Nombre: Juan Maria Zamorano

Curso: Auto A grupo 2

Task topic 4

The cylinders start to be numbered:

On the opposite side to the power take-off and in V engines also by the left block.

2. Which of the following statements is true regarding the pre-chambers of a diesel engine?

The pre-combustion chambers and the turbulence chambers correspond to diesel injection engines.
indirect.

The cross-section of the segment that has the greatest capacity to transfer heat is:

Rectangular

4. One of the objectives aimed at practicing the centering of the bolt in relation to the
the center of the piston is:

Reduce the forces on the walls of the cylinder during expansion and compression.

5. The interval between firings of a six-cylinder four-stroke engine is:

120º

6. Balancing axes can compensate:

All of the above

A bimass flywheel helps to reduce:

8. The distribution system that drives the camshaft in the cylinder head is:

The OHC and the DOHC

9. The linear expansion of a valve due to temperature depends on:

all of the above

10. The drive type of the valves that has the least inertia in movement and friction is:

- El banco flotante de rodillo.

Summary
4.1 Fixed elements

4.1.1 Block

The block is the most important supporting element of the engine, as others are attached to it.
components both fixed and moving and is also responsible for supporting the transmitted stresses
by the moving elements of the engine and the pressure of the gases in the cylinders. The basic requirements:

It must have a high rigidity in order to minimize its deformation.

Its mass must be elevated in order to absorb noise and vibrations.

It must be equipped with ducts for lubrication and cooling.

The block can be cooled by water or air; in the case of water cooling, the cylinders
they have around them some conduits with cooling water to dissipate the heat. For the engines
Airlifted, the cylinders are usually installed independently of each other, each one is surrounded
for cooling fins whose objective is to have a wide contact surface that allows
transferir la calor al aire.

The block is subjected to two types of solicitations, the mechanical and the thermal. The solicitations
mechanics are due to the forces generated by the compression of air or mixture by the
combustion and the movement of the movable elements.

Thermal requests are generated by the high temperatures reached in combustion and by the
own friction of the piston with the cylinders.

Types of cylinder: Cylinders can be classified based on the type of sleeve as:

Cylinders without sleeves: The blocks that incorporate cylinder types are also called blocks
integrals. In them, the shirt is directly machined into the block.

Dry sleeve cylinder: The cylinder is machined in the block and a sleeve is pressed into it.
pared delgada sobre la que se desliza el pistón en su movimiento alternavido.

Cylinder wall moisture: It is due to the wall being in direct contact with the fluid.
soda.

Arrangement of the cylinders:

In line: The cylinders are located in a single cylinder block one after the other.

Opposite or boxer: Extreme case of an engine in V. With an angle of 180º. One of the advantages of this
The motor is the lowering of the vehicle's center of gravity and allows for the installation of a smaller crankshaft.
length.

In V: The cylinders are distributed in two blocks that adopt a U shape between them.
normally between 60º and 90º.

In VR: The cylinders are arranged to form a reduced U shape of about 15º. It allows for mounting a
unique butt, limiting the weight and time in repair and maintenance operations.

The configuration of the cylinders is characterized by having the cylinders arranged in two blocks.
forming a V, normally at 72° and each block in a narrow V of 15°.

Numbering of cylinders: These standards establish that the numbering of the cylinders begins
from the opposite side of the power take-off, that is, from the side opposite to the flywheel.

Materials: The materials used must comply with requirements for rigidity and thermal conductivity.
to easily dissipate heat, corrosion resistance, and manufacturability. The block can be built in:

Iron casting or gray casting: It is used in blocks with dry sleeve, wet sleeve, and without
camisa, con aleación de cromo-niquel, para poder resistr a la corrosión debida al proceso de
big fire.

Aluminum casting: It is used in integral blocks, especially those made of aluminum.

Damage: the damage to the block mainly occurs in the walls of the cylinders.

-Wear: The cylinders achieve a certain ovality in their cross section and a certain
knowledge in its longitudinal section.

