MINOR PROJECT ON

TRANSMISSION LINE FAULT DETECTION & SAFETY

A minor project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of Diploma in “Electrical

Engineering “.

Submitted by:

1. Satyam Kumar (23-EE-49)

2. Prithvi Raj (23-EE-50)
3. Akash Kr. Ram (23-EE-43)
4. Harsh Kumar (23-EE-51)
5. Vivek Raj (23-EE-11)

Under the Guidance:

1. Mr. Satyaprakash Kumar

2. Mr. Shashank Shekhar
3. Mr. Ashfaque Ahmad
4. Mr. Irfan Usmani

Special Thanks:

Dr. Fazle Sarwar Dr. Salauddin Ansari

(Principal) HOD(Electrical)

Department of Electrical engineering

 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC MOTIHARI (845401)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT POLYTECNIC MOTIHARI

PIN-845401

CERTIFICATE
This is to Certify that the Minor Project Entitle ‘’Transmission Line Fault
Detection & Safety’’ Submitted by SATYAM KUMAR, PRITHVI RAJ, AKASH
KUMAR RAM, HARSH KUMAR, VIVEK RAJ is in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Award of Diploma in Electrical Engineering
During Session 2023-2026 At Government Polytechnic Motihari-
845401. An Authentic Record of Minor Project Work was Carried Out
by them under My Supervision and Guidance.

The Candidate Have Satisfied All the Prescribed Requirements.

Place: Motihari 845401,

Dr. Fazle Sarwar

(Principal)

(Government Polytechnic Motihari) SIGNATURE OF HOD SIR

Dr. Salauddin Ansari

(Department of Electrical Engineering)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and Foremost, We Would Like to Thank Our Supervisor of This Minor Project;
Mr. Satyaprakash Kumar, Mr. Shashank Shekhar, Mr. Ashfaque Ahmad, Mr. Irfan
Usmani for his valuable guidance and advice. He guide us greatly to work in this
seminar .His willingness to motivate us helped tremendously. We for without his
helping hand seminar would be incomplete. Beside we would like to thank the
authority of Government Polytechnic Motihari for proving us with a good environment
and facilities to complete this Minor Project. It gave us an opportunity to participate
and learn about TRANSMISSION LINE FAULT DETECTION & SAFETY finally, an
honorable mention goes to our families and friends for their understanding and
support in completing this seminar. Without help of those mentioned above, This
Minor Project could not have been completed.

1. SATYAM KUMAR (1302023049)

2. PRITHVI RAJ (1302023050)
3. AKASH KUMAR RAM (1302023043)
4. HARSH KUMAR (1302023051)
5. VIVEK RAJ (1302023011)
 ABSTRAC
T
Electicity has become the most sought after amenity for all of us. Gone are the days
when electricity would be only limited to cities. It is now reaching to every distant
parts of the world. So we have now a complex network of power system. This power is
being carried by the transmission lines. These lines travel very long distances so while
carrying power, fault occurring is natural. These fault damages many vital electrical
equipment like transformer, generator, transmission lines. For the uninterrupted
power supply we need to prevent these faults as much as possible. So we need to detect
faults with in the shortest possible time….. These relays are more reliable and have
faster response than the traditional electromechanical relays and static relays. They
have increased range of setting, high accuracy, reduced size, and lower costs, along
with many other functions, such as fault event recording autoresetting, etc. This
project is about designing the numerical relay where the fault is detected when the
input value exceeds the reference value set in the relay which then gives the trip signal
to the circuit breaker.

The electric power system is divided into many different sections. One of which is the
transmission system, where power is transmission from generating stations and
substation via transmission lines into consumers. Both methods could encounter
various types of malfunctions is usually referred to as a “Fault”. Fault is simply
defined as a number of undesirable but unavoidable incidents can temporarily disturb
the stable condition of the power system that occurs when the insulation of the system
fails at any point. Moreover, if a conducting objects comes in contact with a bare
power conductors, a short circuit, or fault, is said to have occurred.

