Synchronous machines

Operation in alternator
Construction and principle:
An alternator consists of:
A stator: it is a laminated steel ring equipped
internally of notches in which are housed the
conductors of a three-phase winding (each winding
understand p coils so 2p beams.
A rotor: it is a ring made of sheet metal carrying p pairs of
alternating poles N - S. the magnetizing winding is
fed with direct current (excitation current Ie).This is
the polar wheel. This winding is sometimes replaced by
permanent magnets mainly in the field of small and
average powers.
Pr. BOULAALA M. Department of Electrical Engineering CI EEA S4 2015/2016 FST TANGIER 1
 Synchronous machines
Operation in alternator
Construction and principle:
There are two types of wheels
polar
The polar wheels at
smooth poles where the gap
is constant.
The polar wheels at
prominent poles where the gap
is variable.

2
 Synchronous machines
Operation in alternator
Construction and principle:
In the chapter 'Rotating Field' we saw that one
can produce three-phase EMFs at the terminals of a winding
three-phase when a magnetic field rotates relative to this
winding.
The heteropolar alternator includes:
A winding formed from a three-phase winding system with 2p
poles.
2. An inductor made of a system of 2p alternating poles.
One of the systems is mounted on the stator, the other on the rotor.
So, in principle, we can arrange the poles of the inductor.
indifferently to the stator or to the rotor
3
 Synchronous machines
Operation in alternator
Construction and principle:
We choose to place the inductor on the rotor for the
following reasons:
The rotor can travel along fixed field lines.
made of solid ferromagnetic material, therefore,
mécaniquement rigide. Lacarcassequiporteles
three-phase windings, subjected to a variable field, is
Puff pastry to limit iron losses.
The energy that must reach the excitation winding is
weaker than that which we collect at the terminals of the armature,
consequently, its transfer by a brush ring system
it's easier.
4
 Synchronous machines
Operation in alternator
Operation at no load:
Let it be a polar wheel with 2p poles
turning at the speed of Ω. Let there be a
including three
windings. A system of
tension triphasé apparaît aux bornes
of these windings:
1 = 2sin(θ)
√ − ) 1
2
2 = 2sin(θ)
√ − − 1)
3
4
3 = 2sin(θ
√ ϕ)− −1 )
3
2
With =
√2 5
 Synchronous machines
Operation in alternator
Running empty:
2k
=
√2
= winding coefficient
total number of winding conductors
Ω
= = 2 frequency
2
useful length; radius of the stator bore
maximum induction
2 objects
Let it be the maximum flow under a pole: =
From where = = ( ) Boucherot formula
√2
With = Kappa coefficient
√2
6
 Synchronous machines
Operation in alternator
No-load operation:
The term characteristic refers to
saw characteristic ( ) of the
e.m.f as a function of current
of excitement or called again
internal characteristic
The machine is built of
such sort which point of
functioning located
slightly above the elbow
de saturation. A variation of
the excitation emf generates
a weak variation of the f.e.m.
induce. 7
 Alternator
Operation under load
Induced magnetic reaction:
We will take an interest in order to
simplification, to a machine
bipolar. 1is confused with
the axis of phase 1;
so 1= 0.

1 = 2sin(θ)
√
2
2 = √ 2sin( − )
3
4
3 = 2sin(θ
√ ϕ− )
3

8
 Alternator
Operation under load
Induced magnetic reaction:
The machine operates under load, so it discharges.
a system of currents:

1 = 2sin(θ
√ ϕ− )
2
2 = 2sin(θ)
√ − −)
3
4ǂ
3 = 2sin(θ
√ ϕ− − )
3
With the phase shift between the
currents and the e.m.f

9
 Alternator
Operation under load
Réaction magnétique d'induit:
The system of currents 1 , 2 , 3 ) and create a field
turning that will geometrically add to the field
of excitation to give a resulting field responsible for
resultant electromotive force 1 , 2 , 3
Le système de courants ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) est sinusoïdal triphasé
so he will create a field in the following form:
3
= sin (bc− − 1 )
2
3
= 2sin √ − ( − 1)
2
With =2 √

10
 Alternator
Operation under load
Induced magnetic reaction:
On the axis 1:
3
= 2sin √ − ( )
2
The field is conflated with the axis of a phase when the
courant est maximum dans cette phase. ⃗ est dirigé selon
Ox1when − = so =+
2 2
the position of ⃗ resulting field in relation to
Let it be
Ox1and the position of ⃗ in relation to Ox1. If = 0,
= + or the machine is bipolar, soΩ = +
2 2
Where from − = +
2
11
 Alternator
Operation under load
Induced magnetic reaction:
On a =⃗ 0+ ⃗ ⃗
Some special cases:
= purely inductive charge
− =
Longitudinal induced reaction
demagnetizing

