Justification

Due to poor dietary habits, the frequency of overweight patients increases every day.
bringing with it a significant number of complications associated with this disease,
aold ageand premature death. There are also negative social and psychological effects.
overweight individuals are often the subject of ridicule and this leads toproblemsemotional
not easily expressed, which is why they suffer.
Theobesityit is related to the following aspects and consequences:
15% of thepopulationspend more than 2 hours a day watching thetelevision, and coincides with the
percentage that has a higher Body Mass Index.
82% believe that it is viewed worse socially awomanobese than amanin the same
situation.
65% believe that apersonslim finds it easier when it comes to finding aworkthat one
person with excess weight.
72%, both men and women, believe that excess weight is an impediment when it comes to
find a romantic partner.
So important for controlling obesity. In the general population, we find that a
16% do not engage in any type of activity, either habitual or sporadic.
Of all those who want to lose weight, about 40% are motivated by aesthetic reasons and
no ofhealth.
Of the people with overweight, only 57% have tried to solve their problem and of all of them,
less than 6% would advise someone in their environment to go to the doctor to solve a
similar problem.
Of those who wish to lose weight, 87% opt for natural and simple methods and prefer to treat themselves.
withproductsnatural and not with drugs. Despite that:
92% would copy themethodwhat has worked with someone known.
Only 20% would see a doctor to lose weight and, always, as a last resort.
51% confess that they have tried to lose weight by doing something that could endanger their health.
31% have made the calls"dietsmiracle
7% have chosen to stop eating.
4% eat but vomit.
3% choose to eat only one type of food per day.

Introduction
One of the most common problems associated withlifestylethe current is the excess weight.
La obesidad y el sobrepeso son graves problemas que suponen una creciente carga económica
about theresourcesNationals. Fortunately, this evil can be largely prevented if it
they introduce the appropriate changes in lifestyle.
What is obesity?
It is a chronic disease originating from many causes and with numerous complications, it
is characterized by excess fat in the body and occurs when the Body Mass Index
Corporal in adults is greater than 25 units.
Obesity does not [Link] ofskin, edad, nivel socioeconómico, sexor geographical situation.
Previously, a person with overweight was considered someone who enjoyed
good health, however it is now known that obesity has multiple consequences in our
health.
Except for people who are very muscular, those whose weight exceeds by 20%
one hundred or more the midpoint of thescaleof weight according to thevalueweight/height standard, are
considered obese. Obesity can be classified as mild (20 to 40% overweight),
moderate (from 41 to 100 percent overweight) or severe (more than one hundred percent overweight). The
Obesity is severe in only 0.5 percent of obese people.
However, there is no satisfactory definition for this disease, nor a proportion.
from weight to size where we can define the associated diseases and complications that
they limit and shorten life.
Obesity is a threat to life, it is a progressive and chronic disease of
epidemic proportions that affect the whole world.
Causes
Obesity is the result ofconsumptionof an amount ofheatI wouldis greater than those that the body
uses. Genetic and environmental factors influence body weight, but their interaction
The method to determine a person's weight is not yet clarified.
Genetic factors:investigationsrecent studies suggest that, on average, the
influencegeneticscontributes about 33 percent to the body's weight, but this
influence can be greater or lesser in a particular person.
Socioeconomic factors: these factors strongly influence obesity, especially among the
women. In some developed countries, the frequency of obesity is more than double among the
women of low socioeconomic status than those of higher status. The reason why the factors
socioeconomic factors have such a powerful influence on the weight of women that it is not understood
complete, but it is known that measures against obesity increase with social level. Women who
belong togroupsfrom a higher socioeconomic level have moretimeand resources for making diets
and exercises that allow them to adapt to these social demands.
Psychological factors: emotional disorders, which were once considered as
an important cause of obesity is currently considered as a reaction to the strong
prejudices and thediscriminationagainst obese individuals. One of the types of emotional disorder,
theimageBody negativity is a serious problem for many young obese women. This leads to
to ainsecurityeextreme anxiety and discomfort in certain social situations.
Factors related todevelopment: an increase in size or number ofcellsbutterflies, or both, they
add to the amount offatsstored in the body. Obese people, especially those who have
developed obesity during thechildhood, they can have a number of fat cells up to five
times greater than the weight of normal people. Since the number of cells cannot be reduced,
You can lose weight just by decreasing the amount of fat in [Link].
Activityphysics: reduced physical activity is probably one of the main reasons for the
increase in obesity among people of thesocietiesopulent. In some, theStates
United, for example, obesity is now twice as common as it was in 1900, even though the
the average number of calories consumed daily has decreased by 10 percent. People
Sedentary people need fewer calories. An increase in physical activity causes people with weight
Normal eat more, but it may not be the same for obese people.
Hormones: Some hormonal disorders can cause obesity, such as Cushing's syndrome.
adrenal insufficiencydiabetesetc.
Injury of thebrain: only in very few cases, a brain injury, especially of the hypothalamus,
it can result in obesity.
Medications: certain medications commonly used cause weight gain, such as prednisone (a
corticosteroids) and many antidepressants, as well as many other drugs that are used for
treat psychiatric disorders.
Symptoms
The accumulation of excess fat beneath the diaphragm and in the thoracic wall can
to exercisepressurein the lungs, causing difficulty breathing and suffocation, even with a
minimal effort. The difficulty in thebreathingit can severely interfere with sleep,
causing a temporary stop in breathing (sleep apnea), which leads to drowsiness
during the day and other complications.
Obesity can cause various orthopedic problems, including pain in the lower back area.
back and worsening of osteoarthritis, especially in the hips, knees, and ankles. The
Skin disorders are particularly common. Given that the obese have a surface
low corporal in relation to its weight, cannot efficiently eliminate body heat,
so they sweat more than thin people. Swelling of the
feet and ankles, caused by the accumulation at this level of small to moderate amounts
of liquid (edemas).
Complications
Obese people run ariskto be more likely to get sick or die from any illness, injury or
accident, and this risk increases proportionally as their obesity increases.
Abdominal obesity has been linked to a much higher risk of coronary disease and with
three of its main risk factors: thehypertensionarterial, diabetes onset in age
adulthood and the elevated concentrations of fats(lipids) ein theblood. The reason why obesity
abdominal increase theserisksit is unknown, but it is a proven fact that, in people
with abdominal obesity, they are reduced with significant weight loss. Weight loss lowers the
blood pressure in most people who have hypertension and allows more than half
of the people who develop adult diabetes to suppress insulin or other pharmacological treatment.
Certain types of cancer are more common in obese individuals than in those who are not, such asthe
cancerof the mother, of the uterus and of the ovaries in women and colon cancer, rectal cancer and prostate cancer in
Men. Menstrual disorders are also more common in obese women and the disease.
gallbladder disease occurs three times more often in them.
Types of obesity
According to thedistributionThere are the following types of body fat:
Android obesity: It is located on the face, neck, trunk, and upper part of the abdomen. It is the most
frequent in males.
Gynoid obesity: It predominates in the lower abdomen, hips, buttocks, and glutes. It is more common in
women.
How is obesity classified?
Considering its onset, it is classified as childhood or adult obesity, taking into account the distribution.
of excess body fat in trunk and shoulder obesity and trunk and hip obesity, but for
For forecasting and treatment purposes, obesity is classified according to body mass index or
IMC likeclassI (moderate), Class II (severe) or Class III (fatal).
A BMI between 25 and 29 is considered overweight, except in people who are 5 feet (150cm) tall or shorter.
where class I obesity is reached with a BMI of 27 and class III or morbid with a BMI of 35 (instead of
There is no specific body mass index (BMI) or weight-to-height ratio in which
We can say that the associated diseases that shorten life and limit it will appear.
Obviously, the risk of developing them is greater the higher the BMI and the earlier obesity occurs.
corrected, but associated diseases will be avoided and prevented. Even this classification is
Subjectively, individuals with class I obesity report symptoms of class III and present with its complications.
while others who have been diagnosed as class III do not have them, this last example is very
related to age, it commonly happens among young people, once overweight and obesity
They have appeared, it's just a matter of time, this is the reason why each case must be diagnosed.
and studied individually, the prognosis must be explained to the patient as well as the options for
treatment. The person who suffers from overweight and obesity needs to be diagnosed as soon as
it is possible regardless of its symptoms, since without the diagnosis, one cannot discuss the
diagnosis with the patient, nor establish an appropriate treatment and therefore the patient does not
will enjoy a significant and consistent weight loss.

