REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM formed from spermatogenesis become mature spermatozoa, or

sperm.
The reproductive systems in both the male and female consist
of primary and secondary sex organs and sex glands. ACROSOME – located at the tip of the head of the sperm, that
contains enzymes which helps the sperm penetrate the female
The primary function of the reproductive systems is to gamete.
perpetuate the species through sexual or germ cell fertilization The MIDPIECE, metabolic region, contains mitochondria that
and reproduction. provide adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
THE TAIL OR LOCOMOTOR REGION, uses a typical flagellum
MALE REPRODUCTIVE for locomotion.

PENIS – The urethra, which is a common passageway for urine

and sperm, is found in the penis. The flaccid penis fills with blood
during arousal, causing an erection and allowing for the function
of copulation/intercourse.
SCROTOM - The scrotum is a pouch of skin suspended from
the perineal area and divided into two sacs, each containing one The sperm are released into the lumen of the
testicle and epididymis. seminiferous tubule and leave the testes. They then enter the
EJACULATORY DUCT - formed by the fusion of the vas epididymis where they undergo their final maturation and
deferens and the seminal vesicles. The ejaculatory ducts empty become capable of fertilizing a female gamete.
into the urethra.
TESTES - (oval organs that lie in the scrotum) are the primary FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
male reproductive organ and are responsible for testosterone EXTERNAL ORGANS
and sperm production.
EPIDIDYMIS - transports and stores sperm cells that are VULVA - a global term that describes all the structures that
produced in the testes. The epididymis also brings the sperm to make the female external genitalia.
maturity, since the sperm emerging from the testes are 1. LABIA MAJORA (large lips) – enclose and
immature and incapable of fertilization. protect the other external reproductive organs.
VAS DEFERENS - transports mature sperm to the urethra, the 2. LABIA MINORA (small lips) – lie inside the labia
tube that carries urine or sperm outside of the body, in majora, and surround the openings to the vagina
preparation for ejaculation. and urethra.
PROSTATE - The doughnut-shaped prostate gland surrounds 3. BARTHOLINS GLANDS – a two pea-sized glands
the neck of the bladder and the urethra. Its ducts open into the located next to the vaginal opening on each side
prostatic portion of the urethra. It also produces a fluid that helps and produce a fluid secretion-mucus to provide
the sperm move more quickly through the female reproductive vaginal lubrication during sexual arousal.
system. 4. CLITORIS - a small sensitive protrusion that is
SEMINAL VESICLES - These large sac-like glands are located covered by a fold of skin, called the prepuce,
below the urinary bladder. The duct from each gland merges which is similar to the foreskin at the end of the
with the vas deferens to form the ejaculatory duct. The fluid penis.
produced by the seminal vesicles, which accounts for about 5. VULVA VESTIBULE – contains the opening to
60% of the volume of the semen, is rich in fructose and urethra and the vaginal opening.
nourishes the sperm. 6. URETHRA – an extension of a tube from the
BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS (Cowper’s glands) - The small bladder to the outside of the body. Its purpose is
bulbourethral glands are located below the prostate. makes a for the excretion of urine.
fluid for protecting the sperm on its way through the urethra. The MAMMARY GLANDS – primary function is to secrete milk.
ducts of these glands drain into the urethra just after it leaves Hemispherical shape in young adults and becomes pendulous
the prostate. in later stage. Located in the pectoral region in the superficial
fascia.
SPERMATOGENESIS
Sperm are produced by spermatogenesis within the Type: it is an apocrine type of gland.
seminiferous tubules. The final step in the development of
sperm is called spermiogenesis. In this process, the spermatids
 Situation: situated in the pectoral region in the TWO PARTS:
superficial fascia, however, a part of it called the axillary • CERVIX – lower, narrow part of the uterus that opens
tail pierces the fascia and lies in the axilla. into the vagina. Often called the neck or entrance to
Shape: it is hemispherical shape in young adult females the womb, the cervix lets menstrual blood out and
but becomes pendulous in later stage of life. semen into the uterus
Weight: the mammary gland usually weighs between • CORPUS – The wider, upper part of the uterus, the
500 to 1000 grams each. main body.
Extent: The vertical extension of the mammary gland is VAGINA - a canal that joins the cervix (the lower part of uterus)
from the second rib to the sixth rib. The horizontal to the outside of the body. It also is known as the birth canal. at
extension is from the lateral sternal border to the mid- its lower end, mucosa folds inward and forms a membrane = the
axillary line. A portion of the breast called axillary tail (of hymen.
