest slope of the plane
by an angle of measure 30°. Find the magnitude of this force and the
reaction of the plane.

Alian Language School 195 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

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Ex3:
Alight string is fastened from its terminals at two points B and C such that BC is
equilibrium horizontal. Asmall smooth ring of weight 20 [Link]. slides on the string
till the angle between the two branches of the string in equilibrium becomes 90° in
measure. Prove that the lengths of the two branches of the string are equal , then find
the value of the tension in each of them.

Alian Language School 196 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

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Alian Language School 197 Secondary 2
 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Lesson 5
Follow: The equilibrium

Rule 4
If a rigid body is in equilibrium udder the action of three coplanar non
parallel forces
If a uniform rod of weight (w) is in equilibrium on
a smooth vertical wall and on rough horizontal ground then:
1)The weight of the rod acts vertically downwards its
Midpoint ( center of gravity). A

2)The reaction of the smooth vertically wall ( r1 ) which is perpendicular to

the wall in direction BD.
3)The reaction of the rough ground r2 with unknown direction , and
determine its direction , we draw AD passes through the point D ( the point
of intersection between W , r).
(BC) 2 = (AB)2 + (AC) 2 , (BC) 2 < (AB) 2 + (AC) 2 , (BC) 2 > (AB) 2 + (AC) 2 ,
then L BAC is rig ht-angled. then L BAC is acute . then L BAC is obtuse .
C

c ~
ct-----_
A~ A ~ B

A
(3) I f .6. ABC i s a 30° - 60° triangle

.·. AB= i AC , BC= 1(! AC

C
~ B

~
( 4 ) I f L'l. ABC i s right- angled at B ,
BD i s a media n o f it
, then BD = -1.
2
AC C B
Alian Language School 198 Secondary 2
 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Ex1:
A metallic sphere of weight 2 [Link]. and of radius length 30 cm. is suspended at
a point B on its surface by a string of length 30 cm. , its other end A is fixed at a point
in a vertical wall to be in equilibrium as it rests on the wall. Find the magnitude of
the tension in the string and the magnitude of the reaction of the wall.
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Alian Language School 199 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Ex2:
AB is a uniform rod of length 60 cm. , and its weight 24 [Link]. , acting at (D)
the midpoint of AB , the end A of the rod is attached to a hinge fixed at a vertical
wall. The other end B is attached to a light string , its other end is fixed at the point
Con a vertical wall above A at a distance 80 cm. from A. If the rod is in equilibrium
horizontally. Find the magnitude of the tension in the string and the magnitude and
direction of the reaction of the hinge at A
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Alian Language School 200 Secondary 2
 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Ex3:
A uniform rod of length 50 cm. and weight 120 gm. wt. , is suspended at its two ends
freely by two strings , their other two ends are fixed at one point.
If the lengths of the two strings are 30 cm. and 40 cm. respectively.
Find the magnitude of the tension in each of the two strings.

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Alian Language School 201 Secondary 2
 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Ex4:

AB is a uniform ladder of weight s{3 [Link]. , its upper end A rests on a smooth
vertical wall and its lower end B rests on rough horizontal ground such that the upper
end is far from the surface of the ground by{3 metre and the lower end is far from
the wall by 2 metre. Find the magnitude of pressure on each of the wall and the ground
in case of equilibrium.

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Smooth
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0
wall
A 3
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E
l:
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C B
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Im. Rough ground
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Alian Language School 202 Secondary 2
 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Ex5:
A uniform rod rests with its two ends on two smooth planes incline to the horizontal
at two angles of measures 60° and 30°. Find the measure of the angle which the rod
makes with the horizontal at the equilibrium position and if the weight of the rod
equals 24 newton. Determine the magnitudes of the hvo reactions of the hvo planes.
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Alian Language School 203 Secondary 2
 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Unit 2
Lesson 1
The straight lines and the planes in the space
Geometrical concepts and axioms
1- The straight line: C
Is an infinite set of points and we can determine it
A
if we know any two different points on it.
D

Remark
- -
AB ⊂ AB ⊂ AB
2- The plane:
Is an infinite set of points represents a surface with no ends where
any straight line passing through two points on it lies completely on
that surface and we denote it by capital letters as X , Y and we can
denote it using at least 3 letters non collinear as ABC

~7
1/ ·n

3- The space:
Is an infinite set of points, it contains all the geometric figures and
planes surfaces and solids while the solids as the sphere and the
cylinder and the cube.

