RESEARCH Discovering and examining facts and information to prove the accuracy

or truthfulness about the research topics.

TYPES OF RESEARCH

1.) based an application of research

method

• PURE RESEARCH Deals with concept, principle, or abstract things.

• APPLIED RESEARCH Apply to society. Societal problems or issues, finding ways to make
positive changes in society.

2.) Based on purpose of the research

• DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH Defining or giving on verbal portrayal or picture of a person, thing,

event, group, situation, etc. (repeated research only).

• CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH Shows relationship or connectedness of two factors.

• EXPLANATORY RESEARCH Elaborate or explain ( the reasons ).

• EXPLORATORY RESEARCH Find out how reasonable or possible it is to conduct a research study on
a certain topic.

• ACTION RESEARCH Studies an ongoing practice for the purpose of obtaining results that
will bring improvement in the system.

3.) Based on types of data needed

• QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Use words rather than numbers.

• QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Measurements of data (use numbers).

• PRIMARY DATA Obtained through direct observation or contact with people, objectives,
artifacts, paintings, etc. (new and original information).

• SECONDARY RESEARCH Have been written about or reported on and are available for reading
purposes.

SIP / IP SCIENCE INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

CHARACTERISTICS OF IP; Empirical, logical, cyclical, analytical, critical, and replicability.

Why do we need IP? Problems, changes, progress.

The Goals of IP; Explain, predict, and control events. ( Through the use of scientific
method).

SCIENTIFIC METHOD More efficient and reliable than experience, authority, inductive and
deductive reasoning.
• INDUCTIVE OF HYPOTHESIS

• DEDUCTIVE OF
IMPLICATIONS

• TESTING AND ANALYSIS

• CONFIRMING OF
 HYPOTHESIS

What is IP? Formal systematic application of scientific method of study to

problems.

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION REVIEW OF LITERATURE RESEARCH DESIGN

FINDINGS & OUTPUT DATA ANALYSIS & INFLUENCE DATA COLLECTION

Types of Investigatory projects

based on the national science and
technology fair

• LIFE SCIENCE Studies that is focused on using organisms

• PHYSICAL SCIENCE Deals with non-living studies or products.

• ROBOTICS & INTELLIGENT Automated product or robots.

MACHINES

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH Most accurate research.

VARIABLES Characteristics or property where by the members of the group set differ from
one another.

• INDEPENDENT VARIABLE To observed or measured predictor of input.

• DEPENDENT VARIABLE Find out how the independent variable affects it (outcome).

• Z VARIABLE Moderator variable, secondary independent variable. That is included and

measured in the study to determine whether it affects the relation between
independent and dependent variables.

ETHICS is a branch of philosophy that deals with distinction between right and wrong
the moral consequences of human action.
(Research Ethics in Science)

Science can be ethical in 2 ways:

• SCIENTIFIC ETHICS OF (replication) and Integrity Process (peer review)

METHOD

• MORALITY ETHICS OF THE (good vs. bad) and findings (benefit vs harm)morality
TOPICS

AN ACT PROVIDIN FOR THE CONSERVATION AND PROTECTION OF WILDLIFE

RESOURCES AND THEIR HABITAT APPETRIATING FUNDS THEREFORE AND FOR
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9147 OTHER PURPOSES. Is jointly implemented by DENR, Department of Agriculture
and Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD).

DENR ( Department of responsible for all terrestrial plant and animal species, oll turtles and tortoises
Agriculture) and wetland species, waterbirds and all amphibians, and dugong
 PCSD Palawan Council for Sustainable Development

DA Responsible for equatic habitats and resources (fishes, aquatic plants,

invertebrates and marine mammals, except dugong).

BCSD for all wildlife species found in Palawan areas (RA 7611)

ETHICAL ISSUES;

• Aesthetic value the pleasure of enjoying wildlife's beauty.

• Scientific value studying and research of wildlife for their use in medications, integrated pest
management, etc.

• Ecological Value the interaction of wildlife in nature

Bioprospect also known as biodiversity prospecting, investigation of living things to see how
they can be commercially useful to humans.

• Biopiracy Using the nature knowledge of Indigenous people, without permission of

financial gains.