Spence) pierces into the deep fascia and extends to the • The vagina extends down from the cervix, the lower
axilla up to the third rib level. part of the uterus, to the vestibule, which is part of the
Deep relations: Deep to the mammary gland tissue is a vulva and the external genitalia.
retro mammary space of loose areolar tissue, which • It sits behind the bladder and in front of the rectum.
gives free mobility to the mammary gland. Below it is the • An inner mucous membrane lines the smooth muscle
fascia (pectoral fascia), which covers the pectoralis walls of the vagina.
muscle. Other muscles that lie partly underneath the • This lining, like the inner layer of the uterine tubes, is
mammary gland are the serratus anterior muscle and continuous with the mucous lining of the uterus.
the external oblique muscle of the abdomen.
The vagina has three core functions:
Three parts of MAMMARY structure • It carries menstrual flow outside the body
1. SKIN – consist nipple and areola
• It receives the male penis during sexual intercourse
• NIPPLE – center of areola, has 15-20 lactiferous
• It serves as a birth canal during labor
ducts pierce in the nipple, contains circular and
longitudinal smooth muscle fibers and is rich in
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE
the nerve supply.
• AREOLA – the dark pinkish-brown pigmented REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
area around the nipple. It is rich in modified
HORMONE PRODUCTION
sebaceous glands that secrete oil which prevents
Pituitary begins secreting small amounts of follicle
chafing of the nipple during breastfeeding.
stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) at the
age of 7-8yrs old.
2. PARENCHYMA - s a compound tubuloalveolar glands
1. Follicle stimulating hormone – is one the
which secretes milk. It is made up of 15-20 lobes and is
hormones essential to pubertal development and
drained by lactiferous duct.
the function of women’s ovaries and men’s testes.
3. STROMA - the supporting framework of the gland
2. Luteinizing hormone – crucial in regulating the
• FIBROUS STROMA – gives rise to septa called
function of the testes in men and ovaries in
SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS OF COOOPER,
women.
which anchor skin and glands to pectoral fascia.
• FATTY STROMA – forms main bulk of the gland.
FSH and LH production increases until 11-13yrs old (Puberty
stage). These hormones (FSH and LH) also trigger an increase
INTERNAL PRODUCTIVE ORGANS in the production of the female hormone estrogen.

OVARIES - Cortex of ovaries are covered by layer of small Functions:

epithelial cells called GERMINAL EPITHELIUM.
• Triggers menstrual cycle and development of sex
OVIDUCTS - narrow tubes that are attached to the upper part of
characteristics.
the uterus where the eggs travel from the ovaries to uterus and
• Stimulate follicle cells in ovary to begin secreting
partially surrounds ovary feathery projections called fimbriae
estrogen and progesterone.
UTERUS - a hollow muscular organ thick pear-shaped,
muscular organ.
OVULATION MENSTRUAL CYCLE
OVARY – contains thousands of immature egg cells The onset of the menstrual cycle, or menarche, begins at
• During each menstrual cycle, follicle stimulating puberty and ceases at menopause.
hormone (FSH) causes one egg to begin development;
this takes place inside a primary follicle. The cycle has 4 phases:
• The follicle enlarges as its cells proliferate, and begins
to fill with fluid, becoming a secondary follicle that 1. MENSTRUATION (23-28 days: lasts 5-6 days)
moves to the ovary’s surface. Menstruation is the elimination of the thickened
• It also increases its production of the hormone lining of the uterus (endometrium) from the body
Estrogen. through the vagina. Menstrual fluid contains blood
• A surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) causes the follicle cells from the lining of the uterus (endometrial
to rupture and release the ripe egg–this is ovulation. cells) and mucus. The average length of a period
• The lining of the empty follicle thickens into a corpus is between three days and one week.
luteum–a temporary source of hormones. 2. FOLLICULAR PHASE (development of the egg 1-
• The ovary contains undeveloped eggs, eggs in follicles 6 days: last 6 days). The follicular phase is
at various stages of maturation, and empty follicles characterized by menstruation, when the
forming corpora lutea. The bulk of the glandular tissue thickened lining of the endometrium is shed
surrounding these follicles is known as the stroma. because no egg was fertilized or implanted. Just
prior to this phase is a premenstrual period
characterized by hormonal and physical changes
3. OVULATORY PHASE (release of the egg) 6-10
days: last 5 days. The ovulatory phase comes
next. ESTROGEN is the hormone produced by the
ovaries, which stimulates the maturation of a
follicle and thickens the endometrium.