12
 Alternator
Operation under load
Induced magnetic reaction:

= purely resistive load

− =

13
 Alternator
Operation under load
Induced magnetic reaction:

= − :purely charged
capacitive
− =
Longitudinal induced reaction
magnetizing

14
 Alternator: Operation under load
Electrical equations of the machine:
The resulting total flowΦ (inductor flux + flux due to the
induced reaction) can be broken down into two terms:
the leak flowΦ which circulates mainly in the air:
Φ = ( is the leakage self-induction coefficient and i the
courant dans l’enroulement de l’induit)
the resulting magnetic flux that flows in the inductor,
the interspace and the inducedΦ

SoΦ = Φ + Φ = Φ +

15
 Alternator: Operation under load
Electric equations of the machine:
On aΦ = Φ + Φ = Φ +
and the induced emf is written as: = −
so = − ̅
where = ̅− − ̅
depends on the current of the inductor and the current of
the induced

16
 Alternator: Operation under load
Electrical equations of the machine:
We callℰ the instantaneous value of the magneto-force
motor (f.m.m) created byΦ .
ℰ can be broken down into:
- a f.m.mℰ( ) due to the polar wheel:
ℰ( ) = cos( )
- a f.m.mℰ ( ) due to the induced magnetic reaction:
3
ℰ( ) = √ 2sin (x− )
2
where M: number of induced turns supported by a pair of
poles
n: number of turns of a coil of the rotor (machine
elementary bipolar.

17
 Alternator: Operation under load
Electrical equations of the machine:
The linearity of Ampere's theorem allows us to write:
3
ℰ = ℰ ( )(+ )ℰ = cos +( 2sin
) − √ ( )
2
In complex, we obtain:
ℰ̅ = ( − −
)
Note 0the̅ complex vector such that :
̅ 0= + − − 2

With 0the maximum value of the resulting f.m.m

18
 Alternator: Operation under load
Electrical equations of the machine:
On a ̅0= + − −
2

Avec 0the maximum value of the resulting f.m.m.

It is noted that by supplying the polar wheel with a
current 0we obtain, in empty condition, an emf equal to , so the
point ( 0, ) belongs to the internal characteristic of the
machine. In the Fresnel plan the previous relationship
is written: ̅ 0= ̅+ ̅ or again: 0= ̅ + ̅ , ̅
with = ⁄ positive real number, called coefficient
equivalence or magnetic reaction coefficient
of induced.

19
 Alternator: Operation under load
Electrical equations of the machine:
The equations of voltages and currents of a
the winding of the alternator is written:
= −̅ − ̅
And
̅ 0= ̅ + ̅
with 0is the intensity of the excitation current that allows
to have, at no load, an effective value of f.e.m .
̅ 0and are in phase.
is rear framing in relation to 0 ̅

20
 Modeling of a three-phase alternator
Diagram of synchronous reactance (of Behn-Eschenburg):
Initially, we assume that the circuit
magnetic is not saturated, in this case the equations
previous ones simplify and the method of is obtained
Behn-Eschenburg. This method is reserved for
unsaturated alternators with smooth poles.
Dans le cas où l’alternateur n’est pas saturé, la linéarité
from Ampère's law implies that of the flux:
Φ = Φ0+ Φ
With:
Φ0 flux created by the polar wheel (no-load flux) that induces E0
Φ flux created by the induced currents (proportional to
induced current
21
 Modeling of a three-phase alternator
Diagram of synchronous reactance (of Behn-Eschenburg):

We thus obtain for the e.m.f:

= 0− ̅
hence the equation of the voltages of a phase of the alternator
is written:
̅ 0− RI̅ − jλωI − jlωI
V = Er- ̅ RI - jωλI = E ̅ ̅
We note: ω = λω + lω is the total reactance of a
winding or synchronous reactance of a phase of
the alternator.
We obtain: = 0− ̅− ̅
where E0depends only on the excitation current Ie

22
 Modeling of a three-phase alternator
Diagram of synchronous reactance (of Behn-Eschenburg):

On a : = 0− ̅− ̅
where E0depends only on the current of excitation Ie
Hence the equivalent circuit of a winding
from the alternator:

23
 Modeling of a three-phase alternator
Diagram of the synchronous reactance (by Behn-Eschenburg):
To determine the synchronous reactance, a measure is taken.
short-circuit test
The equation becomes:

0.00= ( + )̅
Soit en module
0= + (2 ) 2 =
We determine in relevant:
The internal characteristic 0= ( ) at frequency f
constant
The short-circuit characteristic = ( )

24
 Modeling of a three-phase alternator
Diagram of synchronous reactance (by Behn-Eschenburg):

We determine a relevant:
The internal characteristic
0= ( ) at frequency f
constant
The short characteristic
circuit = ( )
For a value of the 2
curves give 0and .
We calculate = 0ëë/
and we measure the resistance R of the winding, at the
operating temperature and we deduce

25
 Modeling of a three-phase alternator
Diagram of synchronous reactance (of Behn-Eschenburg):

This simplified diagram is widely used because it allows

to explain the functioning of the synchronous machine
supposedly unsaturated!

