Presented by:

Cristian Tarazona
Javier Ricardo Panche

System
LINUX Operation
DEFINITION:
GNU (GNU's Not Unix) Linux is a Unix-like operating system.
characterized mainly by being free distribution, multiplatform,
multi-user and multi-tasking. This system is the combination of several
projects among which GNU stands out, led by Richard Stallman and
the Free Software Foundation and its KERNELL Linux led by Linus
Torvalds.
It is worth clarifying that although this operating system is known as
In everyday jargon, Linux is just the KERNEL and the GNU Project.
it is the set of applications that function around it, in addition to the
mentioned core the components of GNU, which range from the
compilers to desktop environments, forming an operating system
functional for the needs of a basic PC up to servers and super
computers.
HISTORY
A brief overview of Unix is important as this OS is the foundation of
GNU project and Linux, the system was created and implemented in the
Bell Laboratories of AT&T in the United States by Ken Thompson,
Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna in 1971. Initially the
Unix code was written in assembly language as this was the
most common practice of that time, in 1973 in an innovative initiative
the OS was rewritten in C language by Dennis Ritchie, except for the
core and the input and output system. The use of a high-level language
level made Unix a portable system to different platforms
computation
HISTORY
The GNU project began in 1983 with the goal of creating an operating system
compatible with Unix entirely composed of free software. Richard
Stallman founded the Free Software Foundation in 1985 to fund the project and
In 1989, he wrote the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL). At that time already
Many programs that are required in a system were in operation.
operating, such as libraries, compilers, text editors, and systems
windows, but elements like device controllers and Daemon (processes
(background) were still in development.
In 1991, Linus Torvalds, an assistant at the University of Helsinki, began to
develop your own kernel but somewhat hindered by MINIX licenses that
were limited to educational use. Overcoming this obstacle, its development reached its
maturity surpassing the advantages of other cores, simultaneously GNU
he started replacing the MINIX applications, creating a completely free OS and
Torvalds changed the license type of his kernel to GPL, integrating it into the GNU project.
getting a fully functional OS.
Components
Kernel (System core):
Linux is the largely free Unix-based kernel, it is the most recognized.
worldwide and the largest example of free and open source code under the GPL license
(General Public License), originally developed by the then student of
computer science the Finnish Linus Torvalds and has been over the years
modified by a whole community of programmers worldwide, these
Modifications are carried out on the Linux Kernel Mailing List Archive (List of
Linux kernel mailing list.
The Linux README file indicates that it is a clone of the Unix operating system.
However, Linux is a kernel similar to the kernel of a Unix operating system.
In fact, it was initially published as a core similar to Minix 6, which in turn was
similar to Unix but with a microkernel concept instead of monolithic.
A micronucleus contains minimal functionality compared to a nucleus.
traditional monolithic. which consists of making minimal calls to the system to
implement basic services such as controlling address spaces,
process communication and basic planning (resource management)
executed as server processes in user space, reducing the
complexity and decentralization of failures, creation and debugging of
device drivers, making it portable between platforms.
Components
Graphical environment

GNU/LINUX can operate in graphical mode for end users.

home and business, and the console mode is for advanced users and
programmers, but implemented in server versions.
There are groups of programs that work together to form
the desktop environments that facilitate the use of the computer. Among the
most popular are GNOME, KDE SC, LXDE, Xfce, Unity, MATE and
Cinnamon.
KDE SC 4.10 Desktop
GNOME 3.0 desktop
XFCE Desktop 4.4
LXDE Desktop 0.5
Components
As a programming system
It has the ability to compile C, C++, Java, Ada, Pascal, D, and Fortran among others.
many other languages. It also supports various architectures of
processor through cross-compilation, which makes it a
suitable environment for heterogeneous developments. the majority of the
distributions have Python, Perl, PHP, and Ruby installed.
User applications
Among the most well-known applications are office software packages.
like Open Office and Star Office compatible with the extensions of
Microsoft. A wide variety of programs can also be found.
design and multimedia. The most popular applications in the market
they are currently bringing their version for Linux distributions (Adobe, Wirar,
browsers, media players
Versions
Prior to Linux distributions, one needed to have experience in
Unix, knowing its commands, libraries, executables to be able to start
the system, as well as knowing important details to be able to install it
and in turn configure the system and its devices.
Distributions began to emerge alongside the first core.
Linux, but there was still not a higher interest than that of creating an OS,
leaving aside applications, user interfaces or packages of
software.
Versions
Among the oldest distributions were included:

