Introduction to
Module 1 Programming
CC S 1 4 0 0
and
Flowcharting
Objectives
Familiarize with
Define
programming
programming
universals
Identify
Create a
flowchart
flowchart
symbols
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The Task of
Programming
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❑ Programming
− the process of preparing an instructional program for a device
(such as a computer)
• program – set of instructions that helps the computer to perform
tasks
❑ Learning a computer programming language requires
learning both its vocabulary and syntax
− syntax – rules of any language
❑ Types of Errors
− Syntax errors
− Run-time errors
− Logical errors
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Programming Universals
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❑ Programming language
− used to write a program or set of instructions
− primary classifications
• Machine level language
• Assembly level language
• High-level language
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❑ Machine language
− low-level of programming language
− handles binary data
− directly interacts with system
− not portable and non-readable to humans
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❑ Assembly language
− a low-level language
− consists of a set of instructions in a specific format called
commands
− uses symbols to represent field of instructions
− very close to machine level language
− should have an assembler to translate assembly level program
to machine level program
− in human-readable format and takes lesser time to write a
program and debug it
Assembly Language Machine Code
SUB AX, BX 0010101110000011
MOV CX, AX 100010111001000
MOV DX, 0 10111010000000000000000
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❑ High-level language
− uses format or language that is most familiar to users
− instructions in this language are called codes or scripts
− needs a compiler and interpreter to convert high-level
language program to machine level language
− examples: C++, Python, Java
− easy to write and is less time-consuming
− human-readable language
if age < 18 {
printf("You are not eligible to vote");
} else {
printf("You are eligible to vote");
}
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❑ Interpreter
− program that translates programming language instructions
one line at a time
❑ Compiler
− translates entire program at one time
❑ Run a program by issuing a command to execute the
program statements
❑ Test a program by using sample data to determine
whether the program results are correct
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❑ Control structures
− logic components in programs
− Sequence structure
• steps execute one after another, without interruption
− Selection structure
• used to perform different tasks based on a condition
− Loop structure
• repeats actions while some condition remains unchanged
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Procedural
Programming
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❑ Procedural programs
− consist of a series of steps or procedures that take place one after
the other
− based on the concept of calling procedure
• procedures - or routines, subroutines or functions, consist of a series
of computational steps to be carried out
− examples:
• COBOL
• BASIC
• ALGOL
• FORTRAN
• Pascal
• C
❑ During a program execution, any given procedure can be called
by other procedures or by itself.
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Software
Development
Methodology
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❑ Software development
− process of creating, testing, and maintaining software
products and services that meet users needs
❑ Software development methodologies
− frameworks or models that guide the software development
process, including the activities and deliverables
− also defines the roles and responsibilities of the development
team
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Phases of SDLC
1. Project planning
2. Gathering requirements and analysis
3. Design
4. Coding or implementation
5. Testing
6. Deployment
7. Maintenance
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Some SDLC Models
❑ Waterfall
❑ Agile
❑ Spiral
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F LO W C H A RT –
Flowchart Symbols
GRAPHICAL
R E P R E S E N TAT I O N
OF THE STEPS IN
A PROCESS
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Symbol Name Function
• Used at the beginning and end of the algorithm
Start/End to show start and end of the program
Arrows • Shows relationships between different shapes
• Used for denoting program inputs and outputs
Input/Output
• Indicates processes like mathematical operations
Process
• Stands for decision statements in a program,
where answer is usually Yes or No
Decision • A decision or branching point
• Lines representing different decisions emerge
from different points of the diamond
• Connects two or more parts of a flowchart, which
are on the same page
On-page • Indicates that the flow continues where a
Connector matching symbol (containing the same letter) has
been placed
Off-page • Connects two parts of a flowchart which are
Connector spread over different pages
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❑ A program that prints the sum
of the two integers entered by
the user.
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Flowchart Sequence,
Selection, and Looping
Three Basic Programming Constructs
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Sequence
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Selection
Yes
No
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Looping
Yes
No
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Integrated
Development
Environment
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IDE
− Integrated Development Environment
− a coding tool that aids in automating the editing, compiling,
testing, and other steps of an SDLC while making it simple for
developers to execute, write, and debug code
− specifically made for software development and includes a
number of tools that are used in the creation and testing of
the software
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These are
some
Python
IDEs
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