5.
2 Electron Arrangement in Atoms >
Chapter 4
Electrons In Atoms
•Revising the Atomic Model
•Electron Arrangement
in Atoms
•Atomic Emission Spectra and
the Quantum Mechanical Model
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5.2 Electron Arrangement in Atoms > CHEMISTRY & YOU
The ways in which electrons are arranged in
various orbitals around the nuclei of atoms are
called
Electron configurations.
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5.2 Electron Arrangement in Atoms > Electron Configurations
Three rules:-
1. Aufbau principle,
2. Pauli exclusion principle, and
3. Hund’s rule
Tell you how to find the electron
configurations of atoms.
[Link]
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5.2 Electron Arrangement in Atoms >
The 3 Rules guiding Electronic
Configuration
1. Aufbau principle
➢ Electrons occupy the orbitals of lowest energy first.
Electrons fill atomic orbitals in order of increasing energy,
from the lowest energy level to the highest.
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5.2 Electron Arrangement in Atoms > Electron Configurations
6p
6s 5d 4f
5p
5s 4d
4p
Increasing energy
4s 3d
3p
3s
2p
2s
In the diagram, each box represents an atomic
orbital. Orbitals of greater energy are higher on
the diagram.
1s
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5.2 Electron Arrangement in Atoms >
The 3 Rules guiding Electronic
Configuration
2. Pauli exclusion principle
➢ Each atomic orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons.
➢ To occupy the same orbital, two electrons must have opposite
spins; that is, they must spin in opposite directions.
• A vertical arrow indicates an electron and its direction of spin
( or ).
• An orbital containing paired electrons is written as .
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5.2 Electron Arrangement in Atoms >
The 3 Rules guiding Electronic Configuration
3. Hund’s rule
➢ Electrons fill orbitals of the same energy one at a time, all with the
same spin, before they start pairing up.”
➢ Three electrons would occupy three orbitals of equal energy as
follows.
➢ Then, electrons pair up in each orbital with opposite spins.”
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5.2 Electron Arrangement in Atoms >
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5.2 Electron Arrangement in Atoms > Electron Configurations
Look at the orbital filling diagram of the oxygen atom.
Electron Configurations of Selected Elements
Electron
• An oxygen atom Element 1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz 3s configuration
contains eight H 1s1
electrons.
He 1s2
• The 1s orbital has Li 1s22s1
two electrons of
C 1s22s22p2
opposite spin.
N 1s22s22p3
• The 2s orbital also
O 1s22s22p4
has two electrons
of opposite spin. F 1s22s22p5
Ne 1s22s22p6
Na 1s22s22p63s1
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5.2 Electron Arrangement in Atoms > Electron Configurations
Look at the orbital filling diagram of the oxygen atom.
Electron Configurations of Selected Elements
• Each of the Electron
Element 1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz 3s
three 2p orbitals configuration
has one H 1s1
electron. The He 1s2
remaining Li 1s22s1
electron now C 1s22s22p2
pairs with an N 1s22s22p3
electron O 1s22s22p4
occupying one F 1s22s22p5
of the 2p
Ne 1s22s22p6
orbitals.
Na 1s22s22p63s1
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5.2 Electron Arrangement in Atoms > Electron Configurations
Another way of writing Electron
Configurations
• Examples:
• For hydrogen, with one electron in a 1s orbital, the
electron configuration is written 1s1.
• For oxygen, the electron configuration is 1s22s22p4.
Note that the sum of the superscripts equals the
number of electrons in the atom.
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5.2 Electron Arrangement in Atoms > CHEMISTRY & YOU
Explain why the correct electron
configuration of oxygen is
1s22s22p4
and not
1s22s22p33s1.
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5.2 Electron Arrangement in Atoms > CHEMISTRY & YOU
Explain why the correct electron
configuration of oxygen is
2 2
1s 2s 2p 4
and not
1s22s22p33s1.
The 2p orbitals are lower in energy than
the 3s orbital, so they will be filled
completely before any electrons will be
13
found in the 3s orbital.
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5.2 Electron Arrangement in Atoms > Sample Problem 5.1
Writing Electron Configurations
The atomic number of phosphorus is 15.
Write the electron configuration of a
phosphorus atom.
The electron configuration of phosphorus is
1s22s22p63s23p3.
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s
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5.2 Electron Arrangement in Atoms >
What is the correct electron
configuration of a sulfur atom?
A. 1s22s22p43s23p6
B. 1s22s22p63s23p3
C. 1s22s22p63s23p4
D. 1s22s22p63s63p2
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5.2 Electron Arrangement in Atoms >
What is the correct electron
configuration of a sulfur atom?
A. 1s22s22p43s23p6
B. 1s22s22p63s23p3
C. 1s22s22p63s23p4
D. 1s22s22p63s63p2
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