Chapter 7 Periodic Properties of the Elements

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Therefore, if anyone is in Christ, the new creation has come: The old has gone, the new is here!
(2 Corinthians 5:17 NIV)
Electron Configuration review
Valence electrons are the electrons in the ______________most energy level.
Core electrons are all _______________ electrons. Label core and valence electron in the follow:
Fe____________________________________________________________________
Cl____________________________________________________________________
Al____________________________________________________________________
N____________________________________________________________________
7.1 Development of the Periodic Table
A. The __________________________is the most significant tool that chemists use for organizing and recalling
chemical facts.
B. Elements in the same column contain the ___________ number of outer-shell electrons or valence electrons.
C. The arrangement of elements reflects the __________________ in chemical and physical properties.
D. The periodic table arises from the periodic patterns in the electronic _____________ of the elements.
E. Elements in the same column contain the____________ number of valence electrons.
F. The trends within a row or column form patterns that help us make predictions about chemical
_________________ and reactivity.
Example 1: In which set of elements would all members be expected to have very similar chemical properties?
A) O, S, Se
B) N, O, F
C) Na, Mg, K
D) S, Se, Si
E) Ne, Na, Mg

G. In the first attempt Mendeleev and Meyer arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic
___________________.
1. Certain elements were___________________ from this scheme.
a. For example, in 1871 Mendeleev noted that As properly belonged underneath P and not Si, which left a
missing element underneath Si. He predicted a number of ___________________ for this element.
3. In 1886 Ge was discovered; the properties of Ge _____________ Mendeleev’s predictions well.
4. In the modern periodic table, elements are arranged in order of increasing
atomic_____________________.
Example 2 : Looking at the periodic table can you find an example where the order of the elements would be different
if the elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic mass?

7.2 Effective Nuclear Charge

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 A. Effective nuclear charge (Zeff) is the charge experienced by an _______________ on a many-electron atom.
B. The effective nuclear charge is not the same as the charge on the nucleus because of the effect of the
______________ electrons.
C. The electron is attracted to the nucleus, but repelled by electrons that _____________ or screen it from the full
nuclear charge.
D. The nuclear charge experienced by an electron depends on its ____________ from the nucleus and the number
of ________________ in the spherical volume out to the electron in question.
E. As the average number of screening electrons (S) increases, the effective nuclear charge (Zeff)
________________.
F. Zeff = _________________________
G. As the distance from the nucleus increases, S ___________ and Zeff___________________.
a. S is called the screening constant, which represents the portion of the nuclear charge that is
____________ from the valence electron by other ____________ in the atom.
b. The value of S is usually close to the number of ___________ electrons in an atom.
Example: What is the effective nuclear charge Zeff For?
Li_________________________________ Na___________________________________________
Ne________________________________ Ar____________________________________________
7.3 Sizes of Atoms and Ions
1. Consider a collection of argon atoms in the gas phase.
2. When they undergo collisions, they ricochet apart because electron clouds cannot ________________each
other to a significant extent.
3. The apparent radius is determined by half the closest __________separating the nuclei during such collisions.
4. This radius is the ___________________ radius.
5. Nonbonding atomic radii are also called _________________________.
6. In a simple diatomic molecule half the distance between the two nuclei is called the ________________atomic
radius.
7. It is_______________ than the nonbonding radius.
8. If the two atoms that make up the molecule are the same, then half the bond distance is called the
________________ radius of the atom.

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Example 7.1 Natural gas used in home heating and cooking is odorless. Because natural gas leaks pose the danger of
explosion or suffocation, various smelly substances are added to the gas to allow detection of a leak. One such substance
is methyl mercaptan, CH3SH. Use Figure 7.7 to predict the lengths of the C—S, C—H, and S—H bonds in this molecule.

Periodic Trends in Atomic Radii

1. Atomic size varies ____________through the periodic table.
2. As we move down a group, the atoms become ______________.
3. As we move across a period, atoms become ____________________.
4. There are two factors at work: the principal quantum number, __, and the _________________nuclear
charge, Zeff.
5. As the principal quantum number increases (i.e., we move__________ a group), the distance of the
outermost electron from the nucleus becomes larger. Hence, the atomic radius ____________________.
6. As we move across the periodic table, the number of core electrons remains constant; however, the nuclear
charge ____________. Therefore, there is an increased attraction between the nucleus and the outermost
electrons.
7. This attraction causes the atomic radius to _______________________.
Example 7.2 Referring to the periodic table, arrange the atoms B, C, Al, and Si in order of increasing size.