26
 Modeling of a three-phase alternator
Diagram of synchronous reactance (of Behn-Eschenburg):

However, the Behn-Eschenburg diagram does not

suitable for studies of saturated machines, in this
we refer to one of the two following diagrams:
the Potier diagram for pole machines
lisses.
Blondel's diagram for pole machines
prominent.

27
 Modeling of a three-phase alternator
Potier Diagram:

The Potier diagram is a translation of the equations

established previously,
These equations are only valid when the air gap is
the alternator is constant.
Le diagramme de Potierne s ’appliquequ’aux
smooth pole alternators, and whose magnetic state can
saturated or not.
The equations of the machine are:
= −̅ − ̅
And ̅ = ̅ 0− ̅

28
 Modeling of a three-phase alternator
Potter's Diagram:
The equations of the machine:
= −̅ − ̅
And ̅ = ̅ 0− ̅
The equivalent circuit of the machine can be represented by:

29
 Modeling of a three-phase alternator
Potter's Diagram:
The equations of the machine:
= −̅ − ̅
And ̅ = ̅ 0− ̅
The equivalent circuit of the machine can be represented by:

30
 Modeling of a three-phase alternator
Potter's Diagram:

The resistance of a winding measured at hot ≪

For a purely inductive load = ), the diagram
2
vectorial becomes:

31
 Modeling of a three-phase alternator
Potter's Diagram:

The resistance of a winding measured hot ≪

For a purely inductive load( = ) The equations
2
from the machine become:
≈ +
= +
=
It is therefore noted that the curve V = f(Ie) is and
= (purely inductive charge) is deduced from the curve at
2
see by a translation: ( ,− )

32
 Modeling of a three-phase alternator
Potter's Diagram:
To determine the elements
and we need:
The internal characteristic
0= ( )à =
A point ( , ) in
charge purement inductive
(try in Dewatté) for a
current given.
The point 0 ( , = 0)
corresponding to the short
circuit for the same
current that the trial in
dewatted.
33
 Modeling of a three-phase alternator
Potter's Diagram:
The curve containing the points P
and Po is deduced from the characteristic
empty by a translation
( ,− ).
To determine the elements of
this translation determines:
The point N such that PN = P0N0
The point M, intersection of the
right( ) (parallel with the part
internal characteristic line
with the internal characteristic.
Lepoint H, projection of measurement
thief
34
 Modeling of a three-phase alternator
Potter's Diagram:

The elements of translation

are:
= − 0=
= − =
Knowing the value of
current we deduce it
values of magnitudes and

35
 Modeling of a three-phase alternator
Blondel diagram (or double reaction):
The Blondel diagram is reserved for alternators.
prominent poles, whose magnetic state can be saturated.
To simplify the processing, we decompose the resulting flow.
in two parts:
Longitudinal flux
Flux transversal
We obtain therefore: = +
and the total flow:
= + = + +
We deduce the total induced emf
in a winding:
= + + = + − 36
 Modeling of a three-phase alternator
Blondel diagram (or double reaction diagram):

The transversal component circulates predominantly in

the air, therefore the magnetic circuit taken by this flow does not
Does not saturate.

If we call the active component of (current

d’induit), et laréactance cyclique transversaled’un
winding, we get:
=− ̅
And = −̅ − ̅
hence the electrical equation of the machine is written as:
= − = − − −

37
 Modeling of a three-phase alternator
Blondel Diagram (or double reaction diagram):
The longitudinal component due to the actions of the
polar wheel and the reactive component of current
the induced (in rear quadrature relative to ).
The intensity of fictive excitation allows to obtain
can be written:
= +
The equations of the machines can thus be summarized as:
= − − −
= +
̅
with is in rear quadrature with respect to 0and their
modules are linked by the internal characteristic.