Definition

Obesity is defined as an increase in adipose tissue, which is manifested by an increase in

body weight.

Obesity itself is a chronic disease. It is associated with an increase in

mortality and morbidity or prevalence of multiple diseases (diabetes, hypertension,
hypercholesterolemia, gastrointestinal problems, arthritis, respiratory disorders, dermatological and
endocrinologists, gallstones, cancer, ...

Incidence

Obesity is the most common metabolic disorder in developed countries, affecting 25%
for 100 of the population; the prevalence in childhood is about 3 per 100; one in two
people over 50 years old are obese.

Causes

In most cases, obesity is due to an imbalance in energy balance (the intake

exceeds the expenditure).

In certain cases, it may be due to genetic alterations, endocrine diseases (syndrome of

Cushing, hypothyroidism, hypogonadism, ...), drugs and even neurological diseases.

The possibility that there are mutations of the gene that codes for some receptors is being studied.
the hormone adrenaline called beta-3. By decreasing the activity of this gene, there would be a
Retention of lipids in fat cells, which leads to an increase in adipose tissue.

In general, it can be stated that the origin of obesity is both genetic and environmental.
including excessive calorie intake, low physical activity, social and economic factors and
metabolic and endocrine alterations.

Diagnosis

How to know if one is obese? The most commonly used method in Primary Care to measure the amount
body fat is the body mass index (BMI), which is obtained from the ratio of weight
subject in kilograms and height in centimeters squared. The values ranging between 25 and 30
A weight above 30 is considered obesity.

Treatment

Treating obesity is difficult. The first thing to keep in mind is that it is a disease.
chronic and therefore not of quick resolution.

1. Modify eating habits (reduce calorie intake).

2. Increase physical exercise.
3. Pharmacological treatment, when indicated.
4. Obesity surgery: It is only considered in cases of morbid obesity (pathological obesity)
grave).

When starting a hypocaloric diet, first the reserves of glycogen and proteins are consumed.
losing approximately 0.5 kg per day.

It is not until the fifth or seventh day that adipose tissue begins to be used as body fuel.
that is, the desired objective. It must be understood, therefore, that negative energy balance
(burning more calories than consumed) must be maintained for a long time.

A deficit of 3,500 kcal is required to lose 0.5 kg of body fat. In general, one does not
it recommends a weight loss greater than 0.5-1 kg per week. Additionally, it must be taken into account
that energy needs are decreasing, approximately 12 Kcal/day less per kilogram of
lost weight.

It has been found that individuals whose body weight fluctuates widely are more prone to
suffer from heart diseases and even premature death than those who keep it relatively constant. For
Therefore, the most prudent attitude is to try to lose weight at a sustainable and manageable pace and avoid entering
in alternating periods of rapid weight loss that is then regained.