Two disks called H J Lu's 'Boot-root' with the kernel and a minimum of tools for
to use.

•MCC Interim Linux, which could be downloaded from a public FTP server of the University of
Manchester in February 1992.

TAMU, created by enthusiasts from Texas A&M University at the same time as SLS

SLS (Softlanding Linux System).

Yggdrasil Linux created the first CD-ROM of a Linux distribution.

Versions
Major GNU/Linux distributions

Ubuntu, for general use.

The largest and most widely used distribution in the world, developed and maintained by the company Canonical, is
it is oriented towards general uses and is characterized by its software compatibility and ease of use comparable to
Mac OS X or Windows, is the most representative of the Linux operating system. It has several versions, among
the ones that stand out: Ubuntu Desktop, Xubuntu, Lubuntu, and Ubuntu Server.

Fedora, for workstations and servers.

Distribution for general purposes, characterized by being stable and secure, which is developed and
maintained by the company Red Hat and an international community of engineers, graphic designers and
users who report faults and test new technologies. Their uses are more oriented towards development of
software and servers.

OpenSUSE, for system and service administration.

Distribution sponsored by SUSE Linux GmbH (an independent division of The Attachmate Group), and AMD.
It aims to provide a stable, powerful, and manageable operating system for advanced uses, but with
great ease.
Evolution (KERNEL)
Everything begins in 1991 with Torvalds developing his own kernel subsequently
called Linux, a Unix clone that was worked on in an OS called MINIX (made by
Richard Tanenbaum), which at times created limitations due to its type of licensing
educational.
Linus rewrites his code without including MINIX and based on UNIX code, achieving
a very stable and usable kernel, to later be made available to everyone,
taking advantage of the already famous resource known as the internet.
This generated multiple collaborations in the network contributing improvements to the kernel and
evolving their versions.
Evolution (KERNEL)
The 1x series of the Linux kernel was developed further until the
point of implementing the graphical user interface (GUI) in its version
1.0, thanks to the contribution of the XFree86 project in the year 1994,
year in which companies like Red Hat and SUSE also published their
version 1.0. Version 1.2 led to it being included in many more
computer platforms.

In the 2x series of the core, many important improvements are made.