4. LUTEAL PHASE (hormone levels decrease if the
egg does not implant) 10 – 23 days, last 11 -13
PRIMARY OOCYTE days. The luteal phase follows ovulation, and is
• Within the ovary immature egg cells, primary oocyte is characterized by the development of the corpus
enclosed within primordial follicles. luteum, the secretion of progesterone, the
preparation of the endometrium for implantation of
• Each month secretions of FSH stimulates some of
a fertilized egg, and the formation of a thick mucus
these develop into primary follicles.
to block the cervix once the egg passes out of the
• Mitosis and development of these cells.
fallopian tube.
• They begin to produce estrogen
• Egg cells from the ovaries move through the uterine
GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE
tubes.
• By 10 days or only one primary follicle remains and
• The uterine tubes (also called Fallopian tubes or
has matured into a mature follicle.
oviducts) connect the ovaries to the uterus.
• Matured follicle contains egg surrounded by fluid filled
• The walls of each tube have an external serous layer,
antrum.
a middle muscular layer, and an internal mucous layer
• This is the follicle that will ovulate
that is continuous with the inner lining of the uterus.
CORPUS LUTEUM
• Egg fertilization usually occurs in the ampulla. The
After ovulation, the follicle collapses and becomes the corpus
eggs then travel through the isthmus into the uterus
luteum
Each uterine ampulla tube can be divided into three parts: The
• secretes large amounts of progesterone
infundibulum is open to the abdomen. A constricted section
• progesterone production raises basal body called the isthmus connects with the uterus. Finally, an
temperature .5-1.0° F during luteal phase intermediate, dilated portion, the curves over the ovary.
CORPUS ALBICANS EGG AND SPERM MAKE CONCEPTION HAPPEN
is a scar on the surface of the ovary that is a remnant of 1. FORTIFY THE TROOPS. The liquid portion of
ovulation semen not only provides the sperm with
 nourishment for the journey, it actually coagulates MITOSIS - a fundamental process for life. It is that step in the
in a woman's vagina after ejaculation, forming a cell cycle where the newly formed DNA is separated and two
physical barrier that prevents the sperm from new cells are formed with the same number and kind of
wandering very far in the wrong direction. This chromosomes as the parent nucleus. Mitosis helps in the
protection disappears within half an hour, when development of an organism. In single-celled organisms, it is the
the semen becomes more fluid again. process of asexual reproduction.
2. CALL IN THE TRANSPORT UNIT. at the cervical
canal, sperm that make it there find themselves Significance of Mitosis
awash in a sea of cervical mucus. The mucus is 1. Mitosis is responsible for the development of the
specially designed to transport sperm efficiently zygote into an adult.
when you're most fertile. As you approach 2. Equal distribution of chromosomes to each daughter
ovulation, your suddenly copious mucus becomes cell.
stretchy, clear and thin and strings of molecules 3. It is responsible for the growth and development of an
line up like train tracks so that sperm can hop on individual.
and ride to their destination. 4. It maintains the constant number of chromosomes in
3. PICKING UP SPEED. A just-ejaculated sperm cell all body cells of an organism.
has to spend a couple of hours going through 5. Mitosis is required for asexual reproduction, vegetative
biochemical changes, picking up tail-thrashing propagation in plants and also responsible for repair
speed to help it make its way into the uterus and and regeneration of damaged tissues.
fallopian tubes to find its target.
4. TIMING IS IMPORTANT. Sperm must reach their OOGENESIS - This process begins inside the fetus before birth.
destination within the right time frame for when the The steps in oogenesis up to the production of primary oocytes
egg is there. occur before birth.
5. THEY ALSO NEED TO PICK THEIR • Primary oocytes do not divide further. They either
DESTINATION CAREFULLY. An egg is usually become secondary oocytes or degenerate.
only present in one of the two fallopian tubes in • Oogenesis occurs in the outermost layers of the
any given month. Pick the wrong tube, and the ovaries.
sperm end up hanging out partying together with • Oogenesis starts with a germ cell called OOGONIUM
no guest of honor in sight. and undergoes mitosis to increase in number.
• Oogenesis is the type of gametogenesis through which
CORONA RADIATA - The outer irregular surface ova, also called the female gametes are formed and
ZONA PELLUCIDA - a transparent thicker layer. the produced female gamete known as an ovum.