Seizure: When the engine has experienced a lack of lubrication or cooling of the parts, piston and
segments can expand to the point that welding occurs between these elements and the
walls of the cylinder.

4.1.2 Cylinder head

The cylinder head is the element that is fixed to the block at its top, enclosing the cylinders and that contains
the following elements:

Intake and exhaust pipes.

-Elementos del sistema de distribución

Cooling and lubrication ducts

Holes for the spark plugs

The buttstock must possess the following qualities:

Be resistant to the pressure of gases

Having a good capacity to dissipate heat

A high turbulence of the intake fluid to favor the mixing of gasoline and air

A flame front that moves rapidly and as uniformly as possible

Minimize heat loss

Avoid detonation

In gasoline engines, the following types of combustion chambers are distinguished.

In bathtub shape: The corners due to its shape may be susceptible to accumulating soot and
favor the detonation.

In wedge shape: The sweeping effect at the moment of valve crossing is penalized by not being
facing the intake valve with the exhaust valve.
In hemispherical form: offers greater advantages by preventing heat transfer during the
combustón y minimizando el recorrido del frente de llama. Además permite instalar las vávulas de
admission and exhaust faced, which increases the sweeping effect during the crossing of
válvulas.

Cylinder heads for diesel engines: They must maximize the turbulence of the air entering the cylinder.
The combustion chambers most commonly used in automotive engineering can be classified:

Pre-combustion chamber: The air, once compressed, enters through the openings in the pre-chamber.
The injector injects the fuel and it begins to ignite, expanding towards the cylinder through
los orificios.

Turbulence chamber or Ricardo-Eat: The precamera communicates with the combustion chamber
main through an opening where compressed air enters during the compression phase to the
pre-chamber, the injector injects the fuel, which then passes to the cylinder through the duct.

Combustion chamber machined in piston: The injection pressures must be very high.
order of 1800 bars and the only way to generate turbulence is to install injectors with multiple orifices,
normally 5 and with the toroidal shape of the combustion chamber in the piston. It is still necessary
install a glow plug to facilitate cold starting.

Materials: The most common materials are:

Iron foundry

Aluminum alloy

Damage: The most common damages to a cylinder head are usually caused by overheating.
deforming the joint planes, thermal post-tensioning cracks due to a cooling failure.

Cylinder head gasket: It is a component that ensures the seal between the cylinder block and the cylinder head.

4.1.3 Rocker cover

It is the element that closes the engine from the top and is bolted to the cylinder head, intervening a
rubber joint.

Materials: Steel sheet, aluminum, and currently the use of plastic is very widespread.

Damage: Oil leak through the sealing joint with the cylinder head.
4.1.4 Bench

The bracket is responsible for holding the alternative train and fixing it to the cylinder block, through its
bearings, in which the crankshaft supports are housed.

There are bench supports, the first ones are part of the block and their caps are the supporting bearings.
they are directly screwed to it. The second ones are used in engines with the aluminum block or in
Some diesel engines have all the supports connected in a piece called lower semi-sump.

Material: The benches that are part of the block are usually made of cast iron. In the engines
with a lower semicarter the material used is a lightweight aluminum alloy and in the case of large
welded sheet diesel engines.

Damage: It is not common for the bench to suffer damage except for excessive vibration caused by imbalance.
of the elements of the alternative train that can cause cracks or deformations. and the screws of
Fixation with the block may undergo elongations.

-4.1.5 Carter

The crankcase is the component that closes the engine at its lower part and contains an oil reservoir.
lubrication.

-Materials: aluminum or sheet metal

-Damage: in the event that the engine has suffered an impact, it is unlikely to be damaged.

4.1.6 Collectors

Intake manifold: It is responsible for introducing air or the mixture of air and fuel into the
intake pipes of the cylinder head. The materials are usually aluminum casting or plastic.

Exhaust collector: It is responsible for evacuating the burnt gases after combustion to the line of
and are usually made of cast iron.