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M. Pharm Exam: Modern Pharmaceutical Techniques

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75 views11 pages

M. Pharm Exam: Modern Pharmaceutical Techniques

Uploaded by

R K Sen
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences

First Semester M. Pharm Degree Examination - 09-Jan-2020

Time: Three Hours Max. Marks: 75 Marks

Modern Pharmaceutical Analytical Techniques


Q.P. CODE: 5101
Your answers should be specific to the questions asked.
Draw neat, labeled diagrams wherever necessary.

LONG ESSAY (Answer any Three) 3 X 10 = 30 Marks

1. Explain the instrumentation of NMR spectroscopy. Add a note on spin-spin splitting and spin-
spin coupling with suitable examples. (6+4)

2. Describe the theory of mass spectrometry and instrumentation of Mass spectrometry. (5+5)

3. Discuss in detail about the chromatographic efficiency parameters with relevant equations.

4. With the help of a neat diagram explain the luminescence process. Explain the molecular
vibrations in IR. Give the equations to calculate the possible number of vibrations in linear and
non-linear molecule. (4+3+3)

SHORT ESSAY (Answer any Nine) 9 X 5 = 45 Marks

5. Draw the schematic diagram of atomic absorption spectroscopy and add a note on hollow
cathode discharge tube.

6. Add a note on flame and electro-thermal atomization.

7. Define electrophoresis. Write a note electrophoretic mobility.


8. Explain the principle advantages and requirements of Radio Immuno Assay.

9. Add a detail note on Bravais lattice types and Miller indices.

10. Brief note on column chromatography and its applications.

11. Describe the rules for fragmentation of molecules in MS with suitable examples.

12. Explain shielding and de-shielding effect with suitable examples. What is spin-spin decoupling?
Explain any two methods of decoupling.

13. Discuss the different development and visualization techniques in TLC.

14. Discuss the principle and procedure of immune electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing
technique.

*****
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
First Semester M. Pharm Degree Examination - 01-Dec-2020

Time: Three Hours Max. Marks: 75 Marks

Modern Pharmaceutical Analytical Techniques


Q.P. CODE: 5101
Your answers should be specific to the questions asked.
Draw neat, labeled diagrams wherever necessary.

Answer All The Questions 10 x 7.5 = 75 Marks

1. Discuss the importance of Woodward’s rules in calculating the λmax and absorption
phenomenon of organic molecules.

2. Write a note on coupling and decoupling methods in NMR spectroscopy.

3. State the basic principles of mass spectrometry. Explain the Mc-Lafferty rearrangement.

4. What is theoretical plate, HETP, resolution and asymmetry factor? Explain the column
selection in HPLC.

5. Write the principles of IR Spectroscopy and discuss the factors affecting the vibrational
frequencies.

6. Explain the principles and instrument of flame emission spectroscopic technique.

7. Write a note on Bioluminescence assays. Enlist the applications of ELISA.

8. Give a brief outline of principle of FT-NMR and C13 NMR.

9. Define chemical shift. Explain nuclear overhauser effect.

10. Explain the practical steps and applications of ion-exchange chromatography.

*****
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
First Semester M. Pharm Degree Examination - 15-Mar-2021

Time: Three Hours Max. Marks: 75 Marks

Modern Pharmaceutical Analytical Techniques


Q.P. CODE: 5101
Your answers should be specific to the questions asked.
Draw neat, labeled diagrams wherever necessary.

Answer All The Questions 10 x 7.5 = 75 Marks

1. State Beer and Lambert’s Law. Discuss the importance of Woodward’s rules in calculating
the λmax of organic compounds with suitable examples.

2. Explain the instrumentation and functioning of a NMR with a schematic diagram.

3. Elaborate on selection of mobile phases, efficiency parameters and derivatization techniques


in HPLC.
4. Write about FTIR technique and its advantages over conventional IR.

5. Explain theory of fluorescence and factors affecting fluorescence.

6. Explain Mass Fragmentation rules with suitable examples.

7. List and explain about three detectors used in Gas chromatography.

8. Define electrophoresis. Write a note on moving boundary electrophoresis.

9. Define and derive an equation for Bragg’s law and brief note on Bravais Lattice.

10. Describe radio-immunological assay and list out the applications of bioluminescence assays.

*****
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
First Semester M. Pharm Degree Examination - 10-Nov-2021

Time: Three Hours Max. Marks: 75 Marks

Modern Pharmaceutical Analytical Techniques


Q.P. CODE: 5101
Your answers should be specific to the questions asked.
Draw neat, labeled diagrams wherever necessary.