• In general terms, the female gametes are referred to
MEIOSIS - a type of cell division that reduces the number of as eggs, but the word egg can involve various stages
chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four of development.
gamete cells. This process is required to produce egg and STAGES OF OOGENESIS
sperm cells for sexual reproduction. Meiosis is a special version 1. PRE-NATAL STAGE - The primary oocyte grows
of cell division that occurs only in the testes and ovaries; the while being arrested in meiosis-I. The follicular
organs that produce the male and female reproductive cells; the cells proliferate and form a stratified cuboidal
sperm and eggs. epithelium. Such cells are known as granulosa
cells. These cells secrete glycoproteins to form
2 Main Functions of Meiosis: zona pellucida around the primary oocyte.
• Production of gametes. Meiosis in humans causes the 2. ANTRAL STAGE - The fluid-filled area, present
decrease or reduction of the number of chromosomes between granulosa cells, combines to form a
in normal cells central fluid-filled space called the antrum. These
• Induces genetic variation by the process of are known as secondary follicles. In every month
recombination The main purpose of division in meiosis cycle, these secondary follicles develop under the
is it leads to the formation of haploid cells to produce influence of follicle-stimulating hormone and
egg (in females) and sperm (in males) cells for sexual luteinizing hormone
reproduction. 3. PRE-OVULATORY STAGE - This stage is
induced by LH surge, and meiosis-I completes
 here. Two haploid cells of unequal sizes are regulates the flow and thickness of uterine mucus
formed within the follicle. secretions.
• POLAR BODY – one of the daughter cells that • BREASTS: the body uses estrogen in the formation of
receives less cytoplasm. This cell does not participate breast tissue. This hormone also helps stop the flow of
in ovum formation; replicates to form two polar bodies milk after weaning.
• SECONDARY OOCYTE – the other daughter cell: .
undergo meiosis II; arrests in the metaphase stage of CHANGES IN THE UTERUS
meiosis-II By 12 weeks the fetus has a large head compared with the rest
4. FERTILIZATION - a sperm and an egg form a zygote. At of its body, but its features are distinctly human.
the moment of conception, a single sperm with 23
chromosomes (carrying genetic information from the • All major internal organs are developed, and even tiny
father) penetrates/fertilizes a single egg with 23 nails exist as folds growing on the fingers and toes.
chromosomes (carrying genetic information from the • The external ears, eyelids, and 32 permanent tooth
mother). The resulting cell, a zygote, now has 46 buds have also formed.
chromosomes. The cell begins dividing and is also called • One month later, rapid development allows the fetus to
a blastocyst. From week 2-8, it is called an embryo. move its limbs vigorously, although this is rarely felt by
• ZYGOTE – a resulting cell that has 46 chromosomes the mother at this stage.
single sperm with 23 chromosomes (carrying genetic • The external genitalia are visible, and a fine downy hair
information from the father) penetrates/fertilizes a (lanugo) grows over the body.
single egg with 23 chromosomes (carrying genetic • As growth continues, the fetus becomes leaner and
information from the mother). wrinkly, but by the seventh to eighth month, it starts to
• BLASTOCYST - cell begins dividing. From week 2-8, accumulate fat and assume the “chubby” appearance
it is called an embryo. of the newborn.
5. PREGNANCY - The Uterus Expands as an Embryo • The fetus is now somewhat restricted by the uterus.
Becomes a Fetus. The uterine tubes lead from the ovaries The side of the placenta facing the fetus is smooth and
into the upper part of the uterus (one tube on each side). The circular in outline, with the umbilical cord attached at
lower part of the uterus constricts into a segment called the center
cervix, which leads to the vagina During menstruation, the
inner lining of the uterus is shed. When a woman becomes DURATION OF PREGNANCY
pregnant, however, the fertilized egg embeds itself in the
uterine wall and menstruation is prevented. The uterus 1. FIRST TRIMESTER - 38 weeks from fertilization.
expands dramatically as the egg develops into an embryo During this time, the mother’s body undergoes
and then a growing fetus. The fertilized egg implants in the many changes to support the developing fetus,
uterus. Progesterone production increases to signal a accommodate its increasing size, and prepare
pregnancy; it can be detected in urine and blood. itself for childbirth and breast-feeding. Breasts
6. PROGESTERONE - A steroid hormone released by the become tender and larger, with darkened areolas;
corpus luteum that stimulates the uterus to prepare for frequency of urination may increase; nausea and
pregnancy. Progesterone is produced by the ovaries, vomiting are common.
placenta, and adrenal glands. Function: Regulate the 2. SECOND TRIMESTER - From week 10 of
condition of the inner lining (endometrium) of the uterus. pregnancy, the fetus grows inside the uterus,
Hormones that are important for sexual and reproductive fueled by nutrient-rich blood supplied by the
development, mainly in women. They are also referred to as umbilical cord. The placenta provides oxygen and
female sex hormones. nutrients to the fetus and removes waste products
7. ESTROGEN from the fetus’ blood.
Functions 3. THIRD TRIMESTER - skin stretches over the
• OVARIES: Estrogen helps stimulate the growth of the abdomen Slight contractions may be felt Fatigue,
egg follicle back pain, heartburn, and occasional
• VAGINA: In the vagina, estrogen maintains the breathlessness may occur.
thickness of the vaginal wall and promotes lubrication.