The causes of faults are many, they include lighting, wind damage, trees falling across
transmission lines, vehicles or aircraft colliding with the transmission towers or poles,
birds shorting lines or vandalism. In this study, the causes and effects of faults in the
overhead transmission lines were the focus of the research. Some of the many causes
of faults and some detection methods will be discussed. These faults lead to substantial
damage to the power system equipment. In India it is common, the faults might be in
the supply systems and these faults in three phase supply system can affect the power
system.
 INDEX

S.N. CONTENT PAGE

NO.
1. Introduction 7
2. Components required 8
3. Transister32C 9
4. 5v duel channel relay module 10-11
5. NTC thermistor temperature sensor module 12-13
6. Fault wire and other 14-15
7. Resister 16-18
8. LED 19-20
9. Transmission tower 21-22
10. Block diagram 23
11. Circuit diagram 24
12. Working principle 25
13. Advantage 26
14. Disadvantage 27
15. Application 28
16. Conclusion 29
17. Reference 30
 INTRODUCTION
The name of this project is transmission line fault detection & safety.
The aim of this project is to provide safety to transmission line through
this project we are introducing that how can we safe our transmission
line by fire fault and wires connected fault by using different type of
indication system NTC thermistor sensor module for sensing the fire is
used by us in this project. In this project if fire generated by short circuit
or any other reason etc. human error or natural instinet than our
electricity line will be cut from substation for preventing cut off power
supply we used relay . Relay energize and trigger the circuit and cut -off
the power supply from substation when any two wire are connected by
any reason human or natural error than the power supply will be cut off
from substation.

So we can conclude that our system can proved the motive of safety of
transmission line.
 COMPONENTS REQUIRED

1)TRANSISTOR 32C

2)CHANNEL RELAY(5v)

3) NTC Thermistor temperature sensor module

4) POWER SUPPLY
5) LOAD (BULB 220V)
6) CONNECTING WIRES
7) PCV BOARD
8) RESISATANCE 1K
9) RESISTANCE 100 OHM
10) LED
11) CAPACITOR 25 V/ 1000UF
12) ADOPTER

13) SWITCH

14) TEN CORE WIRE

 TRANSIS
TOR 32C

Applications:-
Linear an switching industrial equipment Description. The TIP32C is a
silicon Epitaxial-base PNP power transistor in Jedec TO-220 plastic
package. It is intented for use in medium power linear and switching
applications. The complementary NPN type is TIP31C.
 5V DUAL CHANNEL RELAY MODULE
The dual-channel relay module is more or less the same as a single-
channel relay module, but with some Extra features like optical
isolation.

The dual-channel relay module can be used to switch mains powered

loads from the pins of a microcontroller.

5V Relay Module
The pin configuration of the 5V relay is shown below. This relay
includes 5-pins where each pin and its functionality are shown below.
Pin1 (End 1): It is used to activate the relay; usually this pin one end is
connected to 5Volts whereas another end is connected to the ground.
Pin2 (End 2): This pin is used to activate the Relay.

Pin3 (Common (COM): This pin is connected to the main terminal of

the Load to make it active.

Pin4 (Normally Closed (NC): This second terminal of the load is

connected to either NC/ NO pins. If this pin is connected to the load then
it will be ON before the switch.

Pin5 (Normally Open (NO): If the second terminal of the load is allied
to the NO pin, then the load will be turned off before the switch.
 NTC THEMISTOR TEMPERATURE
SENSOR MODULE
NTC Thermistor temperature sensor module is low cost, small size
module. It is very sensitive to ambient temperature. It is generally used
to detect the temperature of the surrounding environment. Through
potentiometer adjustment, it is possible to change the temperature
detection threshold. D.O output can be directly connected to the micro
controller to detect high and low, by detecting temperature changes in
the environment. The temperature detection range of the module is
between 20 and 80 degrees Celsius. This module can be replaced with a
line temperature sensor for controlling the water temperature, water
tank, etc. Generally the 4 wire method of thermistor measurement is the
most accurate, because there is effectively no current flowing in either
of the measurement cable wires and therefore no added resistance due
to the cable wires.