making Linux-based operating systems an alternative
seria para el sector empresarial.
Evolution (KERNEL)
Version 2.0 can serve multiple processors at the same time.
Proprietary programs release versions for Linux, such as: The database Adabas D,
the Netscape browser and the StarOffice and Applixware office suites.
Large companies like IBM, Compaq, and Oracle announce support for their
products for Linux and start the development of a graphical user interface
called KDE facilitating users' access to the OS applications.
In version 2.2, code for network protocols is included and the
development of another graphical environment called GNOME that competes with KDE for the
ease of use for the OS
In 2001, version 2.4 was released, which supports 64-bit systems and devices.
USB
Version 2.6 begins to work hand in hand with integrated systems.
Evolution
Below you will be able to see the versions of the systems
most commonly used Linux-based operating systems today:
 Base Desktop applications
[Link] Server 252 Python25 GNOME25725 Firefox25926026 OpenOffice262
Version Linux Core 251 Wayland254 Perl256 GIMP264 Pidgin265 PiTiVi266
/X.Org253 5​ 8​ 1​ /LibreOffice263
4.10 2.6.8 (XFree86 4.3) — 2.3.4 5.8.4 2.8 0.9 1.1.2 2.0.2 1.0.0 —
5.04 2.6.10 (6.8.2) — 2.4.1 5.8.4 2.10 1.0.2 1.1.3 2.2.2 1.1.4 —
5.10 2.6.12 (6.8.2) — 2.4.2 5.8.7 2.12 1.0.7 2.0 2.2.8 1.5.0 —
6.06 LTS 2.6.15 1.0.2 / 7.0.0 — 2.4.2 5.8.7 2.14 1.5.3 2.0.2 2.2.11 1.5.0 0.10.0
6.10 2.6.17 1.1.1 / 7.1.1 — 2.4.3 5.8.8 2.16 2.0.0 2.0.4 2.2.13 2.0b3 0.10.1
7.04 2.6.20 1.2.0 / 7.2 — 2.5.1rc1 5.8.8 2.18 2.0.3 2.2.0 2.2.13 2.0b6 0.10.2
7.10 2.6.22 1.3.0 / 7.2 — 2.5.1 5.8.8 2.20 2.0.6 2.3.0 2.4.0rc3 2.2.1 0.10.3
8.04 LTS 2.6.24 1.4.1 / 7.3 — 2.5.2 5.8.8 2.22 3.0b5 2.4.0 2.4.5 2.4.1 0.11.1
8.10 2.6.27 1.5.2 / 7.4 — 2.5.2 5.10.0 2.24 3.0.3 2.4.1 2.6.1 2.5.2 0.11.1
9.04 2.6.28 1.6.0 / 7.4 — 2.6.2 5.10.0 2.26 3.0.8 3.0.1 2.6.6 2.5.5 0.11.3
9.10 2.6.31 1.6.4 / 7.4 — 2.6.4rc1 5.10.0 2.28 3.5.3 3.1.1 [Link].22670.13.3
10.04 2.6.32 (DRM from
1.7.6 / 7.5 — 2.6.5 5.10.1 2.30 3.6.3 3.2.0 2.6.8 2.6.6 0.13.4
LTS 2.6.33)268
10.10 2.6.35 1.9.0 / 7.5 — 2.6.6 5.10.1 2.32 3.6.10 3.2.1 2.6.10 2.7.3 0.13.5
April 11 2.6.38269 1.10.1 / 7.6 0.1 2.7.1 5.10.1 2.32.1 4.0 3.3.2270 2.6.11 2.7.11 0.13.5
11.10 3.0.4271 1.10.4 / 7.6 0.1.0 2.7.2 5.12.4 3.2 7.0 3.4.3 2.6.11 2.10.0 0.15
12.04
3.2.14272 1.11 / 7.6 0.85 2.7.3 5.14.2 3.4.1 11.0 3.5.2273 2.6.12 2.10.1 0.15
LTS
12.10 -274​ -/- - - - - - -275​ - - -
13.04 - -/- - - - - - - - - -
October 13 3.11.0-12.19276 1.14.5 / 7.7 1.1 3.32775.14.2 - 28 4.1.2~rc3278 2.8.6 - -
14.04
3.13 -/- - - - - - - - - -
LTS
14.10 4.2 1.17.2 / 7.7 1.8.1 - 5.20.2 3.14.2 - 5.0.5~rc2 2.8.14 2.10.9 -
April 16 [Link].3.14.
[Link].23 1.18.3 / 7.7 1.9.0 3.5 5.22.1 46 5.1.2 2.8.16 2.10.12 -
LTS 3
16.10 4.8 - - - - 3.22 - - - - -
17.10 - - - - - - - -
Version Codename Release date End of support70 Linux kernel version
1 Yarrow November 6, 20034 ​ 20 de septiembre de 2004 2.4.19
2 Tettnang May 18, 20046 ​ 11 de abril de 2005 2.5.5
3 Heidelberg November 8, 2004 ​ 16 de enero de 2006 2.6.9
4 Stentz June 13, 2005 ​ 7 de agosto de 2006 2.6.11
5 Bordeaux March 20, 2006 13 ​ 2 de julio de 2007 2.6.15
6 Zod 24 de octubre de200614 ​ 7 de diciembre de 2007 2.6.18
7 Moonshine May 31, 2007 ​ 13 de junio de 2008 2.6.21
8 Werewolf November 8, 2007 21 ​ 7 de enero de 2009 [Link]
9 Sulfur May 13, 2008 ​ 10 de julio de 2009 2.6.25
10 Cambridge November 25, 2008 ​ December 18, 2009 2.6.27
11 Leonidas June 9, 2009 28 ​ 25 de junio de 2010 2.6.29-4
12 Constantine71 November 17, 2009 ​ 2 de diciembre de 2010 2.6.31
13 Goddard May 25, 2010 4 de junio de 2011 2.6.33
14 Laughlin November 2, 2010 9 de diciembre de 2011 2.6.3573
15 Lovelock 24 de mayo de 2011 26 de junio de 2012 2.6.3874
16 Verne November 8, 2011 ​ 12 de febrero de 2013 3.1.076
17 Beefy Miracle77 May 29, 2012 ​ July 30, 2013 3.4.179
18 Spherical Cow80 January 15, 2013 81 ​ January 14, 2014 3.682
19 Schrödinger's Cat83 July 2, 2013 57 ​ 6 de enero de 2015 3.984
20 Heisenbug December 12, 2013 57 ​ June 23, 2015 ​ 3.1186
21 87​ October 14, 2014 ​ December 1, 2015 ​ 3.1990
22 91​ 26 de mayo de 2015 4.092
23 November 3, 2015 93 ​ 4.294
24 June 21, 2016 95 ​
OTHER DISTRIBUTIONS