• UTERUS: Estrogen enhances and maintains the CHANGES IN THE CERVIX
mucous membrane that lines the uterus. It also The cervix is the firm band of muscle and connective
tissue that forms the neck-like structure at the bottom of the
uterus. In late pregnancy, the cervix softens in readiness for PERIMENOPAUSE - The time before menopause. It may begin
childbirth. Sporadic uterine tightening, known as Braxton–Hicks several years before your last menstrual period.
contractions, help to thin the cervix so that it merges with the
uterus’s lower segment. Signs of perimenopause include:
• More frequent periods at first, and then occasional
• BRAXTON-HICKS CONTRACTIONS - are usually missed periods
painless, and occur through much of pregnancy, • Periods that are longer or shorter
becoming noticeable only after mid-term. • Changes in the amount of menstrual flow
• CERVIX SOFTENING – As labor nears, the cervix
tissues lose their firm consistency. They become softer MENOPAUSE
and spongier, affected by natural substances in the • Menopause symptoms such as hot flashes,
blood called prostaglandins moodiness, headaches, and trouble sleeping
• CERVIX THINNING - The cervix becomes wider and • Problems with short-term memory
thinner, and merges smoothly into the uterus wall • Decrease in breast tissue
above. The process of softening and thinning is known • Lower sex drive (libido) and sexual response
as effacement • Increased risk for bone loss (osteoporosis)
• Urinary system changes, such as frequency and
CONTRACTIONS - When pregnancy reaches full-term, the urgency of urination and increased risk for urinary tract
uterus is the largest and strongest muscle in the female body. infection
When its muscle fibers shorten, with the eventual aim of • Loss of tone in the pubic muscles, resulting in the
expelling the fetus, it is known as a uterine contraction or simply vagina, uterus, or urinary bladder falling out of position
a “contraction”. True contractions, as opposed to Braxton–Hicks (prolapse).
contractions, are regular and become steadily more frequent,
more painful, and longer lasting. The main area of contraction is AGING FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
in the uterine fundus (upper uterus), which stretches, causing Women’s fertility window
the lower uterus and cervix to thin. Judging when true labor has Age affects success of pregnancy:
started can be difficult due to “false alarms”. • under 25 – the younger, the higher risk for mother and
EPIDURAL ANALGESIA - One of the most commonly used child
methods of pain relief during labor and delivery, epidural • 25-35 – the best decade to reproduce
analgesia, is delivered via a needle into the space between the • 35-45 – risk rise rapidly, for many women over 40 IVF
vertebrae and the spinal column in the lower (lumbar) region of with donor eggs is safest option
the back. It affects the nerve fibers that detect contraction pains. • 45-55 – difficult IVF required
A new type of epidural, often called a “walking epidural”, reduces • over 55 –still very rare, uses donor eggs
pain without removing sensation, allowing women to move
around during labor and participate actively in the delivery. Age 50 women go through a period of physical and
psychological change called climacteric
BIRTH OF THE BABY • Experience menopause
• DILATION. the first stage. hormones stimulate • Female climacteric is brought about by declining
downward contractions of the uterine walls. The ovarian function
contractions push the head of the fetus against the • Vagina becomes thinner and drier
cervix at the lower end of the uterus. The cervix dilates. • Hormonal changes may also cause mood changes
• EXPULSION. the second stage powerful contractions • Female climacteric is accompanied by menopause
push the head and the rest of the body through the -the cessation of menstruation and end of fertility
dilated cervix, and out through the vagina and the • Menopause usually occur between ages 45 and 55
vulva. The baby is born. Further contractions expel the (avg. 52)
placenta to complete the placental stage.
