A 1000ECT401122201 Pages: 2

Reg No.:_______________ Name:__________________________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Seventh Semester [Link] Degree Examination December 2022 (2019 scheme)

Course Code: ECT401

Course Name: MICROWAVES AND ANTENNAS
Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours
PART A
Answer all questions, each carries 3 marks. Marks

1 Differentiate between Gain and Directivity of an antenna. (3)

2 Derive expression for effective aperture of an antenna. (3)
3 Explain the principle of operation of a Horn Antenna. (3)
4 Explain the working of an Inverted – F antenna. (3)
5 Explain the principle of Pattern Multiplication. (3)
6 Explain the concept of phased arrays. (3)
7 Derive expressions for the resonant frequency of a rectangular cavity resonator. (3)
8 Derive expressions for the efficiency of a Reflex Klystron (3)
9 List the important properties of Scattering parameters. (3)
10 What do you mean by Gunn Effect? (3)
PART B
Answer any one full question from each module, each carries 14 marks.
Module I
11 a) With the help of a neat figure explain about the antenna field zones. (6)
b) Derive expressions for the Radiation Resistance and Directivity of a short dipole (8)
antenna.
OR
12 a) State and prove Reciprocity Theorem. (7)
b) Derive Helmholtz Equation in terms of Vector Magnetic Potential. (7)
Module II
13 a) Explain the axial mode and normal mode of operation of a helical antenna. (6)
b) Design a rectangular patch antenna using a substrate with a dielectric constant of (8)

10.5, h = 0.126 cm so as to resonate at 1.65 Ghz .

OR
14 a) Explain the steps involved in the design of a Log Periodic Dipole Array. (7)

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 1000ECT401122201

b) With the help of neat sketches explain the working principle of parabolic dish (7)
antenna. What are the typical feed antennas used with Dish antennas ?
Module III
15 a) Derive expression for the total field radiated by two isotropic point sources fed (7)
with current of same amplitude and phase. Also find the directions of maxima
and minima.
b) Derive expressions for the array factor of a linear array of n-isotropic point (7)
sources of equal amplitude and spacing. Derive the conditions for using this
array as an end fire array.
OR
16 a) Explain the difference between broadside array and end fire array (4)
b) Design a 7 element Dolph-Chebyshev array with a spacing of d = λ/2. The (10)
pattern is to be optimum with a side lobe of 22 db down the main lobe
maximum.
Module IV
17 a) With the help of a neat diagram explain the working of a Reflex Klystron. (7)
b) A cylindrical magnetron has the following operating parameters : Vo = 25KV, Io (7)
= 28A, Bo = 0.332 Wb/m2 , a = 5 cm , b = 10 cm. Find
a) Cutoff voltage for a fixed Bo,
b) Cut of magnetic Flux Density for a fixed Vo
OR
18 a) Derive expressions for the Hull cut off Magnetic Field and Voltage of a (7)
magnetron.
b) With diagram explain the amplification process in a travelling wave tube (7)
Module V
19 a) Explain the important properties of Magic Tee. Derive its Scattering parameters (7)
b) Explain the different modes of operation of Gunn Diode. (7)
OR
20 a) Explain the working of two hole directional coupler. Derive its Scattering (7)
parameters.
b) With the help of neat sketches explain the working of a circulator. (7)
****

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A 1000ECT401122301 Pages: 3

Reg No.:_______________ Name:__________________________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
[Link] Degree S7 (R, S) / S7 (PT) (R) Examination December 2023 (2019 Scheme)

Course Code: ECT401

Course Name: MICROWAVES AND ANTENNAS
Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours

PART A
Answer all questions, each carries 3 marks. Marks

1 Define the term Beam Area of an antenna. Calculate the beam area of a field (3)
pattern given by E(θ)=cos2θ for 0°≤ θ ≤90°
2 Illustrate and describe the field zones of an antenna. (3)
3 Outline the principles of a mobile phone antenna with neat diagram. (3)
4 With suitable figures, explain any two feeding methods of Micro strip patch (3)
antenna.
5 Derive the Array factor of a two element array formed by two infinitesimal (3)
dipoles.
6 What are grating lobes? How can they be minimised? (3)
7 Derive the equation for Cyclotron angular frequency of cylindrical magnetron. (3)
8 Derive the equation for resonant frequency of Rectangular cavity resonator. (3)
Compute the resonant frequency of the dominant mode for an air-filled cavity of
dimensions a = 5 cm, b = 2 cm, and d =15 cm.
9 What is a circulator? Write the S matrix of a perfectly matched lossless 4 port (3)
circulator.
10 Draw the J-E characteristics of a Gunn diode and explain the different regions in (3)
it.
PART B

Answer any one full question from each module, each carries 14 marks.
Module I
11 a) State and prove Reciprocity theorem (5)
b) Derive the expressions for Radiation resistance and directivity of short dipole (9)
OR

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 1000ECT401122301

12 a) Define the term Effective aperture. Derive the expression for the Effective
aperture of antenna.
Calculate the effective aperture of an antenna which is operating at a frequency of (9)
2GHz.
b) Differentiate between Antenna efficiency and Beam efficiency. (5)
Module II
13 a) With a neat figure explain the working of Log Periodic dipole array. Write all the (7)
design equations.
b) Differentiate between the Normal mode and Axial mode of a Helical antenna. (7)
Write the expressions for HPBW, BWFN and Directivity in axial mode.
OR
14 a) Design a rectangular microstrip patch antenna using a substrate with dielectric (10)
constant of 2.2, h =0.1588 cm so as to resonate at 10GHz.
b) Explain the principle of a Cassegrain antenna with a neat figure. (4)
Module III
15 a) What is meant by a phased array? (4)

b) Design a 4 element Dolph Chebyscheff array with λ/2 spacing between elements. (10)
The pattern is to be optimum with the side lobe level 19.1 db down the main lobe
maximum.
OR
16 a) Differentiate between broadside and endfire arrays. (4)
b) Derive the expression for the total field radiated by linear array of N isotropic (10)
point sources and write the expression for Array factor.
Module IV
17 a) Explain the bunching process in Reflex Klystron with Applegate diagram. (7)
b) A traveling-wave tube (TWT) operates under the following parameters: (7)
Beam voltage: Vo= 3 kV Beam current: lo = 30 mA, Characteristic impedance of
helix: Zo=100Ω Circuit length: N = 50, Frequency: f = 10 GHz. Calculate (a) the
gain parameter C; (b) the output power gain Ap in decibels
OR
18 a) With the help of neat sketches, explain the working of an 8 cavity Cylindrical (7)
Magnetron.

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 1000ECT401122301

b) Show that the magnitude of the velocity fluctuation of the electron beam is directly (7)
proportional to the magnitude of the axial electric field in a helix TWT.
Module V
19 a) With a schematic diagram explain the constructional features of a two hole (8)
directional coupler and derive the S matrix.
b) With neat figure, describe the two valley model theory of semiconductors. (6)
OR
20 a) With neat figure, explain the features of a Hybrid ring T. Obtain the S matrix. (8)
b) Describe the principle of operation of amplifiers using MESFET (6)
****

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A 1000ECT401122202 Pages: 3

Reg No.:_______________ Name:__________________________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
[Link] Degree S7 (S, FE) / S7 (PT) (S) Examination May 2024 (2019 Scheme)

Course Code: ECT401

Course Name: MICROWAVES AND ANTENNAS
Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours

PART A
Answer all questions, each carries 3 marks. Marks

1 Explain different types of Radiation patterns (3)

2 Find HPBW and FNBW of an antenna which has a field given by, (3)
𝐸(𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝜃) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 90°
3 With the help of diagrams, compare different feeding method of parabolic dish (3)
antenna.
4 List major advantages and drawbacks of the Microstrip patch antennas. (3)