A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance is strongly

dependent on temperature, more so than in standard resistors. The word
thermistor is a portmanteau of thermal and resistor.

Thermistors are divided based on their conduction model. Negative

Temperature Coefficient (NTC) thermistors have less resistance
at higher temperatures, while Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC)
thermistors have more resistance at higher temperatures. Hence, a
PTC thermistor's resistance is directly proportional to temperature

Specifications of NTC Thermistor Temperature sensor

module:-
 NTC thermistor has good sensitivity.
 The comparator output signal is more than 15mA.
 Possible to adjust the temperature distribution position detection
threshold.
 Working voltage :3.3V -5V
 Output form: DO digital switching outputs (0 and 1) and AO
analog voltage output
 Fixed bolt hole for easy installation
 FAULT WIRE
A fault wire is a wire that is part of an electrical system that is
experiencing an abnormal electric current, or fault.

Series arc fault: It occur when wiring or cords become

unintentionally broken or frayed and the conductor wire, the one that
carries the electricity, has an exposed or un-insulated gap.

Parallel arc fault: It occurs when electricity jumps a gap between two
wires with different voltages.
A general circuit board is board used for various electronics
projects, including prototyping, testing, and building custom
electronic.

Holder connection
 RESISTOR
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic
circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to
divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines,
among other uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of
electrical power as heat may be used as part of motor controls, in power
distribution systems, or as test loads for generators, fixed resistors have
resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature,
time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit
elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing
devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic

circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as
discrete components can be composed of various compounds and forms.
Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits.

The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance:

common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more
the nine orders of magnitude. The nominal value of the resistance falls
within the manufacturing tolerance, indicated on the component.
 LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source.
It is a p–n junction diode that emits light when activated. When a
suitable current is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine
with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form
of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of
the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by
the energy band gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are typically small
(less than 1 mm2) and integrated optical components may be used to
shape the radiation pattern.

Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest

LEDs emitted low-intensity infrared light. Infrared LEDs are still
frequently used as transmitting elements in remote-control circuits, such
as those in remote controls for a wide variety of consumer electronics.
The first visible-light LEDs were of low intensity and limited to red.
Modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet,
and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.

Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps for electronic devices,
replacing small incandescent bulbs. They were soon packaged into
numeric readouts in the form of seven-segment displays and were
commonly seen in digital clocks. Recent developments have produced
LEDs suitable for environmental and task lighting. LEDs have led to
new displays and sensors, while their high switching rates are useful in
advanced communications technology.

LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources, including

lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical
robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are
used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive
headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, camera
flashes, lighted wallpaper and medical devices. They are also
significantly more energy efficient and, arguably, have fewer
environmental concerns linked to their disposal.

Unlike a laser, the color of light emitted from an LED is neither

coherent nor monochromatic, but the spectrum is narrow with respect to
human vision, and for most purposes the light from a simple diode
element can be regarded as functionally.
 TRANSMISSION TOWER