Answer All The Questions 10 x 7.5 = 75 Marks

1. Explain the working principle of FT-IR with neat labeled diagram of interferometer.

2. Define chemical shift. Outline with a neat sketch about NMR instrumentation.

3. Write fragmentation process in Mass spectroscopy.

4. Write construction and working of any two mass analyzer.

5. State Beer and Lambert’s Law. Explain the construction and working of prism monochromator
and photomultiplayer tube detector.

6. Explain the theory of Thin layers Chromatography. Discuss about visualization techniques and
agents used in TLC.

7. Discuss the derivatization techniques in GC and HPLC.

8. Define Spin-Spin coupling with example. Explain nuclear magnetic double resonance.

9. Define and classify Electrophoresis. Describe Isoelectric Focusing.

10. Define X-Ray diffraction. State and Derive an equation for Baagg’s Law.

*****
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
First Semester M. Pharm Degree Examination - 18-Jul-2022

Time: Three Hours Max. Marks: 75 Marks

Modern Pharmaceutical Analytical Techniques


Q.P. CODE: 5101
Your answers should be specific to the questions asked.
Draw neat, labeled diagrams wherever necessary.

Answer All The Questions 10 x 7.5 = 75 Marks

1. Explain in brief the interference filters, barrier layer cell, grating and PMT.

2. What do you mean chemical shift in NMR? Explain the various factors influencing chemical
shifts.

3. Explain any Two types of ionization techniques and analyzers in mass spectrometry.

4. Explain the working principle of FT- IR with neat labelled diagram of Interferometer.

5. Explain theory of fluorescence and factors affecting fluorescence.

6. Describe the plate and rate theories in gas chromatography.

7. Explain efficiency parameters of HPLC. List out the applications of HPLC.

8. Define and derive the equation for Bragg’s Law and enlist the applications of X-ray
defraction.

9. Define Electro-Osmotic Flow. Explain the instrumentation and applications of Capillary


Electrophoresis.

10. Explain the theory of Gas chromatography. Describe the various carrier gases employed in
gas chromatography.

*****
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
First Semester M. Pharm Degree Examination - 15-Nov-2022

Time: Three Hours Max. Marks: 75 Marks

Modern Pharmaceutical Analytical Techniques


Q.P. CODE: 5101
Your answers should be specific to the questions asked.
Draw neat, labeled diagrams wherever necessary.

Answer All The Questions 10 x 7.5 = 75 Marks

1. Define quenchers with example. Describe the theory and factors affecting the
measurement of fluorescence.

2. Write the principle, instrumentation and working procedure of Gel electrophoresis.

3. Add a note on a) Spin-spin coupling with examples b) Factors influencing chemical shift

4. Write the principle involved in the IR spectroscopy. Describe the modes of molecular
vibrations of in IR spectroscopy.

5. State and explain Beer-Lambert Law. Write briefly about the deviations of absorption
laws. Add a note on applications of UV visible spectroscopy.

6. Discus Mc Lafferty rearrangement and its significance in structural diagnosis. Add a note
on nitrogen rule.

7. Define molecular ion. Explain with diagram, the principle involved in electron impact
ionization mass spectroscopy. Write its merit and demerits.

8. What are the common efficiency parameters? Explain any two gas chromatography
detectors.

9. Discuss the Bragg’s law, add a note on types of crystals and applications of x-ray
diffraction.

10. Explain the principle and applications of atomic absorption spectroscopy.

*****
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
First Semester M. Pharm Degree Examination - 29-May-2023

[Time: 3 Hours] [Max. Marks: 75]

Modern Pharmaceutical Analytical Techniques


Q.P. CODE: 5101
Your answers should be specific to the questions asked.
Draw neat, labeled diagrams wherever necessary.

Answer All The Questions 10 X 7.5 = 75 Marks

1. Discuss the carrier gases and sample injection techniques in GC. Explain the ideal
characteristics of detectors used in GC.

2. Mention the radiation sources and describe various sample handling techniques of IR
spectroscopy.

3. Explain the principle and working of filters, monochromators and detectors used in UV-
Visible spectroscopy.

4. Give an account on C-NMR techniques. Enlist the solvent requirements in NMR.


13

5. Describe the fragmentation rules in MS.

6. Enlist and explain various Ionization techniques employed in Mass spectroscopy.

7. Define X-ray defraction. State and derive Bragg’s Law. Enlist the applications of X-ray
defraction.

8. Discuss the principle, instrumentation and applications of Ion-Exchange chromatography.

9. Define Electro Osmatic flow. Explain the instrumentation and applications of Gel
Electrophoresis.

10. Explain the bounded – phases column with examples. Describe the construction and
working of any two detectors used in HPLC.