BIRTH CONTROL METHODS
MENOPAUSE - Aging changes in the female reproductive
system result mainly from changing hormone levels. One clear LONG-ACTING REVERSIBLE CONTRACEPTIVES OR
sign of aging occurs when your menstrual periods stop “LARC” METHOD
permanently. • CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANT - s a flexible plastic rod
about the size of a matchstick that is placed under the
 skin of the upper arm. It releases a low, steady dose of • ECTOPIC PREGNANCY - When a fertilized ovum is
a pregestational hormone to thicken cervical mucus implanted in any tissue other than the uterine wall.
and thin the lining of the uterus • FEMALE SEXUAL AROUSAL DISORDER - A
condition of decreased, insufficient, or absent
SHORT-ACTING HORMONAL METHODS lubrication in females during sexual activity
• PILLS - a type of contraception that contains hormones • PREMATURE EJACULATION - A lack of voluntary
safely stop ovulation which prevent pregnancy. pill control over ejaculation.
works by stopping sperm from joining with an egg. • DYSMENORRHEA - Is a medical condition of pain
during menstruation that interferes with daily activities.
FEMALE AND MALE STERILIZATION
• TUBAL LIGATION (FEMALE) - surgical procedure to DISORDERS OF MALE REPROCTIVE SYSTEM
prevent pregnancy. It has commonly been called
"getting your tubes tied 1. SPERMATOCELE
• VASECTOMY (MALE) - cuts the supply of sperm to • painless cyst that develops at the end of the epididymis
your semen. It's done by cutting and sealing the tubes • cysts are filled with sperm
that carry sperm. Vasectomy has a low risk of problems • they generally do not require treatment unless they
and can usually be performed in an outpatient setting cause pain
under local anesthesia. • the cause is uncertain but the generally do not impact
fertility
BARRIER METHODS
• CONDOM - prevent semen and sperm from entering 2. VARICOCELE
your partner's body when you ejaculate. • dilation of veins within the spermatic cord; often the
• CERVICAL CAP – a device that prevents sperm from result of a congenital malformation
entering the uterus. The cervical cap is a reusable, • the majority occur on the left side and may be tender
deep silicone cup that is inserted into the vagina and or painful to touch; palpation has been compared with
fits tightly over the cervix. touching “a bag of worms”
• varicoceles can interfere with blood flow to testis and
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL OF impair fertility; distended veins may be surgically
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ligated

GENETIC/CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES 3. PEYRONIES DISEASE - A disease associated with

• KALLMANN SYNDROME - Genetic disorder causing progressive fibrosis of the tunica albuginea as a result
decreased functioning of the sex hormone-producing of a localized inflammatory vasculitis. It is a slow-
glands caused by a deficiency of one or both testes developing condition characterized by the
from the scrotum. development of tough fibrous tissue on the dorsal side
• ANDROGEN INSENSITIVITY SYNDROME - A of the penis. The cause is uncertain. Peyronie’s
genetic disorder causing people who are genetically disease may be associated with painful erection and
male (i.e., XY chromosome pair) to develop sexually as possibly impotence. There is no cure, but the disease
a female due to an inability to utilize androgen. may spontaneously resolve and often responds to
• INTERSEXUALITY - A person who has genitalia various pharmacologic therapies.
and/or other sexual traits which are not clearly male or 4. PRIAPISM - A condition associated with prolonged (>4
female hours), involuntary and painful erection. The cause is
idiopathic in the majority of patients but may also be
FUNCTIONAL PROBLEMS related to neurologic injury, sickle cell disease or the
• IMPOTENCE - or erectile dysfunction. The inability of use of certain drugs such as those for erectile
a male to produce or maintain an erection. Occasional dysfunction. Priapism is considered a urologic
erectile dysfunction, while stressful, is normal and may emergency because prolonged erection may be
be related to daily life issues such as stress or lack of associated with ischemia and damage to erectile
sleep. The majority of men experience some degree of tissues.
erectile dysfunction as they age. Treatment includes cold saline enemas, irrigation of
• HYPOGONADISM - A lack of function of the gonads, the corpus cavernosum, alpha-adrenergic blocking
in regards to either hormones or gamete production. drugs and possible surgical intervention.
 5. TESTICULAR CANCER Treatment
Rare when compared with other types of cancers. It is most • once prostate cancer is confirmed by biopsy, genetic
common in men between 15 and 35 years of age. testing may be done to determine how aggressive the
Symptoms cancer cells are in terms of their growth and potential
• the presence of a lump in either testicle for spread.
• a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum • imaging tests (mri, ultrasound, pet scan, bone scan)
• pain in the scrotum, back or abdomen and lymph node biopsies will also be performed to
Diagnosis determine if the cancer has spread from the prostate to
• physical examination surrounding or distal tissues.
• blood tests to detect tumor markers specifically • treatment is guided by the aggressiveness of the
associated with testicular cancer cancer that is found. For men diagnosed with low-risk
• ultrasound testicular cancer prostate cancer, treatment may not be needed at first.