Alian Language School 204 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Remark
1-Any point in the space passing through it an infinite number of the
straight lines.
2- Any point in the space passing through it an infinite number of the
plane.
3-Any two points in the space passing through them
one and only one straight line.
4-Any two points in the space passing through
them an infinite number of the planes.

Determination of the plane in the space:

1-Three distinct non-collinear points.
C•

X .1,___ _

2-a straight line and a point not belong to it. ~

y B

A/a
3- Two intersecting straight lines . ~

4-Two parallel and non-coincident straight lines.

Alian Language School 205 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Ex1: In opposite figure: M

If M ∉ the plane ABCD. Find:

1-Four straight lines passing through the point A
2-Three planes passing through the point A
3-The straight lines passing through the two points A and B together
4-Four planes passing through the point M
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1-The relative positions of two different straight lines in space
1) Intersecting straight lines 2) Parallel straight lines

• L 1 , L 2 are intersecting. • L1 // L2

n
• L 1 L 2 = {A}
• L1 nL 2
=0
• They lie in one plane.
• They lie in one plane.

3) Skew straight lines

• L 1 ~ L 2 are skew.
• L 1 n L 2 = 0
• They do not lie in one plant
Alian Language School 206 Secondary 2
 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Note that:
The two skew straight lines are not parallel and not intersecting
because they are not in one plane.
2-The relative positions of the staight line and the plane in the space:
1-The straight line is parallel to the plane ------- - - L

• The straight line L // the

plane X .__,___fr_/
i .e . L n X =0

2-The straight line is intersect to the plane

A
• The straight l i ne L
''
intersect~ the plane X in ''
one point.
i .e . L n X = {A}

3-The straight line lies completely in the plane

• The straight line L
lies completely in the plane
X (LcX)
i .e . L nX =L
The relative positions of two different planes in the space:

T h e p l ane X // the p l a n e Y The t\-VO planes int ersect ing T h e t "vo p l a n es are in
i.e. X n Y= 0 at a straigh t l i n e L commo n i n a ll p o ints
i .e . X n Y = L (Coin c i de)
i .e. X n Y=X=Y

Alian Language School 207 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Remarks
(1)-If there are two planes have a common point, then
They have in a common a straight line passing through
This point. X⊂ Y = L where A∈ L
(2)-If there are three planes are intersected each two with each other, then
their intersected straight lines will be parallel or intersecting at one point.

(3) If two straight lines are parallel to a third in

the space , then they all are parallel.
i.e. If L1 // L3 , L2 // L3 , then L1 // L2
L3 L1

(4) All vertical straight lines in the space are parallel but not all horizontal straight lines in
the space are parallel.
L3 L1

Horizontal LI ___.,
Horizontal
surface surface Li~
L3- -- --

All the vertical straight lines LI , L2 , L3 The horizontal straight lines LI , L2

and L are parallel.
4
and L3 are not parallel.

Alian Language School 208 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

(5) If the straight Enes contain the diagonal s of a quadrilateral intersecte d at a point
, then all its sides lie in one plane.
C ,
' ' .... ....
....
D A ' ' .... ....
....
', A

C B

The sides of the quadrilateral The sides of the quadrilateral

..__
, because AC
-
ABCD Ee in one plane
n BD = {M}
ABCD doesn't lie in one plane
..__
, because AC n BD = 0 -
( AC , BO are skew)

Ex2: In opposite figure:

' ' ..........
ABCD A B C D is a c u boid, comple te the follo,vi ng :
-
(1) BC// the plane ·· ····· ·· · A
-
(2) AB and ·· ·· ······ are skew.
(3) The plane AB BA// the plane ··· ··· ··· ·
(4) The plane ABB An the plane AB CD= ..........
(5) The plane ABCnthe plane ABC D = ......... .
(6) The plane AAr5 D nthe plane AB BA nthe p C B