*****
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
First Semester M. Pharm Degree Examination - 03-Nov-2023

Time: Three Hours Max. Marks: 75 Marks

Modern Pharmaceutical Analytical Techniques


Q.P. CODE: 5101
Your answers should be specific to the questions asked
Draw neat, labeled diagrams wherever necessary

Answer All The Questions 10 x 7.5 = 75 Marks

1. State and explain Beer-Lamberts law and add a note on deviations from its applicability.
Discuss about different types of electronic transitions in organic compounds

2. Compare the instrumentation and working of dispersive and Fourier transform IR


spectrometers. Write the advantages and disadvantages of the two techniques

3. Write the principles of atomic absorption spectroscopy. List some metals that can be analyzed
by AAS and explain about the interferences

4. Explain the following


a) Chemical shift
b) Spin-spin coupling
c) Nuclear magnetic double resonance
d) Write a note on FT-NMR

5. What is fragmentation? Explain the following by taking a simple example


a) Fragmentation peaks
b) Molecular ion peak
c) Base peak
d) Isotopic peaks
e) Meta stable peaks

6. Describe the instrumentation and working of HPLC with a neat labeled diagram

7. Explain the various stationary and mobile phases used in GC

8. State and explain Bragg’s law. Explain rotating crystal technique used in x-ray diffractions
studies

9. Explain the principle and working procedure of paper electrophoresis technique

10. Explain the theory and applications of Fluorimetry

*****
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
First Semester M. Pharm Degree Examination - 29-May-2024

[Time: 3 Hours] [Max. Marks: 75]

Modern Pharmaceutical Analytical Techniques


Q.P. CODE: 5101
Your answers should be specific to the questions asked.
Draw neat, labeled diagrams wherever necessary.

Answer All The Questions 10 X 7.5 = 75 Marks

1. Explain the different parts of NMR Spectrometer with a neat schematic diagram. Add a note
on NMR applications.

2. Discuss the principle of Mass Spectroscopy. Explain the construction and working of
Quadrupole and Time of Flight Analysers in MS.

3. Explain the different parts of HPLC with a neat diagram.

4. State BEER and Lambert’s Law. Discuss the different electronic transitions that occur in UV
region.

5. Explain briefly the instrumentation and applications of AAS.

6. Discuss the derivatization techniques used in Gas Chromatography and HPLC.

7. Define and derive Bragg’s law. Enlist the application of X-ray diffraction techniques.

8. Define chemical shift. Explain the various factors affecting chemical shifts.

9. Explain the principle concept involved in affinity and Ion Exchange chromatography.

10. Describe the principle and theory of electrophoresis. Write down the application of Gel
electrophoresis.

*****
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
First Semester M. Pharm Degree Examination - 05-Nov-2024

Time: Three Hours Max. Marks: 75 Marks

Modern Pharmaceutical Analytical Techniques


Q.P. CODE: 5101
Your answers should be specific to the questions asked
Draw neat, labeled diagrams wherever necessary

Answer All The Questions 10 x 7.5 = 75 Marks

1. State and explain Beer-Lamberts law and about different types of electronic transitions in
organic compound in UV region

2. What is the principle of fluorescence? Explain different factors affecting fluorescence

3. Explain the principles and applications of flame emission and atomic absorption spectroscopy
techniques
4. Explain the principle and instrumentation of FTIR with a neat labelled diagram

5. What is chemical shift? Write the factors influencing chemical shift and write a note on
FT-NMR

6. Write the principle of mass spectroscopy and discuss about different ionization techniques
used

7. Discuss the theoretical principles of HPLC. Draw a schematic HPLC chromatogram and explain
(a) Retention time (b) Resolution (c) Peak Asymmetry

8. Write the different factors affecting electrophoretic mobility of ions in electrophoresis


separations

9. Write the principle and theory of X-ray diffraction study using Bragg’s law. Discuss the
applications of X-ray diffraction.

10. Discuss the theory and principle of gas chromatography. How non volatile compounds can be
analysed by GC. Explain the technique with few examples

*****
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
First Semester M. Pharm Degree Examination - 07-May-2025

Time: Three Hours Max. Marks: 75 Marks

Modern Pharmaceutical Analytical Techniques


Q.P. CODE: 5101
Your answers should be specific to the questions asked.
Draw neat, labeled diagrams wherever necessary.