A. Periodic Trends in Ionic Radii

1. Just as atomic size is periodic, ionic size is also __________________.
2. In general: Cations are______________ than their parent atoms.
a. Electrons have been _____________ from the most spatially extended orbital.
b. The effective nuclear charge has ___________. Therefore, the cation is ______________ than the parent
atom.
H. Anions are ____________ than their parent atoms because electrons have been __________ to the most
spatially extended orbital.
a. This means total electron-electron repulsion has _____________.
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 b. Therefore, anions are ________________ than their parent atoms.
I. For ions with the same charge, ionic size ____________ down a group.
a. All the members of an isoelectronic series have the same number of _________________.
b. As nuclear charge increases, in an isoelectronic series the ions become _______________:
O2– > F– > Na+ > Mg2+ > Al3+

Example 7.3: Arrange Mg2+, Ca2+, and Ca in order of decreasing radius.

Sample 4: Arrange the ions K+, Cl–, Ca2+, and S2– in order of decreasing size.

7.4 Ionization Energy

1. The ionization energy of an atom or ion is the minimum energy required to _______________ an electron from
the ground state of the isolated gaseous atom or ion.
2. The first ionization energy, I1, is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous
__________:
3. Na(g)  _______________________
4. The second ionization energy, I2, is the energy required to remove the _______________ electron from a
gaseous ion:
5. Na+(g)  __________________
6. The larger the ionization energy, the more _______________ it is to remove the electron.
7. There is a __________ increase in ionization energy when a ___________ electron is removed.
A. Variations in Successive Ionization Energies
1. Ionization energies for an element _____________ in magnitude as successive electrons are removed.
2. As each successive electron is removed,______________ energy is required to pull an electron away from an
increasingly more positive ion.
3. A sharp increase in ionization energy occurs when an _________________ electron is removed.
B. Periodic Trends in First Ionization Energies
1. Ionization energy generally ________________ across a period.
2. As we move across a period, Zeff _____________, making it more difficult to remove an electron.
3. Two exceptions are removing the first _____ electron and removing the ____________ electron.
4. The s electrons are more effective at __________ than p electrons. So, forming the s2p0
configuration is more favorable.

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 5. When a fourth electron is placed in a p orbital, the electron-electron repulsion__________________.
6. When this electron is removed, the resulting s2p3 configuration is more stable than the starting s2p4
configuration. Therefore, there is a ______________in ionization energy.
7. Ionization energy__________________ down a group.
8. This means that the outermost electron is ____________readily removed as we go down a group.
9. As the atom gets bigger, it becomes ____________to remove an electron form the most spatially extended
orbital.
10. Example: For the noble gases, the ionization energies follow the order:
He > Ne > Ar > Kr > Xe
Example 5: The third ionization energy of bromine is the energy required for what processes?
Example 5.5 Consider the following electron configurations to answer the questions that follow:

(i) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

(ii) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
(iii) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
(iv) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
(v) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
a. The electron configuration belonging to the atom with the highest second ionization energy is ________.
c. The electron configuration that belongs to the atom with the lowest second ionization energy is ________.

Example 6: Which has the greater third ionization energy, Ca or S?

Example 7: Which of the following statements about first ionization energies is true?

(i) Because the effective nuclear charge for Mg is greater than that for Be, the first ionization energy of Mg is greater
than that of Be.
(ii) The first ionization energy of O is less than that of N because in O we must pair electrons in the 2p orbitals.
(iii) The first ionization energy of Ar is less than that of Ne because a 3p electron in Ar is farther from the nucleus than a
2p electron in Ne.
Example 7.6 Arrange the atoms Ne, Na, P, Ar, K in order of increasing first ionization energy.

C. Electron Configurations of Ions

1. These are derived from the ____________ configurations of elements with the required number of electrons
added or removed from the most accessible orbital.
2. Li: [He]2s1 becomes Li+: __________
3. F: [He]2s22p5 becomes F-: _____________________= [Ar]
4. Transition metals tend to lose the __________ shell electrons first and then as many d electrons as are required
to reach the desired charge on the ion.
5. Thus electrons are removed from _______ before the_____________, etc.