If a treatment plan is decided upon, it may include
Two main forms: surgical removal, radiation therapy, chemotherapy,
• SEMINOMA — most common form, particularly in hormonal therapy to reduce the effects of testosterone,
older men slower growing, less invasive form or immunologic therapy.
• NONSEMINOMA — develops earlier in life and tends • the long-term prognosis will depend upon the stage at
to be a more rapidly growing and invasive cancer which the tumor was discovered and the
Treatment aggressiveness of the cancer cells. The 5-year survival
• surgery to remove testicle and any affected lymph for men with low-risk prostate cancer and no treatment
nodes in the region approaches 100%
• chemotherapy
• radiotherapy OVARIAN CANCER - Is a growth of cells that forms in the
• the long-term prognosis is generally very good if the ovaries. The cells multiply quickly and can invade and destroy
tumor is localized to the testis and has not spread healthy body tissue.
treatment
Signs and symptoms of ovarian cancer may include:
PROSTATE CANCER - Is one of the most common cancers • abdominal bloating or swelling
affecting males and will account for approximately 10% of all • quickly feeling full when eating
new cancer cases in the coming year. • weight loss
• discomfort in the pelvic area
Symptoms • fatigue
• prostate cancer may not yield overt symptoms until the • back pain
condition is well advanced • changes in bowel habits, such as constipation
• difficulty urinating, reduced urine stream • a frequent need to urinate
• incomplete voiding Types of treatment
• pelvic pain Surgery: doctors remove cancer tissue in an operation
• bloody semen Chemotherapy. Using special medicines to shrink or kill the
• impotence cancer. The drugs can be pills you take or medicines given in
Diagnosis your veins, or sometimes both.
• digital rectal exam—may be used to detect changes in
prostate size, shape and texture BREAST CANCER - Breast cancer may appear in both men
• psa test—psa levels are significantly elevated with and women, but it's far more common in women. Breast cancer
prostate cancer; however, psa levels may also occurs when some breast cells begin to grow abnormally. These
increase as a result of bph and prostatitis cells divide more rapidly than healthy cells do and continue to
• ultrasound accumulate, forming a lump or mass.
• prostate biopsy—if cancer cells are detected, the
cancer is staged with regard to size, spread and Diagnosing
aggressiveness 1. BREAST EXAM. Your doctor will check both of your
breasts and lymph nodes in your armpit, feeling for any
lumps or other abnormalities.
 2. MAMMOGRAM. A mammogram is an x-ray of the INFECTIONS
breast, commonly used to screen for breast cancer.
3. BREAST ULTRASOUND. Ultrasound uses sound 1. BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS (BV) - Occurs when
waves to produce images of structures deep within the bacteria builds up in the vagina. Since maintaining
body. Ultrasound may be used to determine whether a balance is critical for the vagina, bv results in unusual
new breast lump is a solid mass or a fluid-filled cyst. discharge, itching or pain in the vagina, and a strong
fishy smell that is especially prominent following sexual
Tests and Procedures used to Stage Breast Cancer include: intercourse.
Causes: a change of the bacteria found in your vagina, upsetting
• blood tests, such as a complete blood count the balance symptoms: include vaginal discharge, itching,
• mammogram of the other breast to look for signs of burning, pain, and a strong odor.
cancer Treatments: metronidazole tablets (flagyl) or metronidazole gel
• breast MRI (metrogel), tinidazole (tindamax) or secnidazole (solosec)
• bone scan
• computerized tomography (CT) scan 2. YEAST INFECTIONS - Are fungal infections that result
• positron emission tomography (PET) scan in discharge, irritation, and an extremely uncomfortable
itching sensation on the vulva and vagina.
STAGES: Causes: occur when there's an overgrowth of a fungal organism
STAGE 0. Non-invasive breast cancers, no evidence of — usually candida albicans — in your vagina.
cancer cells or non-cancerous abnormal cells Symptoms: a thick, white discharge that some women describe
STAGE 1. Invasive breast cancers, cancer cells breaking as resembling cottage cheese.
or invading normal surrounding breast tissue. Treatments: yeast infections can be treated with a prescription
STAGE 2. Cancer that is in a limited region of the breast oral antifungal medication, such as fluconazole (diflucan).
but has grown larger.
STAGE 3. The cancer has spread further into the breast or 3. TRICHOMONIASIS - Is caused by a parasitical
the tumor is a larger size than earlier stages. infection.
STAGE 4. The most advanced stage of breast cancer. It Symptoms include: redness and soreness along with itching and
has spread to nearby lymph nodes and to distant parts of burning sensations.
the body beyond the breast. This means it possibly Causes: a common sexually transmitted infection caused by a
involves your organs — such as the lungs, liver, or brain microscopic, one-celled parasite called trichomonas vaginalis.
