Section A – DevOps Basics
1. Explain the concept of DevOps.
DevOps is a cultural and technical movement that integrates software development (Dev) and IT
operations (Ops). It promotes collaboration, automation, and continuous delivery to shorten
development cycles, increase deployment frequency, and ensure reliable releases. It improves
collaboration by aligning development and operations teams under shared goals and tools.
2. Differentiate between Agile and DevOps.
1. Agile focuses on software development methodology, while DevOps focuses on the end-to-end
delivery process. 2. Agile emphasizes iterative development; DevOps emphasizes automation,
deployment, and monitoring. 3. Agile ends with code delivery; DevOps extends to deployment and
maintenance in production.
3. Describe the DevOps lifecycle.
The DevOps lifecycle includes the following phases: - **Plan:** Define requirements and goals. -
**Code:** Develop software collaboratively using version control. - **Build:** Compile code and
package applications. - **Test:** Automate testing to ensure quality. - **Release:** Prepare and
approve code for deployment. - **Deploy:** Deliver the application to production. - **Operate:**
Manage and maintain applications. - **Monitor:** Track performance and user feedback for
improvement.
4. Popular tools used in DevOps:
1. **Git:** Version control system for tracking code changes. 2. **Jenkins:** Automates CI/CD
pipelines. 3. **Docker:** Containerization platform for consistent deployment. 4. **Kubernetes:**
Manages containerized applications. 5. **Ansible:** Automation tool for configuration management
and deployment.
Section B – Jenkins Basics
5. What is Jenkins and why is it used?
Jenkins is an open-source automation server used to implement CI/CD. It automates building,
testing, and deployment of applications. By integrating with version control systems and build tools,
Jenkins ensures rapid and consistent delivery.
6. Describe the basic architecture of Jenkins.
Jenkins follows a master-agent architecture: - **Master Node:** Manages configurations, schedules
jobs, and monitors builds. - **Agent Nodes:** Execute the actual build and testing tasks on
distributed systems, improving performance and scalability.
7. What are Jenkins pipelines?
Jenkins Pipelines define the entire CI/CD process as code. There are two types: - **Declarative
Pipelines:** Structured and easy to read using predefined syntax. - **Scripted Pipelines:** Flexible
and written using Groovy scripts for advanced logic.
Section C – Containers Basics
8. What are containers and how do they differ from virtual machines?
Containers are lightweight, portable, and isolated environments that package an application and its
dependencies together. Unlike VMs, containers share the host OS kernel instead of running
separate OS instances. This makes containers faster, more efficient, and scalable for modern
cloud-native applications.