Data Analysis & Probability – Notes
1. Introduction to Data Analysis
Data analysis involves the collection, organization, representation, and interpretation of data. It
helps in drawing meaningful conclusions from raw data.
2. Key Concepts
• Data: Collection of facts, numbers, or observations. • Frequency: Number of times a data value
occurs. • Mean: Average value = (Sum of observations) ÷ (Number of observations). • Median:
Middle value when data is arranged in order. • Mode: Most frequently occurring value. • Range:
Difference between the highest and lowest values.
3. Representation of Data
• Pictographs – using pictures/symbols. • Bar Graphs – rectangular bars to represent quantities. •
Histograms – graphical representation of grouped data. • Pie Charts – circle divided into sectors
representing data proportionally.
4. Probability – Introduction
Probability is the measure of the likelihood of an event occurring. It ranges from 0 (impossible
event) to 1 (certain event). Formula: P(E) = (Number of favourable outcomes) ÷ (Total number of
outcomes).
5. Examples
Q1. The marks obtained by 10 students are: 5, 7, 8, 10, 10, 6, 8, 9, 7, 10. Find the mean. Solution:
Mean = (5+7+8+10+10+6+8+9+7+10) ÷ 10 = 80 ÷ 10 = 8. Q2. A die is rolled once. Find the
probability of getting: (a) An even number → Favourable outcomes = {2,4,6}, Total outcomes = 6 →
P=3/6=1/2. (b) A number greater than 4 → Outcomes = {5,6}, P=2/6=1/3. Q3. The ages of 7 people
are: 12, 13, 14, 13, 12, 15, 14. Find mode. Solution: Mode = 12 and 13 (both appear twice).
6. Practice Questions
1. The runs scored by a player in 7 matches are: 20, 35, 50, 15, 40, 60, 30. Find mean runs. 2. The
marks of 5 students are: 25, 28, 30, 32, 35. Find median. 3. A coin is tossed once. Find probability
of getting a head. 4. A bag has 3 red and 2 blue balls. Find probability of drawing a blue ball. 5.
Draw a bar graph for the data: Class A=20 students, Class B=25 students, Class C=30 students.
7. Exam Tips
• Always arrange data in ascending order for median. • Check calculations carefully while finding
mean. • Remember probability values are always between 0 and 1. • Use clear graphs and label
axes properly. • Show stepwise solutions in probability problems.