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Alian Language School 209 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Lesson 2
The pyramid
Is a solid has one base as a polygon and all its other faces are triangles
with a common vertex and the pyramid is called a triangular ,
quadrilateral , Pentagonal or , according to the number of sides of the
polygon of its base. vertex

slant height

I '
,
I
,'- ---- - - -- -,- - - - ---
I

I 10 cm
, ,-,
_,,, base •--L------ -----
,,

Types of Pyra m ids

Tria ng u l ar Sq ua r e Recta ng u la r Pentago n a l Hexagon a I

4 Faces 5 Faces 5 Faces 6 Faces 7 Faces

4 Ve rtices 5 Vertices 5 Ve rtices 6 Vertices 7 Vert ices
6 Edges 8 Edges 8 Edges 10 Edges 12 Edges

Alian Language School 210 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

M
Special cases of the pyramid:
1-The right pyramid:
The pyramid is right if the position of perpendicular A
from the vertex of the pyramid to the base is passing
through its geometrical center.

2-The regular pyramid :

M
Is the pyramid in which its base is a regular polygon
whose center is the position of
the perpendicular from the vertex of the pyramid to the base.
i.e. A right pyramid of a base as a regular polygon. A

Ex1:
MABCD is a regular quadrilateral pyramid, the length of its base side
is 12cm. and its height length = 8 cm. Find the length of its slant
height.
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C 12cm. B
Alian Language School 211 Secondary 2
 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Ex2:
MABC is a regular triangular pyramid with base AABC, the length of its
base length is 6 cm. and the length of its height is 4 cm. Find the length
of its edge and its slant height.
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Alian Language School 212 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Square pyramid net:

folded

~iJ\
along the

---- -----
2-D Net 3-D Pyramid

Ex3:
The opposite net represents a net of a regular quadrilateral pyramid.
Find
1-The height of the pyramid D 20cm.

2- The slant height of pyramid.

B
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Alian Language School 213 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Lateral area , total area and Volume of pyramid:

* The lateral area of the pyramid = the sum of areas of the lateral faces
* The lateral area of the regular pyramiq = i base perimeter x slant height
* The total surface area of the pyramid = lateral area + area of the base
* The volume of the pyramid = j base area x height

.·. The lateral area of the regular pyramid

= i x base perimeter x slant height
Volume
Triangular Square

h
V = _!_ Bh
3 h
here,
B = Base Area, h = height

Rectangular
here,
b = base, h = height

V = _!_lwh
3
Pentagonal

here,
I = base l ength, w = base width,
h = height

Hexagonal

5
V = -abh
6

here, he re.
b = base, a = apothem. b = base ,
h = height h = height
Alian Language School 214 Secondary 2
Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Area
Triangular Square

SA = B + .!...p s
2
C<'?"7"7"'7"':1'=-.:r-
J 77.77~77-.';1"~ -·

here, , __
8 = Base Area, P = Base Perimeter,
s = slant height

Rectangular SA = b 2
+ 2bs

here,
b = base,
s = slant height
Pentagonal

SA = Iw + __!_ w -,J4h 2 + 12 + -
1 I..J4h 2 + w 2
2 2
here,

I = base length, w = base width,

h = height

Hexagonal

SA = 3ab + 3bs SA = ~ b(a + s)

here, here,

a = apothem, a = apothem,
b = base, b = base,
s = slant height s = slant height

Alian Language School 215 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Ex4:

MABCD is a regular quadrilatelal pyramid, its total area = 360 c𝒎𝟐

And its slant height = 13 [Link] the length of its base , then find its
volume.
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Ex4:

A regular quadrilateal pyramid of volume 48 c𝒎𝟑 and the length of its

base edge = 6 cm , find its total area.
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Alian Language School 216 Secondary 2

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Ex5:
MABC is triangular pyramid of regular faces , the lengths of each edge
of its edges equals 8√𝟑 cm. Find

(1) The slant height of the pyramid. (2) Height of the pyramid.
(3) T.S.A of the pyramid. (4) Volume of the pyramid.

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Alian Language School 217 Secondary 2

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Notice that .
·.· The triangular pyramid is a regular faces .
.·. 2 L 2 == 3 h 2
:. 2 x (81/"3) 2 = 3 h2
.·. h == 81/2
:. Height of the pyramid== 81/2 cm.

Ex6:

MABC is a triangular pyramid its vertex M is at distance 4√𝟓cm from

the base ABC where AB = 7cm., BC = 8cm., AC = 9 cm, Find the volume
of the pyramid
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Remember that
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The area of~ ABC =
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where : Sis half the perimeter of~ ABC
Alian Language School 218 Secondary 2
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Lesson 3
The Cone
Vertex.,___

~
Curved
side\__
------1----
b..