A transmission tower, also known as an electricity pylon or simply

a pylon in British English and as a hydro tower in Canadian English,
is a tall structure, usually a steel lattice tower, used to support
an overhead power line.
In electrical grids, they are generally used to carry high-
voltage transmission lines that transport bulk electric
power from generating stations to electrical substations; utility
poles are used to support lower-voltage sub-
transmission and distribution lines that transport power from
substations to electric customers. They come in a wide variety of shapes
and sizes. Typical height ranges from 15 to 55 m (49 to 180 ft.), though
the tallest are the 380 m (1,247 ft.) towers of a 2,656 m (8,714 ft.) span
between the islands Jintang and Cezi in China's Zhejiang province. The
longest span of any hydroelectric crossing ever built belongs to the
powerline crossing of Ameralik fjord with a length of 5,376 m
(17,638 ft). In addition to steel, other materials may be used, including
concrete and wood.
There are four major categories of transmission towers: suspension,
terminal, tension and transposition. transmission towers combine these
basic functions. Transmission towers and their overhead power lines
are often considered to be a form of visual pollution. Methods to reduce
the visual effect include undergrounding.
Three-phase electric power systems are used for high voltage (66- or
69-kV and above) and extra-high voltage (110- or 115-kV and above;
most often 138- or 230-kV and above in contemporary
systems) AC transmission lines. In some European countries, e.g.
Germany, Spain or Czech Republic, smaller lattice towers are used for
medium voltage (above 10 kV) transmission lines too. The towers must
be designed to carry three (or multiples of three) conductors. The
towers are usually steel lattices or trusses (wooden structures are used
in Australia, Canada, Germany, and Scandinavia in some cases) and
the insulators are either glass or porcelain discs or composite insulators
using silicone rubber or EPDM rubber material assembled in strings or
long rods whose lengths are dependent on the line voltage and
environmental conditions.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 WORKING PRINCIPLE
In this project be can show how to prevent our three phase transmission
line from fault and fire which is too much dangerous when any two
wires connect by human activity or by any other reason the line will cut
electricity from substation directly or with in a second. In second case if
fire is generated by short circuit or by birds or by any other reason the
line will cut electricity automatically from substation. In this project we
can show phase to phase fault we can prevent about city transmission
lines and other electrical equipment like transformer insulator and line
wires from this project we used relay in this project so that when wires
contact with each the wire senses and give signal to relay and then relay
triggers and closest the electricity from the substation we used 220 volt
AC supply in this project when fire generated in the transmission line
then NTC thermistor temperature sensor modules give signal to relay
and then related girls and cuts the electricity bill prevent our electrical
equipment by getting damage there are two types of indication system in
this project when fire is generated the fault occurs and one will be of
when two wires are connected with indicator then other three bulb will
be off so we can easily find the fault in the line. This project full work on
relay system and relay is an electrical switch so relay module when
received the signal then relay cut the electricity power.
 ADVANTAGE
 We can stop losses by line to line fault in transmission line.

 We can stop losses by ground to line fault in transmission line.

 We can stop losses by fire and temperature fault in transmission line.

 This project save fault in transmission line so our government money

save.

 It is play a vital role in ensuring the reliable and safe operation of

electrical power systems.

 Transport electrical energy efficiently and reliably over long

distance.

 Minimizing losses and maintaining power quality.

 DISADVANTAGES
1. For detect fault we need more sensor module for every tower.

2. Timing consuming training processes.

3. Careful analysis requirement due to lack of guarantee for

successful training due to over-fitting problem.

4. These lines visually pollute the areas where they are installed.

5. These lines suffer from problems such as terrorism, vandalism and

lightning etc.

6. Sometimes these lines come in the way of birds and low flying
aircrafts or drone which can be dangerous.
 APPLICATION
1. Telephone lines.
2. Traces in printed circuits boards.
3. Microwave application, e.g., Radar system, global positioning
system (GPS).
4. High frequency, e.g., Circuit boards etc.
5. Used for guiding electromagnetic waves.
 CONCLUSION
Since we have completed our project then after we have checked the
working of our project it is very well and works without any nuisance
and does not have any obstacle in it. We can use this project in our daily
life in transmission line. It is perfect project for the area where faults
occur in very short period of time. By this time we can prevent our
transmission line and other electrical equipment by using temperature
sensor and relay module from this project, we can show indication

system. It can also show fault which occurs in the line. And also In this
project we show how to save fault in transmission line and we make this
project and show successful working of project. So by our project
successful work our conclusion is this is best idea for safety many type
of fault.
 REFERENCE
 Literature Survey of Luminous, Su-Kam [Link]
 Literature Survey of Md. [Link] [Link]
 [Link]
 [Link]
 [Link]
 [Link]
 Various web pages form Google for search of Capstone project