38
 Modeling of a three-phase alternator
Blondel diagram (or double reaction):
The equations of the machines are:
= −̅ − ̅ −̅
̅ 0= ̅ +̅
with is in the rear quadrature with respect to 0and̅ their
modules are linked by internal characteristic.
Hence the corresponding vector diagram:

39
 Modeling of a three-phase alternator
Blondel diagram (or double reaction diagram):

In order to draw the diagram, we need:

the internal characteristic at the nominal speed for a
enrollment.
The resistance of a winding (measured hot)
Laréactance de fuite et lecoefficient d’équivalence
they are determined in the same way as for the
Potier diagram (tests on purely inductive load and
short-circuit test for the same armature current.
Transverse cyclic reactance .

40
 Modeling of a three-phase alternator
Blondel diagram (or double reaction diagram):

To determine the transverse cyclic reactance ,on

train the alternator rotor near its speed
the asynchronous food rolling of
the induced by three-phase nominal frequency tensions
(low tensions so that the machine does not get stuck in
moteur synchrone).
The rotating magnetic field, created by the rotor
(Ferraris' theorem), it slips relative to the wheel
polar (which does not rotate at synchronous speed) and
regularly switches from the transverse disposition to the
longitudinal disposition, and reciprocally.

41
 Modeling of a three-phase alternator
Blondel's diagram (or double reaction diagram):

Cyclic reactance passed =

+ then
of the transverse reaction, to = + = in
longitudinal reaction at constant induced tension
neglecting the resistance (R), the intensity of the current is called
by the induced evolves between:

And
=

42
 Modeling of a three-phase alternator
Blondel diagram (or double reaction diagram):

An oscilloscope allows you to measure the ratio:

+
= =

therefore deduces the transverse reactance .

corresponds to the synchronous reactance that we measure

by the method of Behn-Eschenburg.

43
 Characteristics of a three-phase alternator
No-load characteristic (internal characteristic):
This is the curve: 0= ( ),à = and =0

44
 Characteristics of a three-phase alternator
Short-circuit characteristic:
It is the curve = ( ),à = and = 0(test in
short-circuit) :

45
 Characteristics of a three-phase alternator
Characteristic under load:
It is the curve = ( ) , à = , = and =
We take over the charge or we predetermine it.
Corresponding curve to = andThe equation is 0 + 0is
called depot curve.

46
 Characteristics of a three-phase alternator
External characteristic:
It is the curve = ( ) , à = , = and =
We take over the charge or we predetermine it..

47
 Characteristics of a three-phase alternator
Adjustment features:
These are the curves
= ( )à = , =
and =
We collect them directly
or they are predetermined
Since alternators
operates at voltage
constant, these curves
allows the calculation of
excitation and devices
voltage regulation.

48
 Characteristics of a three-phase alternator
Caractéristiques de Mordey (courbes en V ou en U) :
These are the curves: = ( )à = , = , (à
= = )
These curves show the
behavior of a
alternator coupled to a
very powerful network.
If we act on the excitation, we
describes a U-shaped curve
power remains constant and
what changes is the factor
of power).
Sion wants to vary the power of the alternator, action is needed.
on the turbine flow rate. 49
 Coupling of a generator to a network

An alternating current power plant generally includes

several alternators. We have the choice between the use of a single
powerful alternator or power distribution
electric between multiple units.
It is the second solution that is preferable; no
only because in anticipation of an accident on the only
it would be necessary to have a backup machine
of the same power, but also because the power
demanded by a network is very variable: a single generator
planned for the maximum load would often operate at
charge variable and the average yield would be mediocre.

50
 Coupling of an alternator to a network
Electrical coupling conditions in parallel:

The coupling is done when the corresponding terminals of

the alternator and the network have the same potential.
Otherwise, the connection is accompanied by current.
important liable to cause drops in voltage at
line terminals, the disconnection of protection devices and
an important couple that could cause the breakup of
the rotor - turbine coupling.

51
 Coupling of a generator to a network
Electrical coupling conditions in parallel:

To avoid these risks, it is necessary to meet the conditions

following between the voltages at the terminals of the alternator and
the tensions at the terminals of the network:

Same order of succession of phases.

2. Same effective value of tensions.
3. Same frequency.
4. Homologous tensions in phase 1 1even
phase).

52
 Coupling of a generator to a network
Electrical coupling conditions in parallel:

In low voltage, we can use three connected lamps.

as shown in the figure, allow to verify all these
correct order of succession will give fires
flaps. The coupling occurs when the lights are turned off.

53
 Coupling of an alternator to a network
Electrical coupling conditions in parallel:

The coupling accuracy can be improved by the

next montage:

The lights are 'turning' and the coupling will be controlled at

the extinction of L1 and the equality of the luminances of L2 and L3.
54
 Coupling of an alternator to a network
Electrical coupling conditions in parallel:

For large alternators where a significant

precision we use a synchroscope; it is a small
single-phase asynchronous motor powered between two
homologous phases.
Lemoteur est arrêté à l'égalité des fréquenceset, Si
no, it indicates the sign and the deviation by its direction of rotation
frequencies.

