Acknowledgement
Submitted as a partial fulfillment of requirement of the
curriculum of GRADE XI (mathematics) under NEB
Submitted by;
Alisha bk
Under supervision of
ADJ sir
(faculty and head of department,mathematics)
Date;
28th october 2025
UNIGLOBE HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL
Kamaladi Ganesthan,kathmandu
Nepal
Students declaration
I hereby declare that the report presented in this project report has
been done by myself under the supervision of prof./Dr/Mr/Ms Alisha bk
(name of the subject teacher ),ADJ Sir and has not been submitted
elsewhere for any examination .
All sources of information have been specifically acknowledged by
references to authors or institutions.
Signature;
Name of student;
Management D section
Date;28th october 2025
Table of content
[Link]
[Link] background
[Link]
.defination
.theorem
.formula
.key points
.solved examples
[Link] and finding
[Link] life application
[Link]
[Link]
Objectives
. define arithmetic mean,median,mode,and partition
values;
. find standard deviation,mean deviation and quartile
deviation;
. find the coefficient of variance of the distribution;
. test the consistency, uniformly of the distribution.
Historical background
Statistics is a field of study that deals with the
collection,analysis,interpretation,presentation,and
organization of data . its roots can be traced back to
ancient civilizations,where basic statistical techniques
were used for various purpose. However , the formal
development of the statistics as a discipline began in
the 17th century with the work of scholars like john
graunt and william petty. Measure of central tendency is
a fundamental concept in statistics that helps
summarize a data set by identifying a single
representative value.
Introduction
Statistics may be defined as the science of
collection,organization,presentation,analysis and
interpretation of numerical data: the word data means
information (its exact dictionary meaning is: given
facts).
ungrouped data (
x̄=∑xn
𝑥̄=∑𝑥𝑛) and grouped data (
x̄=A+∑fd∑f
𝑥̄=𝐴+∑𝑓𝑑∑𝑓), median for grouped data (
M=l+[N/2−cff]×h
𝑀=𝑙+[𝑁/2−𝑐𝑓𝑓]×ℎ), and the mode for grouped data (
Mode=l+[f1−f02f1−f0−f2]×h
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒=𝑙+[𝑓1−𝑓02𝑓1−𝑓0−𝑓2]×ℎ).
Measures of Central Tendency
Mean (
x̄
𝑥̄)
●Ungrouped Data:
●x̄=∑xn
●𝑥̄=∑𝑥𝑛
○
○∑x
○𝑥: Sum of all observations
○
○n
○𝑛: Total number of observations
●Grouped Data:
●x̄=A+∑fd∑f
●𝑥̄=𝐴+∑𝑓𝑑∑𝑓
○
○A
○𝐴: Assumed mean
○
○d=x−A
○𝑑=𝑥−𝐴: Deviation of each variable from the
assumed mean
○
○f
○𝑓: Frequency of each variable
Example 1: Mean, Median, and Mode
Question:
Find the mean, median, and mode of the following
data:
5, 8, 10, 10, 12, 15, 18
Solution:
1.Mean
Mean=5+8+10+10+12+15+187=787=11.14Mean=75+8
+10+10+12+15+18=778=11.14
2.Median
Since there are 7 values (odd number), the
median is the middle one = 10
3.Mode
The value that occurs most often is 10
Example 2: Variance and Standard Deviation
Question:
Find the variance and standard deviation for the data:
4, 7, 8, 9, 10
Solution:
1.Mean:
xˉ=4+7+8+9+105=385=7.6xˉ=54+7+8+9+10=538=7.6
2.Variance:
s2=∑(x−xˉ)2ns2=n∑(x−xˉ)2s2=(4−7.6)2+(7−7.6)2+(8−7
.6)2+(9−7.6)2+(10−7.6)25s2=5(4−7.6)2+(7−7.6)2+(8−7
.6)2+(9−7.6)2+(10−7.6)2s2=12.96+0.36+0.16+1.96+5.
765=21.25=4.24s2=512.96+0.36+0.16+1.96+5.76=521.
2=4.24
3.Standard Deviation:
s=4.24=2.06s=4.24=2.06
Example 3: Marks of Students
The marks obtained by 6 students in a math test
are:
40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90.
Find the mean, median, mode, and range of the
data.
Mean=Sum of all valuesNumber of
valuesMean=Number of valuesSum of all
valuesMean=40+50+60+70+80+906=3906=65Mean=6
40+50+60+70+80+90=6390=65
Mean = 65
Example 4: Correlation Coefficient
Question:
Find the correlation between X and Y:
X12345
Y24545
Solution:
r=n(∑XY)−(∑X)(∑Y)[n∑X2−(∑X)2][n∑Y2−(∑Y)2]r=[n∑X
2−(∑X)2][n∑Y2−(∑Y)2]n(∑XY)−(∑X)(∑Y)
∑X=15, ∑Y=20, ∑XY=66, ∑X2=55, ∑Y2=86,
n=5∑X=15, ∑Y=20, ∑XY=66, ∑X2=55, ∑Y2=86,
n=5r=5(66)−(15)(20)[5(55)−225][5(86)−400]r=[5(55)−22
5][5(86)−400]5(66)−(15)(20)r=330−300(275−225)(430−
400)=30(50)(30)=3038.73=0.775r=(275−225)(430−400)
330−300=(50)(30)30=38.7330
Key points
Statistics includes data collection,organization and
analysis. Descriptive statistics summarize data
measures like mean,median and mode, while
inferential statistics use sample to draw conclusion
about a large population . other important concepts are
probability,hypothesis testing,and data visualization to
interpret and present findings effectively.
Result and findings
Statistics includes identifying patterns , trends ,and
relationships in data using descriptive measures like
mean or median to summarize data and using
inferential statistics to test hypothesis and predictions
about a population. These findings are presented as
numerical summaries and are often visualized in tables
, graphs or chats to help answer questions about
correlations or cause and effect relations .
Real life application
Statistics have real life applications across various
fields including healthcare(clinical trial,diseases
tracking ),business(market research,quantity
control),government(policy making,census
data),finance (risk assessment,investment analysis)
and daily life (personal finance, weather
forecasting,sports analysis).
Conclusion
Statistics plays a vital role in understanding and
interpreting data in almost every field of study. It
provides tools and techniques to collect, organize,
analyze, and present information in a meaningful way,
enabling better decision-making and problem-solving.
By transforming raw data into useful insights, statistics
helps us identify patterns, make predictions, and draw
reliable conclusions. In today’s data-driven world, the
importance of statistics continues to grow, forming the
foundation for research, innovation, and informed
judgment across disciplines.
References
. principles of mathematics
. shekhar academy
. website http/ chat gpt