5 What is the principle of pattern multiplication? (3)

6 Find the FNBW of linear array of 4 isotropic point sources with n=4, d=λ/2 and (3)
δ= -π ?
7 Explain the working of a cavity resonator. Give a practical use of cavity (3)
resonator.
8 With the help of an example , explain the significance of slow wave structures (3)
used in microwave circuits
9 Explain with figure , the working of ferrite isolator (3)
10 Explain Scattering parameters for an N port network. (3)
PART B
Answer any one full question from each module, each carries 14 marks.
Module I
11 a) The maximum radiation intensity of a 90% efficient antenna is “200” mW/unit (8)
solid angle. Find directivity and gain when
(i). Input power is 125.66 mW

(ii). Radiated power is 125.66 mW

b) Explain the terms (i) Retarded potential (ii) Antenna field Zones (6)

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 1000ECT401122202

OR
12 a) Derive the expressions for the Radiation resistance and Directivity of a half (10)
wave dipole antenna
b) The radiation resistance of a short dipole of length 0.1 times the wavelength is 8 (4)
ohms. Calculate the radiation resistance when the length of dipole is reduced by
a factor of ½.
Module II
13 a) Why log periodic antenna is called frequency independent antenna? Explain the (6)
working of log periodic dipole array.
b) Design a rectangular micro strip antenna using dielectric substrate with dielectric (8)
constant of 2.2, h=0.1588 c.m so as to resonate at 10 GHz
OR
14 a) Explain the working of horn antenna .Write down the expression for directivity, (8)
gain and HPBW
b) Briefly explain about Inverted F antenna. Also list the applications (6)
Module III
15 a) Show that for an array of two isotropic point sources with identical amplitude (7)
and phase, have a broadside radiation pattern
b) Design an Endfire array and plot its radiation pattern (7)
OR
16 a) Design a broadside Dolph-Tschebyscheff array of 10 elements with spacing d (14)
between elements. The side lobes are 26 dB below the maximum of the major
lobe. Find the excitation coefficients and form the array factor

Module IV
17 a) With neat diagram describe the constructional features and working principle of (7)

a Travelling Wave Tube

b) A reflex klystron operates under the following conditions: (7)
Cathode voltage , Vo=600V
Rsh = l5Kohm
Oscillating frequency , fr= 9 GHz ,
Distance between Rentrant cavity and Repeller , L =1 mm
Given J(1.832) = 0.582

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 1000ECT401122202

The tube is oscillating at fr at the peak of the n = 2 mode or 1 3/4 mode

Assume that the transit time through the gap and beam loading can be neglected
(i) Find the value of the repeller voltage Vr .
(ii) Find the direct current necessary to give a microwave gap voltage of 200 V.
(iii) What is the electronic efficiency under this condition?
OR
18 a) With neat diagram, describe the constructional features and working principle of (7)

a Reflex Klystron
b) With the help of neat diagrams explain the working of a magnetron. (7)
Module V
19 a) Explain Gunn effect with the help of Ridley–Watkins–Hilsum theory. (7)
b) Explain the working principle of a 2 hole directional coupler and derive its S (7)
matrix
OR
20 a) Discuss the constructional features of E plane tee and derive its S Matrix. (7)
b) With a schematic diagram describe the operation of a four-port circulator. (7)
Obtain the S matrix of a perfectly matched, lossless four port circulator

****

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A 1000ECT401112401 Pages: 3

Reg No.:_______________ Name:__________________________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
[Link] Degree S7 (R, S) / S7 (PT) (R,S) Examination November 2024 (2019 Scheme)

Course Code: ECT401

Course Name: MICROWAVES AND ANTENNAS
Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours

