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6 views6 pagesStructural Design Principles and Elements
This document describes the basic structural elements and their classification. Structural elements are classified according to their dimensionality (one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or three-dimensional), geometric shape, and predominant stress state. Common elements such as beams, columns, plates, and cables are described, and concepts such as strength, stiffness, and elastic instability are explained. Finally, linear planar and curved surface structural elements are analyzed.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
6 views6 pagesStructural Design Principles and Elements
This document describes the basic structural elements and their classification. Structural elements are classified according to their dimensionality (one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or three-dimensional), geometric shape, and predominant stress state. Common elements such as beams, columns, plates, and cables are described, and concepts such as strength, stiffness, and elastic instability are explained. Finally, linear planar and curved surface structural elements are analyzed.
Translated by
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© All Rights Reserved
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN II
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
It is each of the differentiated yet linked parts in which it can
to be divided a structure for the purpose of its design. The design and checking of
these elements are made according to the principles of theengineering
structuraland thematerial resistance.
In the case ofconstructionsthese have names that identify them
clearly although in several countries, these names change. Basically the
structural elements can have uniaxial, biaxial, or
triaxial according to their dimensionality and according to each of the directions
There may exist both tensions and compressions, and finally
that state can be uniform over certain cross sections or vary from
point by point of the section. Structural elements are usually classified into
virtue of three main criteria:
Dimensionality of the element, as they can be modeled as
one-dimensional elements (beams, arches, pillars), two-dimensional (plates,
sheets, membranes) or three-dimensional.
Geometric shape and/or position, the specific geometric shape affects the
details of the structural model used, such as whether the piece is straight like a beam or
curve like a bow, the model must incorporate these differences, also the
Position or orientation affects the type of stress state that the element has.
Tensional state and/or predominant solicitations, the types of stresses
predominant can betraction(membranes and cables),compression
(pillars)flexion(beams, arches, plates, sheets) ortwist(transmission axes,
etc.).
The structural elements are designed, that is, calculated or
designed to meet a series of requirements, which often include:
BASIC STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
STRUCTURAL DESIGN II
Criterion of resistance, consistent in to check what
the maximum tensions do not exceed certain admissible stresses for the
material from which the element is made.
Rigidity criterion, consisting of the action of forces
the applied deformations or displacements obtained do not exceed
certain admissible limits.
Stability criteria, consisting of verifying that deviations of
the real forces on the expected charges do not cause effects
self-amplified what they can to produce loss of balance
mechanical or elastic instability.
Functionality criteria, which consists of a set of conditions
auxiliaries related to the requirements and requests that may arise
during the useful life or use of the structural element.
Resistance
To verify the adequate resistance of a structural element, it is
It is necessary to calculate the tension (force per unit area) that occurs in a
structural element under the action of the applied forces. Given a
specific combination or distribution of forces, the value of the stresses is
proportional to the value of the acting force and the type of structural element.
In linear elements, the tension vector at each point can be expressed in
function of the intrinsic tension components and the tangent, normal vectors
and binormal:
And the two main stresses that characterize the state of stress of a beam
the straight lines are given by:
BASIC STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
STRUCTURAL DESIGN II
From there, the parameters of the appropriate failure theories can be calculated.
according to the material that forms the structural element. In elements
bidimensional that can be approximately modeled by the hypothesis
Kinematics of Love-Kirchhoff, which plays an analogous role to Navier's theory.
Bernoulli for beams, the stress vectors according to planes perpendicular to
the curvature lines are given in terms of the tangent vectors to the
curvature lines and the normal vector to the two-dimensional element by means of:
Rigidity
The stiffness of a structural element is a tensor that links the tensor of
the forces applied with the coordinates of the deformations or
unit displacements. In a structural element, there is a set of
stiffness parameters that relate to the forces produced when applying a
unit displacement in particular. The displacement coordinates
necessary and sufficient to determine the entire deformed configuration of a
They are called degrees of freedom.
In a material with elastic behavior, the forces correlate with
the deformations through equations of straight lines that pass through the origin
cartesian whose slopes are the so-called modules of elasticity. The concept
The simplest rigidity is axial rigidity, which is formulated in the law of
Hooke.
The slope that correlates axial stress with unit strain
Axial is referred to as Young's modulus. In an isotropic material, the slope that
BASIC STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
STRUCTURAL DESIGN II
correlates axial effort with lateral unit deformation
denominationPoisson's coefficient.
The minimum number of displacement coordinates needed to
the deformed configuration of a body is referred to as the degrees of freedom
of freedom. The so-called Hooke's law can be extended to correlate
in a matrix way the stiffness with the degrees of freedom and express it like this
deformed configuration of the element or body under study.
The concept of rigidity can be extended to studies of
stability in which the "detrimental" rigidity offered by the geometry is investigated
element.
Elastic instability
Elastic instability is a phenomenon of non-linearity that affects
reasonably slender structural elements, when subjected to
combined compression efforts with bending or torsion.
Limit states
The limit state method is a method used in various
instructions and calculation rules (Eurocodes, CTE, EHE, etc.) consisting of
consider a set of requests or potentially risky situations and
check that the effect of the acting forces and loads on the
Structural elements do not exceed the maximum responses acceptable by
of the element. Some of the typical Boundary States are:
Limit States Last (LSL)
ELU of exhaustion for solicitation normal
(bending, tension, compression)
ELU of exhaustion due to tangential solicitation (shear, torsion).
BASIC STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
STRUCTURAL DESIGN II
Elastic instability (Buckling, etc.)
Equilibrium ELU.
Service Limit States (SLS)
ELS of excessive deformation. (deformation, displacement)
Excessive vibration ELS. (vibrations)
Durability ELS (oxidation, cracking, etc.)
LINEAR ELEMENTS OF PLANE AND CURVED SURFACE
Linear or one-dimensional elements or mechanical prisms, they are
generally subjected to a state of flat tension with stresses
large in the direction of the barycentric line (which can be straight or curved).
Geometrically they are elongated, being the dimension according to that line (height,
light, or arc length), much greater than the dimensions according to the section
transversal, perpendicular at each point to the barycentric line.
The simplest elements that can be identified in a structure
they are those that are molded like lines, that is, they have one of their
dimensions much larger than the other two. These elements will be addressed here in
function of the type of solicitation that predominates in them. Among the most common examples
Simple cases can be distinguished: the tension as a straight axis element.
subject to a load acting in the direction of its axis, and the hanging cable that serves
to withstand transverse loads and takes the appropriate configuration for each
loading system that is subjected.
The most common linear elements are according to their position and shape:
Verticals, tablets y rectos:Column(section circular
opillars(polygonal section)pilot(foundation).
BASIC STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
STRUCTURAL DESIGN II
Horizontal, bent, and straight:beamoarchitrave, lintel, zapata
runningfor foundation, support strap for cover.
Diagonals and straights: Bracing bars of St. Andrew's crosses,
diagonal bars of alatticethe triangulated framework, in this case the
Efforts can be of dominant bending, dominant traction, or dominant compression.
Bent and curved, which correspond tocontinuous arches when the
efforts are made according to the curvature plane or tobalcony beams when the
efforts are perpendicular to the curvature plane.