— or your bones. This organism spreads during sex with someone who has the
infection. In men, the organism usually infects the urinary tract,
BREAST CANCER SURGERY but often it causes no symptoms. In women, trichomoniasis
typically infects the vagina, and might cause symptoms.
• REMOVING THE BREAST CANCER (lumpectomy) - Symptoms: similar to other vaginal infections: burning, irritation,
A lumpectomy may be redness, and swelling of the vulva, with a yellow-gray or
• recommended for removing smaller tumors greenish vaginal discharge, possibly with a fishy odor. Some
• REMOVING THE ENTIRE BREAST (mastectomy). - A women also experience pain during urination.
mastectomy is an operation to Treatments: your health care provider may prescribe
• remove all of your breast tissue metronidazole (flagyl) or tinidazole (tindamax) tablets.
• RADIATION THERAPY - uses high-powered beams of
energy, such as X-rays and 4. GENITAL WARTS - Are caused by the human
• protons, to kill cancer cells. papilloma virus (HPV), which is usually spread through
• CHEMOTHERAPY - uses drugs to destroy fast- sexual contact. They appear as small growths on or
growing cells, such as cancer cells. If your cancer has around your vulva, cervix, vagina or anus and can
a high risk of returning or spreading to another part of sometimes be painful and itchy or bleed.
your body, your doctor may recommend chemotherapy Symptoms of genital warts include:
after surgery to decrease the chance that the cancer • warts, either separate or in clusters, around and inside
will recur. the vagina and anus
• warts that may bleed
• itching, flushing, or discomfort
Treatment STAGE 3: ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME
Like genital herpes, there is currently no cure for genital warts. (AIDS)
However, a 2020 article states that for 80%Trusted Source of • The most severe phase of HIV infection.
people, the HPV infection will clear from the body within 2 years. • People with AIDS have such badly damaged immune
Although there is no cure, doctors may be able to remove visible systems that they get an increasing number of severe
warts, either through the use of surgery or with topical solutions illnesses, called opportunistic infections.
that people can apply themselves. • People receive an AIDS diagnosis when their CD4 cell
count drops below 200 cells/mm, or if they develop
5. HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS - HIV (human certain opportunistic infections.
immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the • People with AIDS can have a high viral load and be
body’s immune system. If HIV is not treated, it can lead very infectious.
to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). • Without treatment, people with AIDS typically survive
There is currently no effective cure. Once people get about three years.
HIV, they have it for life.
HIV TREATMENT
Symptoms HIV treatment involves taking medicine that reduces the amount
Some people have flu-like symptoms within 2 to 4 weeks after of HIV in your body.
infection (called acute HIV infection). These symptoms may last • HIV medicine is called antiretroviral therapy (ART).
for a few days or several weeks. Possible symptoms include: • There is no effective cure for HIV. But with proper
• Fever medical care, you can control HIV.
• chills • Most people can get the virus under control within six
• rash months.
• night sweats • Taking HIV medicine does not prevent transmission of
• muscle aches other sexually transmitted diseases.
• sore throat
• fatigue 6. SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
Also known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs), are very
• swollen lymph nodes
common. The bacteria, viruses or parasites that cause sexually
• mouth ulcers.
transmitted diseases may pass from person to person in blood,
But some people may not feel sick during acute HIV infection.
semen, or vaginal and other bodily fluids. Sometimes these
infections can be transmitted non-sexually, such as from
STAGES OF HIV
mothers to their infants during pregnancy or childbirth, or
STAGE 1: ACUTE
through blood transfusions or shared needles. STDs don’t
• People have a large amount of HIV in their blood. They
always cause symptoms or may only cause mild symptoms.
are very contagious.
Therefore, it is possible to have an infection and not know it.
• Some people have flu-like symptoms, the body’s
natural response to infection.
• Only antigen/antibody tests or nucleic acid tests
(NATs) can diagnose acute infection
STAGE 2: CHRONIC
• This stage is also called asymptomatic HIV infection or
clinical latency.
• HIV is still active but reproduces at very low levels.
• People may not have any symptoms or get sick during
this phase.
• Without taking HIV medicine, this period may last a
decade or longer, but some may progress faster.
• People can transmit HIV in this phase.
• At the end of this phase, the amount of HIV in the blood
(called viral load) goes up and the CD4 cell count goes
down. The person may have symptoms as the virus
levels increase in the body, and the person moves into
Stage 3