GOVERNMENT OFFICES

• BAI Bureau of Animal Industry

• PALAS Philippine Association for Laboratory Animal Science

• LARDS Committee on Laboratory Animal Resources Development and Standardization

• PAWB Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau

• PCHRD Philippine Council for Health Research and Development

LAW'S

• RA. 8485 Animal Welfare Act

• DA. A.O. No. 40 Rules and Regulations on the Conduct of Scientific Procedures Using Animals

CHALLENGES

• PETA (People for Ethical

Treatment of Animals)
Set up for conducting animal studies is costly and faculty must be trained in
• IFAW [International Fund handling animals.
for Animal Welfare]
Securing permit from regulatory bodies. Aw

Types of Literature Reviews

• Argumentative Review It examines literature selectively to support or refute an argument, deeply

imbedded assumption, or philosophical problem already established in the
literature.

• Integrative Review. It is considered a form of research that critiques, and synthesizes

representative literature on a topic in an integrated way such that new
frameworks and perspectives on the topic are generated.

• Historical Review It is to systematically examine past events to give an account of what has
happened in the past.
 • Methodological Review A review does not always focus on what someone said but how they came
about (method of analysis)

• Systematic Review It is to attain conclusion regarding the chosen topic.

• Theoretical Review It is to examine the body of theory that has accumulated regarding an issue,
concept, theory, phenomena.

CITATION FORMAT APA Examples of References by Type;

• Book with one author (King, 2000) or King (2000) compares...

• Books with two authors (Dancey & Reidy, 2004) or Dancey and Reidy (2004) said...

• Book with three to five (Krause, Bochner, & Duchesne, 2006) If used first time then in subsequent
authors citations, (Krause et al., 2006)

• Book or report by a (University of Waikato, 1967)

corporate author e.g.
organization, association,
government department

• Book chapter in edited (Helber, 1995) or (Helber (1995) compares luxury resorts....
book

• Conference paper online (Bochner, 1996) orAccording to Bochner (1996)...

• Course handout/Lecture (Salter, 2007)

notes

• Film (see Library APA (Zhang, 2000)

referencing webpage for
music and other media)

• Journal article- (Hohepa, Schofield, & Kolt, 2006 Then subsequently it 3-5 authors (Hohepa et
academic/scholarly al., 2006)
(electronic version) with
DOI

• Journal article- (Harrison & Papa, 2005) or Harrison and Papa(2005) recommend...
academic/scholarly
(electronic version) with
no DOI

• Journal article- (Gibbs, 2005) or Gibbs (2005) contradicts...

academic/scholarly (print
version)

• Journal article- (Snell & Hodgetts, n.d.) Or (Snell and Hodgetts (n.d.) suggest..
academic/scholarly
(Internet only-no print
version)

• Magazine article- (Goodwin, 2002) or Goodwin (2002)defends....

popular/trade/general
interest

• Newspaper article- (Print (Hartevelt, 2007)

version)
 • Newspaper article (Cumming, 2003)
(Database like Newztext
Plus) (also see Library
referencing webpage for
Internet version)

• Newspaper article with no ("Report Casts Shadow," 2007)

author

• Thesis-Institutional or (Dewstow, 2006) or Dewstow (2006) identified....

personal webpage-
outside the US

• Personal Communication ([Link], personal communication, March 19, 2004)

(letters, telephone
conversations, emails,
interviews)

REVIEW OF LITERATURE The review of related literature or theoretical background consists of a

collection of pertinent reading, published or unpublished, in local or foreign
settings.

• THEORETICAL non-research reference materials written by authorities on the subject that

BACKGROUND embody experiences, viewpoints and interpretations of the subject of the
research study. These are published materials like books, journals, magazines,
pamphlets.

• Related Studies are from unpublished materials like theses, research reports, seminar papers,
and dissertations and have bearing on the research study being undertaken.

Academic Paper Formats

• MLA (Modern Language used in literature, arts management, business and the humanities.
Association)

• APA (American used in social sciences, such as psychology and education and natural sciences.
Psychological Association)

• CMS (Chicago Manual also often called "Turabian Style". Used in Social sciences and natural & physical
Style) sciences, but most commonly in the humanities-literature, history, and the arts.

PARAPHRASING involves putting a passage from source material into your own words.