55
 Protection of alternators
The poles of the coupling circuit breaker open in the event of:
short-circuit (a magnetic relay at maximum intensity)
per phase)
surcharge
lack of alternator tension,
overvoltage
return of power (in order to avoid the synchronous machine
does not work in motor and does not drive the diesel or the
turbine, which is not the intended purpose!)
differential protection against internal faults
the alternator (we check that + + = )
mass defect,
machine protections that drive the alternator
(speed, oil pressure,...).
56
 Synchronous machine
Operation in Engine
Reversibility of the machine
When a synchronous machine is coupled to a grid, the transfer
energy depends on the machine mechanically coupled to the rotor. If
this machine exhibits torque, it tends to drive the
polar wheel beyond synchronous speed. This speed
being imposed by the network, the rotor then creates a system of poles
fictitious ones that slow down the real poles in their movement.
Energy goes from the charge to the network: alternator operation.
Conversely, if the machine coupled to the rotor exhibits a torque
resistant, the real poles will be hindered by the load and the poles
fictitious now exert a motor couple by driving the poles
real at the synchronization speed set by the network. The energy will
from the network to the load: motor operation.

57
 Synchronous machine
Operation in Engine
Starting and coupling of a synchronous motor
The synchronous motor only exhibits torque at
synchronization, it cannot therefore start, on its network
power supply, in synchronous motor.
We then make use of various starting methods:
Use an auxiliary engine to power the machine
synchrone à vide jusqu'à la vitesse du synchronisme et effectuer
the coupling on the network.
Start the machine with an asynchronous motor. Using the
mass of the polar wheel, the shock absorber cage (shock absorbers of
Leblanc) and the short-circuited inductor winding, we use
so the starting techniques of an asynchronous rotor motor
in short circuit (autotransformer for example)
Feed the variable frequency motor: converter
frequency electronics for example. 58
 Synchronous machine
Operation in Engine
Operating equations:
The synchronous motor and the alternator are one machine.
used in different operating conditions.
The synchronous motor is represented by the same
equations and diagrams, that the alternator, with the conventions
receptors.
Ben Echembourg
In the chosen sign conventions, the diagram
the equivalent is given by:

The voltage equations:

= 0+̅ + ̅

59
 Synchronous machine
Operation in Engine
FUNCTIONING EQUATIONS
Potter
The equivalent diagram
is given by :
The equations of tensions:
= +̅ + ̅
̅ = ̅ 0+ ̅

Vector diagram :

60
 Synchronous machine
Operation in Engine
OPERATING EQUATIONS
Simplified bipolar diagram of Blondel
The simplified bipolar diagram is analogous to
that of Behn-Eschenburg, if one neglects the
resistance of a winding in front of its reactance,
on obtient le diagramme suivant :

61
 Synchronous machine
Operation in Engine
FUNCTIONING EQUATIONS
Simplified bipolar diagram of Blondel
It is noted that:

= =
3
=

=
=

With and are the active and reactive powers

absorbed by the machine 62
 Synchronous machine
Operation in Engine
Operation at constant active power:
The power supply voltage = and =
It is noticed that:
= = and = > car >0

63
 Synchronous machine
Motor Operation
Operation at constant active power:
= ′= ′ = 0car ′= 0
2
3
Lω
3 = "= 3V
Q < 0car" < 0
With , , ′ andQ"
are the powers
active and reactive
absorbed by the
machine for
different
phase shifts between the
current and voltage.

64
 Operation in Engine
Operation at constant active power:
It is noted that by acting on the excitation, the motor
synchronous can be like:
[Link] resistive load (point )
2. Charge inductive (point 1 )
3. Charge capacitive (point )

65
 Operation in Engine
Synchronous compensator:
We train the machine in a vacuum and act on the excitation (we
neglect the no-load losses, point H will be on A), the motor
synchronous can behave like:
A self is pure when it operates in under-excitation,
A pure capacity when it operates in overexcitation.
The diagram is reduced, in this last case, to:

66
 Fonctionnement en Moteur
Synchronous compensator:
On a = −
So = +
And = =−
Knowing the reactive power to be supplied, we calculate it.
armature current, and the voltage equation allows to
calculate the open circuit emf, from which we deduce the current
corresponding excitation (internal characteristic)

Pr. BOULAALA M. Electrical Engineering Department CI EEA S4 2015/2016 FST TANGIER 67