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Example 7.7: Write the electron configurations for (a) Ca2+, (b) Co3+, and (c) S2–.
7.5 Electron Affinities
1. Electron affinity is the energy change when a gaseous atom _______ an electron to form a gaseous ion.
2. Electron affinity and ionization energy measure the energy changes of ______________ processes.
1. Electron ____________: Cl(g) + e–  Cl–(g) ΔE = –349 kJ/mol
2. Ionization ___________: Cl(g)  Cl+(g ) + e– ΔE = 1251 kJ/mol
3. Electron affinity can __________ be exothermic (as the above example) or endothermic:
4. Ar(g) + e–  Ar– (g) ΔE > 0
5. Look at electron ____________ to determine whether electron affinity is positive or negative.
6. The extra electron in Ar needs to be placed in the 4s orbital, which is significantly _____________ in
energy than the 3p orbital.
7. The added electron in Cl is placed in the 3p orbital to form the stable___________ electron configuration.
8. Electron affinities do ___________ change greatly as we move down in a group.
Example 6: The ________ have the most negative electron affinities.
A) alkaline earth metals
B) alkali metals
C) halogens
D) transition metals
E) chalcogens
Example 6.5: Why are the electron affinities of the group 14 (4A) elements more negative than those of group 15 (5A)

7.6 Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

A. Metals
1. Metals are shiny and lustrous,_______________ and ductile.
2. Metals are ____________ at room temperature and have very__________ melting temperatures.
a. Exceptions: __________ is liquid at room temperature; gallium and cesium melt just ____________ room
temperature.
3. Metals tend to have __________ ionization energies and tend to form _________ easily.
4. Metals tend to be _______________ when they react.
5. Compounds of metals with nonmetals tend to be ______________ substances.
6. Metal oxides form _______ ionic solids.
7. Most metal oxides are basic:
8. Metal oxide + water  metal _____________
9. Na2O(s) + H2O(l)  2____________(aq)

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 10. Metal oxides are able to react with _____________ to form salts and water:
11. Metal oxide + acid  _____________ + water
12. NiO(s) + 2HNO3(aq)  _____________ (aq) + H2O(l)

Example 7.8: (a) Would you expect scandium oxide to be a solid, liquid, or gas at room temperature?

(b) Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of scandium oxide with nitric acid.

B. Nonmetals
1. In general, nonmetals are nonlustrous, are___________ conductors of heat and electricity, and exhibit
_______________ melting points than metals.
2. Seven nonmetallic elements exist as ______________ molecules under ordinary conditions:
3. H2(g), N2(g), O2(g), F2(g), Cl2(g), Br2(l), I2(s)
4. When nonmetals react with metals, nonmetals tend to __________ electrons:
5. Metal + nonmetal  ____________
6. 2Al(s) + 3Br2(l)  ________________________
7. Compounds composed entirely of nonmetals are_______________ substances.
8. Most nonmetal oxides are ______________:
9. Nonmetal oxide + water  ________________
10. CO2(g) + H2O(l)  _____________(aq)
11. P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) _________________(aq)
12. Nonmetal oxides react with bases to form __________ and water:
13. Nonmetal oxide + base  salt + water
14. CO2(g) + 2NaOH(aq)  Na2CO3(aq) + H2O(l)
Example 7.9: Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of solid selenium dioxide, SeO2(s), with (a) water, (b)
aqueous sodium hydroxide.

C. Metalloids
1. Metalloids have properties that are ____________between those of metals and nonmetals.
2. For example, Si has a metallic luster but it is ________________.
3. Metalloids have found fame in the ________________ industry.
7.7 Trends for Group 1A Metals
A. Group 1A: The Alkali Metals
1. Alkali metals are all _______________.
2. Their chemistry is dominated by the __________ of their single s electron:

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 M  M+ + e–
a. Reactivity _________________ as we move down the group.
b. Alkali metals react with hydrogen to form _______________.
c. In hydrides, the hydrogen is present as H–, called the hydride ____________.
2M(s) + H2(g)  ______________(s)
d. Alkali metals react with water to form MOH and hydrogen gas:
2M(s) + 2H2O(l)  2____________(aq) + H2(g)
e. Alkali metals produce different oxides when reacting with O2:
I. 4Li(s) + O2(g)  2Li2O(s) (________________)
II. 2Na(s) + O2 (g)  Na2O2(s) (_____________)
III. K(s) + O2 (g)  KO2(s) (__________________)
f. Alkali metals emit characteristic ___________ when placed in a high-temperature flame.
g. The s electron is ____________ by the flame and emits energy when it returns to the ground state.
h. The Na line occurs at 589 nm (______________), characteristic of the 3p  3s transition.
i. The Li line is _______________________.
j. The K line is __________________.
Example 7.10: Write a balanced equation for the reaction of cesium metal with (a) Cl2(g), (b) H2O(l), (c) H2(g).

“My goal is that they may be encouraged in heart and united in love, so that they may have the full riches of complete
understanding, in order that they may know the mystery of God, namely, Christ, 3 in whom are hidden all the treasures
of wisdom and knowledge.” (Colossians 2:2-3 NIV)