Word,Part of Speech,C2-Level Definition,Science-Based Real Life Example Sentence
vitrification,noun,The process of converting a substance into glass or a glass-like
solid,Although vitrification preserves biological samples, it requires precise
temperature control.
vivisection,noun,The practice of performing operations on live animals for
scientific research,While vivisection is controversial, it has advanced
understanding of physiology.
voltage,noun,Electric potential difference that causes current flow,Voltage must be
carefully regulated in circuits to prevent damage or failure.
vulcanization,noun,A chemical process for converting rubber into more durable
material,Vulcanization strengthens rubber, which enhances tire performance.
variance,noun,Statistical measure of data spread or variability,Variance in
experimental results often indicates underlying influencing factors.
vasodilation,noun,Widening of blood vessels, which decreases blood
pressure,Vasodilation occurs during exercise to increase oxygen delivery.
ventricle,noun,One of the two lower chambers of the heart,Ventricular function is
critical for effective blood circulation.
vaccine,noun,A preparation that stimulates immunity against a disease,Vaccines have
eradicated many infectious diseases despite initial resistance.
vortex,noun,A spinning mass of fluid or air,Although a vortex creates turbulence,
it also helps mix substances efficiently.
vector,noun,A quantity having magnitude and direction,Vectors represent forces in
physics, allowing for precise calculations.
viscosity,noun,A measure of a fluid's resistance to flow,Viscosity affects how lava
cools and solidifies after volcanic eruptions.
vibrations,noun,Oscillatory motions around an equilibrium point,Vibrations in
molecules determine infrared absorption spectra.
volatilization,noun,Process by which a substance changes from liquid or solid into
vapor,Volatilization of water affects climate patterns through evaporation.
ventilation,noun,Movement of fresh air into an enclosed space,Good ventilation
reduces indoor pollutant levels and improves air quality.
valence,noun,The combining capacity of an atom or radical,Valence electrons
determine chemical bonding and molecular structure.
vascular,adjective,Relating to vessels that carry fluids,Vascular plants rely on
xylem and phloem for transport.
vacuum,noun,A space entirely devoid of matter,Vacuum chambers simulate space
conditions for material testing.
vital,noun,Absolutely necessary or essential,Vital organs like the brain control
critical bodily functions.
viral,noun,Relating to or caused by a virus,Viral infections spread rapidly due to
high replication rates.
volcanic,adjective,Relating to volcanoes or their activity,Volcanic eruptions
release gases that influence atmospheric chemistry.
vitality,noun,Energy or life force,Although vitality declines with age, nutrition
can mitigate its loss.
vector-borne,adjective,Transmitted by organisms such as mosquitoes,Vector-borne
diseases require targeted control strategies.
vibrio,noun,A genus of bacteria,Some Vibrio species cause serious infections in
humans.
virulence,noun,The degree of pathogenicity of a microorganism,Virulence factors
help bacteria evade immune responses.
vaccine efficacy,noun,Measure of how well a vaccine prevents disease,Vaccine
efficacy depends on the pathogen and population immunity.
valley,noun,Low area between hills,Valleys often form fertile grounds due to
sediment deposition.
velocity,noun,Speed in a specific direction,Velocity influences projectile
trajectories in physics.
viscous,adjective,Having a thick, sticky consistency,Viscous fluids flow slower,
affecting chemical reaction rates.
voltage drop,noun,Reduction of voltage across a circuit element,Voltage drop
reduces electrical device performance.
vital capacity,noun,Maximum amount of air expelled from lungs,Vital capacity tests
assess respiratory health.
vital signs,noun,Indicators of essential body functions,Vital signs like pulse rate
reveal health status.
vasoconstriction,noun,Narrowing of blood vessels,Vasoconstriction helps regulate
body temperature.
vector space,noun,Mathematical structure formed by vectors,Vector spaces model
complex physical systems.
vapor pressure,noun,Pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium,Vapor pressure
affects evaporation rates.
vortex shedding,noun,Periodic detachment of vortices behind an object,Vortex
shedding causes oscillations in bridges.
volatilization loss,noun,Loss of chemicals to the atmosphere by
vaporization,Volatilization loss impacts pesticide effectiveness.
viscosity coefficient,noun,A numerical value representing fluid viscosity,The
viscosity coefficient influences lubrication efficiency.
voltage regulator,noun,Device controlling voltage levels,Voltage regulators protect
electronic circuits.