Radius

If (r) is the radiu of the cone base (L is the cone drawer, (h) is the height then :
• The lateral mface area (L.S .A.) of the right cone = Jt Lr
• The total urface area (T.S .A.) of the right cone = Jt r (L + r)
• Volume of the right cone = ; Jt r2 h
The volume of a cone is the amount of space inside a cone.
The volume of a cone is one third of the volume of a cylinder.
The volume of a cone can be calculated using a formula.
To do this, substitute two of the dimensions of the cone into the volume formula,
and evaluate the result. The volume formula for any cone is:

where r is t he radius of the base of the cone and

h is the perpendicular height of the cone.

Alian Language School 219 Secondary 2

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A
Ex1: In opposite figure:
A right circular cone, the lenfth of its drawer is
[Link] its height is 24cm. Find the perimeter
C
𝟐𝟐
And the area of the base of the cone ( 𝝅 = )
𝟕

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Ex2:
A right circular cone , the length of its base diameter is 12cm. and its
height is 8, find ( 1-The L.S.A 2- The T.S.A 3-The volume )
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Alian Language School 220 Secondary 2
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I
I

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•I
E I
U I
00 I
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,------T--
I
1 - -

M--g;~.--- B
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Ex3:
A flask in the shape of a cone of capacity 6.16 liters and height 30 cm.
𝟐𝟐
Find the length of the radius of its base. ( 𝝅 = )
𝟕

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Alian Language School 221 Secondary 2
 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Ex4:
A pure gold alloy as a right cone of radius length 3 cm and lateral area
= 15 𝝅 𝒄𝒎𝟐 . Find the gold density if the mass of the alloy = 727gm. ( 𝝅
= 3.14) M L
s

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,/
'
' ,./ ",
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"\.

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' ~
...

D i ffe r ent Size

Gold And Si lver 2 Colors

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Ex5:

/!l ABC is right-angled at A , AB = 15 m . , AC= 20 m. , if the triangle is rotated

a complete rotation around BC , describe the formed solid , then find
the cost of painting this solid with a material resistant to erosion , if the cost of one
square metre = IO pounds and find the Yolume of this solid. "rr; -- 2211
7

Alian Language School 222 Secondary 2

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Alian Language School 223 Secondary 2
 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Lesson 4
The circle
First Equation of the circle:
I- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I
( – d )𝟐 + ( y – e )𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
M (d, e)
----------------------~
Second The general form of the equation of the circle:

The general form of the circle equation is :

··· ···--------------·---·- -·· ······ -· - ,I
I

: X2+y2+2LX+2Ky+C= 0 :
I I
I
···· ···· ~· --·-------------------------- #
i
Where the centre (M) =(-L ,-K) =(- ½coefficient of X ,- coefficient of y)

,r=1L2+K2-C ,L2+K2- C>O

Ex1:
Find the general form of the equation of the circle whose center is ( -
2,3) and its radius length is 5 cm units.
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Alian Language School 224 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

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Ex2:
Find the equation of the circle whose center is the origin point and its
diameter length = 6√𝟐 length unit , then prove that the circle passing
through the point ( √𝟐 , -4 )
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Ex3:
Find the equation of the circle whose center M = ( 3 , -2 ) and passing
through the point A ( -1 , 1 )
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Alian Language School 225 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Ex4:
Find the equation of the circle whose diameter AB where A = ( 4 , -1) ,
B= ( -2 , 1 ).
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Ex5:
Find the equation of the circle whose center ( 3 , -4 ) and touches x –
axis .
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Alian Language School 226 Secondary 2

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Ex6:
Find the equation of the circle which touches the two coordinate axes
, and its center is the point ( -4 , 4 ).
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Ex7:
Find the equation of the circle whose touches x-axis and passing
through the points ( -1,1) , ( -3 , 4 )
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Alian Language School 227 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