PART A
Answer all questions, each carries 3 marks. Marks
1 What is aperture efficiency of an antenna? Find the effective aperture of a (3)
hypothetical, idealized isotropic antenna with Directivity D = 1.
2 Explain about the antenna field zones. (3)
3 Derive the expression for apex angle of a log periodic antenna. (3)
4 With a neat diagram explain the Cassegrain feed method for a parabolic antenna. (3)
5 Explain the principle of pattern multiplication with an example of resultant (3)
pattern of four isotropic elements spaced at λ/2.
6 What is the concept of phased arrays? Give any two types of phased arrays. (3)
7 Calculate the lowest resonant frequency of a rectangular cavity resonator with (3)
dimensions a = 2 cm ,b = 1cm and d = 3 cm.
8 What is a re-entrant cavity in microwave engineering, and what are the different (3)
types.
9 What are the different modes in Gunn diode? (3)
10 Derive the S matrix of a two- port network. (3)
PART B
Answer any one full question from each module, each carries 14 marks.
Module I
11 a) Explain and derive the mathematical relationship between gain and directivity (7)
for an ideal, lossless antenna, and interpret what this relationship implies about
the antenna’s radiation characteristics.
b) State and prove Reciprocity theorem. (7)
OR
12 a) Derive Helmholtz theorem of a vector field. (6)
b) Derive the Radiation Resistance of a half wave dipole antenna. (8)

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 1000ECT401112401

Module II
13 a) Differentiate between axial mode and normal mode of a helical antenna and write (7)
down the design equations.
b) With necessary diagrams explain the working and feed techniques of a microstrip (7)
antenna.
OR
14 a) Explain the working principle of a horn antenna and discuss how the shape of the (7)
horn affects its performance. Mention the types of horn antennas commonly used
in communication systems.
b) Why Log Periodic antenna is called as Frequency Independent antenna? Draw (7)
the structural geometry of a log periodic antenna array and explain its design
steps.
Module III
15 a) Derive the expression for the array factor of a broad side array of N isotropic (9)
point sources and also the expression for major lobe, minor lobe and null of the
array and plot the same for N=4 and d= λ/2.
b) Compare broadside and end fire arrays. (5)
OR
16 a) Using the Dolph-Chebyshev technique, determine the weights for a 4-element (8)
array with λ/2 spacing between elements. Ensure that the side lobe level is 19.1
dB below the main lobe.
b) What are grating lobes? How can it be minimised? (6)
Module IV
17 a) Using a structural diagram and an Applegate diagram, explain the working of a (9)
reflex klystron.
b) What are slow wave structures? Explain its types. (5)
OR
18 a) Show that magnitude of the velocity fluctuation of the electron beam in a TWT (9)
is directly proportional to the magnitude of the axial electric field.
b) An X-band pulsed cylindrical magnetron has a Magnetic flux density Bo = 0.336 (5)
Wb/m2, cathode cylinder radius a = 5 cm, vane edge to centre radius b = 10 cm,
find i) The cyclotron angular frequency and ii) The cutoff voltage for a fixed Bo.
Given that the charge to mass ratio of electron = 1.759 * 10 11 C/Kg.

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 1000ECT401112401

Module V
19 a) With the help of a structure explain the working of a two hole directional coupler. (4)
b) An input power of 10 mW is applied to the port 1 of a 20 dB directional coupler. (3)
Determine the coupled power at port 4.
c) Explain the working of a Ferrite isolator. What is its S matrix? (7)
OR
20 a) With neat sketches explain the working of magic Tee. Derive its S matrix (8)
b) Draw the J-E characteristics of a Gunn diode and explain the different regions. (6)
****

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A 1000ECT401122303 Pages: 3

Reg No.:_______________ Name:__________________________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
[Link] Degree 7th semester (S,FE) Exam April 2025 (2019 Scheme)

Course Code: ECT401

Course Name: MICROWAVES AND ANTENNAS
Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours
PART A
Answer all questions, each carries 3 marks. Marks

