Word,Part of Speech,C2-Level Definition,Science-Based Real Life Example Sentence
vitality,noun,The state of being strong and active,Although vitality decreases with
age, regular exercise can help maintain it.
waterfall,noun,A cascade of water falling from a height,While waterfalls shape
landscapes, they also create unique habitats.
wavelength,noun,The distance between successive crests of a wave,Because wavelength
determines color in light, it is crucial in optics.
whirlpool,noun,A powerful circular current of water,Although whirlpools are
dangerous, they help mix nutrients in aquatic systems.
xylem,noun,The vascular tissue in plants that conducts water,Because xylem
transports water, it supports photosynthesis.
yolk,noun,The nutrient-rich part of an egg that feeds the embryo,While yolk
provides essential nutrients, its composition varies among species.
zenith,noun,The point in the sky directly above an observer,Although the sun
reaches the zenith at noon, its position varies with latitude.
zooplankton,noun,Microscopic animals drifting in aquatic environments,Because
zooplankton feed on phytoplankton, they are vital in food webs.
zygote,noun,The cell formed by the union of two gametes,While a zygote initiates
development, environmental factors influence its viability.
voltage,noun,The electric potential difference between two points,Voltage causes
electric current to flow in circuits.
vortex,noun,A mass of spinning fluid or air,As a vortex forms, it creates areas of
low pressure in fluids.
valence,noun,The combining capacity of an element,Valence electrons determine how
atoms bond chemically.
vector,noun,A quantity having direction and magnitude,In physics, displacement is a
vector because it has both size and direction.
viscosity,noun,A fluid's resistance to flow,High viscosity in honey makes it flow
more slowly than water.
vaccine,noun,A substance that stimulates immunity against a disease,Thanks to
vaccines, many infectious diseases are now controlled.
variance,noun,A measure of how much values differ from the mean,Variance quantifies
the spread of data in experiments.
ventilation,noun,The movement of fresh air into a space,Good ventilation reduces
airborne contaminants indoors.
vapor,noun,A substance in the gas phase below its critical temperature,Water vapor
in the atmosphere contributes to weather patterns.
virulence,noun,The severity or harmfulness of a disease,Virulence factors enable
pathogens to infect hosts effectively.
vital,noun,Essential for life or functioning,Water is vital for all known forms of
life.
vascular,adjective,Relating to blood vessels or plant conducting tissues,Vascular
systems transport nutrients efficiently in animals and plants.
vacuum,noun,A space entirely devoid of matter,Space is essentially a vacuum with
very low particle density.
valley,noun,A low area between hills or mountains,Valleys are often formed by
rivers eroding the landscape over time.
volcanism,noun,The eruption of molten rock onto the surface,Volcanism shapes
planetary surfaces and impacts climate.
vortex,noun,A swirling flow of fluid or air,Vortices are commonly observed in
tornadoes and whirlpools.
vitality,noun,Physical or mental energy,Even under stress, some organisms maintain
high vitality.
vital organ,noun,An organ essential for survival,The heart is a vital organ that
pumps blood throughout the body.
velocity,noun,Speed with a specified direction,The velocity of a falling object
changes due to gravity.
viscous,adjective,Having a thick, sticky consistency,Viscous fluids like syrup flow
slower than water.
vector-borne,adjective,Transmitted by vectors such as insects,Vector-borne diseases
include malaria and dengue fever.
vegetation,noun,Plants considered collectively,Vegetation plays a key role in
carbon cycling.
virus,noun,A microscopic infectious agent,Viruses can infect all forms of life and
alter ecosystems.
vibrations,noun,Oscillations about an equilibrium point,Earthquake vibrations can
cause significant structural damage.
valence electron,noun,An electron in the outer shell of an atom,Valence electrons
determine chemical reactivity.
voltage drop,noun,A reduction in voltage across a component,Voltage drop affects
circuit efficiency.
vital statistics,noun,Data relating to births, deaths, and health,Public health
relies on vital statistics to track epidemics.
vector space,noun,A mathematical structure formed by vectors,Vector spaces underpin
many physics theories.
volatilization,noun,The process of becoming vapor,Volatilization affects pesticide
behavior in the environment.
vital capacity,noun,The maximum amount of air expelled from lungs,Measuring vital
capacity helps assess lung function.