Model 1
Choose the correct answer from the given ones :
( I ) Two forces of magnitudes 4 F , 5 F newton , their resultant 9 F newton
, then the measure of the angle included between them = .. ·· •·· .. •·· •· •
(a) 0° (b) 90° (c) 180° (d) 120°
( 2 ) Two perpendicular forces of magnitudes F , 12 newton , their resultant 13 newton
, then F = ··············· N
(a) 5 (b) 12 (c) 1 (d) zero
( 3 ) Two forces of magnitudes F , F newton , their resultant F newton , then the measure of
the an°le
0 included between them= ···············
(a) 90° (b) 120° (c) 180° (d) zero0

( 4 ) Two forces of magnitude F , 6 newton , then their resultant perpendicular to the first
force , the measure of the angle included between them 120° , then F = ••••••· ••••••••

(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 61{2 (d) 12

( 5 ) Two forces of magnitude 3 , 5 newton , then their resultant E •••••••••••••••

(a) [3 , 5] (b) ]3 , 5[ (c) [2,8] (d) ]2 , 8[
( 6 ) A body of weight W is placed on a smooth inclined plane with the horizontal by an angle
of measure 0 , then its component in the direction of the line of greatest slope •······ •· •·••··

(a) w sine (b) W cos 0 (c) w tan e (d) W cot 8

Alian Language School 228 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W
( 7 ) A force of magnitude 12 newtons acts in direction 30° North of the East , then its
component in the East direction = •••••·••••. •••. newton.

(a) 6 (c) 12 (d) 24

( 8 ) Some coplanar forces meeting at a point , and the sum of their components in the
direction of X-axis equal 3 newton and the sum of their components in direction of y-axis
equal 4 newton , then their resultant = •••••••••.. •.. • newton.
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 7

( 9 ) Some coplanar forces act at a point , their resultant makes with positive direction of X-axis an
angle of tangent ! and the sum of components of these forces in direction of X-axis equal
12 newton , then the sum of their component in direction of y-axis= ............... newton
(a) 9 (b) 12 (c) 16 (d) 20
-
(10) Two equilibrium forces , F1 = (4 , a) and F 2 = (b ,- 5) , then a+ b = .............. .
(a) l (b) -1 (c) 9 (d) -9

(11) In the opposite figure : ®

the forces are in equilibrium
, then F = ...............
(a) 6 (b) 6(2
(c) sfi (d) 12

(12) In the opposite figure:

T xT : ...... ..... ... .
1 2
(a) 6
(b) 6(2
(c) 3(2 G)
(d) 12

Alian Language School 229 Secondary 2

Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W

A
(13) Asphere of weight 6Nattached
by a string of length equal the radius
length of the sphere , then the reaction
of the wall =·····.. ···.. ·.. N
(a) 2(3 (b) 6

(c) 6(3 (d) 12

(14) The two skew lines are ·· .......... ·..
(a) not intersecting. (b) not parallel.

(c) not lie on one plane. (d) all the previous.

(15) The least number of non-collinear points that determine a plane ............. ..
(a) one. (b) two. (c) three. (d) four.
(16) The base of the quadrilateral regular pyramid is a .............. .
(a) triangle. (b) square. (c) rectangle. (d) rhombus.
(17) Atriangular pyramid of regular faces , its edge length 6cm. , then its volume = ............... cm~
(a) 36 (b) 216 (c) 216(2 (d) 18(2

Alian Language School 230 Secondary 2

 Date : …………… / …………… / …………… C.W/H.W
(18) A right cone , its lateral area 18 Jt cm: , its drawer length 6 cm. , then the length of
radius of its base = ······· ··..... · cm.

(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) 12

(19) If the equation of a circle X 2 + y2 = 36 , then its area = •······· ···••· • cm~

(a) 36 (b) 6 Jt (c) 12 Jt (d) 36 TC

(20) If the equation of a circle is X 2 + y2 + 4 X - 6 y - IO = 0 , then its centre is ••·········· ••·
(a) (4 ,-6) (b) (2 , - 3) (c) (-2 ,3) (d)(-4, 6)

Second [ Essay questio ns

Answer the following questions :

0 A body of weight 12 newton is placed on an inclined plane with the horizonal by an angle
of measure 30° , if the body kept in equilibrium under the action of a horizontal force.
Find the magnitude of this force and the normal reaction of the plane.

El Aregular quadrilateral pyramid , the perimeter of its base = 40 cm. and its height 13 cm.
find its volume.

Good Luck.
I r"~:, &QI /
reAc~

Alian Language School 231 Secondary 2