1 What is meant by antenna polarization? Define the different types of antenna (3)
polarization?
2 Differentiate between Gain and Directivity of an antenna. Write the mathematical (3)
expressions.
3 Illustrate the principle of operation of the horn antenna. (3)
4 Compare normal and axial mode operation of a helical antenna. (3)
5 Calculate the beamwidth between first nulls of a linear broadside array of 8 (3)
sources with spacing d= λ/2 and δ=0.
6 Define array factor. Write the array factor expression of an array of n-isotropic (3)
point sources of equal amplitude and phase.
7 Derive the electronic admittance of a reflex klystron. (3)
8 Illustrate the amplification process of the Helix TWT amplifier. (3)
9 Write the S-parameter equations of a 2-port network and the physical significance (3)
of S-parameters in the equation.
10 What are the modes of operation of the Gunn diode? Explain briefly. (3)
PART B
Answer any whole question from each module, which carries 14 marks.
Module I
11 a) Calculate the maximum effective aperture for a beam antenna operating at (6)
200MHz and having Half power beamwidths of 30° and 35° respectively in
perpendicular planes intersecting in the beam axis.
b) What is a short dipole? Derive the expression for radiation resistance of a short (8)
dipole fed with uniform current.
OR

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 1000ECT401122303

12 a) Find the Directivity, Efficiency, and Effective aperture area of an antenna (6)
operating at 110 MHz. Given radiation resistance = 80 Ω, loss resistance= 20Ω
and power gain = 12 dB.
b) Write the E and H field equations of a half wave dipole. Starting with these (8)
equations show that the maximum directivity of a half-wave dipole is 1.643.
Module II
13 a) Illustrate the working principle of the Log periodic antenna. (6)
b) For a 20-turn helical antenna operating at 3 GHz with circumference C= 10 cm (8)
and spacing between turns S=0.3λ, calculate the directivity and HPBW of the
antenna.
OR
14 a) What is the main disadvantage of a parabolic reflector antenna? How can it be (4)
avoided?
b) Design a microstrip antenna using RT/duroid substrate with a dielectric constant (10)
of 2.2, h = 0.0625 inches, to resonate at 10 GHz.
Module III
15 a) Explain the concept of a phased array. (6)
b) Derive the far field pattern equation of an array of point sources with equal (8)
amplitude and phase and find the maxima, minima, and half power point
directions.
OR
16 a) With the help of mathematical expressions and figures, explain the principle of (6)
pattern multiplication.
b) Design a 4-element Dolph-Tcheyscheff broad-side array of 𝜆 (8)
spacing between
2

elements. The pattern is to be optimum with SLL 19.1 dB down the main lobe
maximum.
Module IV
17 a) Derive the expression for the resonance frequency of the rectangular cavity (6)
resonator.
b) A reflex klystron is operated at 10 GHz with dc beam voltage V0=600 V for n=2 (8)
or 134 mode. The repeller space length is L=1 mm, dc beam current I0=9 mA and

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 1000ECT401122303

beam coupling coefficient β0= 1. Given J(1.832) = 0.582. Calculate the repeller
voltage Vr, electronic efficiency ηe and output power Pac.
OR
18 a) With relevant figure explain the mechanism of oscillation of a magnetron (8)
oscillator.
b) Derive an expression for the Convection Current induced in a Helix TWT. (6)
Module V
19 a) What is a Magic tee? With a neat figure, enlist the characteristics of a Magic tee (6)
when all its ports are terminated with a matched load.
b) What is a directional coupler? Derive the S-matrix of a two-hole directional (8)
coupler.
OR
20 a) An n -type GaAs Gunn diode has the following parameters: (6)
Threshold field Eth = 3000 V/cm , Applied field E = 3500 V/cm Device length L
= 10 μm ,Doping concentration no = 2 x 1014 cm-3,Operating frequency f = 12
GHz. Compute a) the electron drift velocity. b) the current density.
b) With a neat figure describe the principle of operation of a Circulator. (8)
****