Answer All The Questions 10 X 7.5 = 75 Marks

1. Explain the vibrational transitions of IR spectroscopy and briefly outline the


instrumentation of FTIR.

2. Explain the principle of NMR spectroscopy. Describe the various factors affecting chemical
shift with suitable examples.

3. Describe the theory of mass spectrometry and explain different ionization techniques used
in MS.

4. Discuss the different columns and sample injection techniques in GC. Explain any one
detectors used in GC.

5. Explain the principle, instrumentation and applications of atomic absorption spectroscopy.

6. Explain the instrumentation of HPLC with a neat labeled diagram

7. Define Chromatography. Discuss the principle and application of affinity chromatography.

8. Give an account of continuous paper and isoelectric focusing electrophoresis techniques.

9. Define and derive an equation for Bragg’s law. Enlist the applications of X-ray diffraction
technique.

10. Enlist the various types of Ion’s formed in Mass spectroscopy. Discuss the rules of Mass
fragmentation.

*****

Common questions

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Beer-Lambert Law states that the absorption of light by a medium is directly proportional to the concentration of the absorbing species and the path length. However, deviations can occur due to chemical changes at high concentrations, scattering from particulates, and instrumental factors like stray light. Other deviations include chemical interactions in solutions that alter absorbance characteristics, requiring careful calibration and sample preparation to ensure accurate measurements .

The Nuclear Overhauser Effect (NOE) enhances signal intensity in NMR by polarizing certain nuclei, allowing the study of spatial proximity within a molecule. NOE provides crucial distance information between non-bonded atoms in complex structures, aiding in detailed molecular conformation and interaction studies. It is beneficial for elucidating three-dimensional structures of macromolecules like proteins and for identifying dynamic molecular interactions .

Chromatographic efficiency is assessed through parameters like theoretical plates, which indicate the column's ability to separate compounds over its length, and resolution, measuring the degree of separation between two peaks. High theoretical plates denote high efficiency, while good resolution ensures distinct, non-overlapping peaks, crucial for accurate quantification and identification in HPLC. Parameters are optimized through adjustments in column length, packing material, and particle size .

Fluorescence spectroscopy is based on the principle that certain substances absorb light at one wavelength and emit at another, longer wavelength. The intensity of emitted light is proportional to concentration. Factors influencing fluorescence include concentration, temperature, pH, and interactions with quenching agents or other substances. These can either decrease or alter the fluorescence signal, affecting measurement accuracy .

Carrier gases in GC, such as helium, nitrogen, and hydrogen, transport the sample through the column. Their choice affects efficiency, resolution, and speed of the separation. Helium is commonly used for its inertness and moderate efficiency, nitrogen offers high resolving power but slower separation times, while hydrogen provides the fastest separations. The selection of carrier gas impacts detection sensitivity and influences the type of detector used .

Spin-spin splitting in NMR spectroscopy results from interactions between nuclear spins within a molecule, commonly observed in proton NMR. This interaction causes multiple peaks within a signal, known as multiplets, providing detailed information about the molecular structure, such as the number of neighboring protons. This pattern follows the (n+1) rule, where n is the number of adjacent protons .

Dispersive IR spectrometry uses a monochromator to isolate specific wavelengths of light, creating a spectrum by scanning over individual frequencies. In contrast, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry employs an interferometer, simultaneously capturing all wavelengths and using mathematical Fourier transforms to produce a spectrum. FTIR offers advantages such as higher throughput, better signal-to-noise ratio, and faster data acquisition .

Common ionization techniques in mass spectrometry include Electron Ionization (EI), which is widely used for volatile compounds, Electrospray Ionization (ESI) for large biomolecules, and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) suitable for large, labile molecules. Each technique affects ionization efficiency, fragmentation patterns, and is selected based on the volatility, stability, and size of the compound under analysis, impacting the structural information obtained .

McLafferty rearrangement in mass spectrometry is a fragmentations process whereby a hydrogen atom is transferred through a six-member ring transition state, leading to a distinctive and predictable fragment ion. This rearrangement is significant for identifying the presence of specific structural motifs like carbonyl groups in ketones or aldehydes, allowing the elucidation of structural details in complex organic compounds .

AAS is advantageous for its high specificity, ability to analyze trace metals, and relatively low operating costs. It is particularly effective in environments requiring precise metal quantification. However, its disadvantages include the need for distinct lamps for each element, potential chemical interferences, and its limitation to analyzing liquid samples only. Moreover, AAS is less sensitive compared to techniques like ICP-MS .

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