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A 1000ECT401052301 Pages: 3

Reg No.:_______________ Name:__________________________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Seventh Semester [Link] Degree (S, FE) Examination May 2023 (2019 Scheme)

Course Code: ECT401

Course Name: MICROWAVES AND ANTENNAS
Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours

PART A
Answer all questions, each carries 3 marks. Marks
1 Define the term ‘Beam solid angle’. Also derive the relation between beam solid (3)
angle and directivity
2 List the different types of antennas based on the radiation pattern (3)
3 Compare different feeding method of parabolic dish antenna. (3)
4 Why Log Periodic antenna is called as Frequency Independent antenna, (3)
explain?
5 Explain (i) Pattern Multiplication (ii) Grating lobes (3)
6 Find the FNBW of linear array of 4 isotropic point sources with n=4, d=λ/2 and (3)
δ=0?
7 Explain the working of a cavity resonator. Give a practical use of cavity (3)
resonator.
8 With the help of an example , explain the significance of slow wave structures (3)
used in microwave circuits
9 Explain with figure , the working of ferrite isolator (3)
10 Write a short note on Phase shifter. (3)
PART B
Answer any one full question from each module, each carries 14 marks.
Module I
11 a) Derive the expressions for the Radiation resistance and Directivity of a short (10)
dipole antenna
b) The radiation resistance of a short dipole of length 0.1 times the wavelength is 8 (4)
ohms. Calculate the radiation resistance when the length of dipole is reduced by
a factor of ½
OR

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 1000ECT401052301

12 a) A lossless half wave dipole antenna with input impedance of 73Ω is connected (7)
to a 50Ω transmission line (Let𝑈 = 𝐵0 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 (𝜃)). Find Gain and overall
efficiency.
b) State and prove Helmholtz theorem (7)
Module II
13 a) Explain the design steps of a rectangular microstrip antenna (8)
b) Distinguish between the normal and axial modes of radiation from a helical (6)
Antenna
OR
14 a) Explain the working of horn antenna .Write down the expression for directivity, (7)
gain and HPBW
b) Explain the working principle of parabolic dish antenna. Write down the (7)
expression for directivity, gain and HPBW
Module III
15 a) Explain Chebyshev array and write down the procedure for finding the (10)
expression array factor
b) Derive the expression for Array factor of an array of odd numbers of isotropic (4)
elements is positioned symmetrically along the z-axis. Assume that the non-
uniform amplitude excitation is symmetrical about the origin
OR
16 a) Design a Broadside Array and plot its radiation pattern. (7)
b) Show that for an array of two isotropic point sources with identical amplitude (7)
and phase, have a broadside radiation pattern
Module IV
17 a) With the help of neat diagrams explain the working of an magnetron. (7)
b) With neat diagram describe the constructional features and working principle of (7)
a Travelling Wave Tube
OR
18 a) Show that the axial electric field of TWT varies with convection current. (7)
b) A reflex klystron operates under the following conditions: (7)
Cathode voltage , Vo=600V
Rsh = l5Kohm
Oscillating frequency , fr= 9 GHz ,
Distance between Rentrant cavity and Repeller , L =1 mm

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 1000ECT401052301

Given J(1.832) = 0.582 The tube is oscillating at fr at the peak of the n = 2

mode or 1 3/4 mode. Assume that the transit time through the gap and beam
loading can be neglected
(i) Find the value of the repeller voltage Vr.
(ii) Find the direct current necessary to give a microwave gap voltage of 200 V.
(iii) What is the electronic efficiency under this condition?
Module V
19 a) Explain the features of magic tee and derive its s- matrix (7)
b) With a schematic diagram describe the operation of a four-port circulator. (7)
Obtain the S matrix of a perfectly matched, lossless four port circulator
OR
20 a) Explain the working of a microwave amplifiers using MESFET (7)
b) Explain the working principle of a 2 hole directional coupler and derive its S (7)
matrix
****

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