Arch Linux, a distribution based on the KISS principle, with a system of

continuous development between each version (it is not necessary to reinstall everything)
the system to update it).
Canaima is an open socio-technical project, built in a way
collaborative, developed in Venezuela and based on Debian.
CentOS, a distribution created from the same codebase of the Red Hat system.
but maintained by a community of volunteer developers.
Chakra project, a popular desktop distribution, initially based
In Arch Linux, it is currently under independent development.
Debian, a distribution maintained by a network of volunteer developers
with a great commitment to the principles of free software.
Dragora and Trisquel, which are gaining importance among distributions.
that only contain free software.
Elementary OS is a Linux distribution based on Ubuntu 12.04
Fedora, a distribution launched by Red Hat for the community.
Fuduntu, a lightweight and fast distribution based on Fedora and aimed at
use in notebooks.
Gentoo, a distribution aimed at advanced users, known
due to the similarity in its package system with FreeBSD Ports, a
system that automates the compilation of applications from their
source code.
Huayra, Educational distribution, developed by the Argentine state,
from Anses / Conectar Igualdad Program. It is based on Debian
Jessie with MATE desktop environment.
Knoppix was the first live distribution to run completely.
from a removable medium. It is based on Debian.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux, derived from Fedora, is maintained and supported.
commercially by Red Hat.
Slackware, one of the first Linux distributions and the oldest one in
operation. It was founded in 1993 and has been maintained since then.
actively by Patrick J. Volkerding.
Slax is a small, modern, fast, and portable Linux system aimed at
modularity. It is based on Slackware.
•Tuquito Based on Ubuntu, distribution developed in Argentina with good
Graphical interfaces and universal drivers. Recommended for beginner users.
•Trisquel Distribution 100% free, uses the Linux-Libre kernel and is suitable for
end users.
•Ubuntu, a popular desktop distribution based on Debian and maintained
by Canonical.
Zorin OS, a distribution based on Ubuntu and aimed at Windows users
they want to switch to Linux in the easiest and simplest way possible.
Linux distribution
Kubuntu, the KDE version of Ubuntu
Linux Mint, a popular distribution derived from Ubuntu.
Mageia, created by former Mandriva employees, very similar to it.
precursor.
Mandriva, maintained by the French company of the same name,
it is a popular system in France and Brazil. It is based on Red Hat.
openSUSE, originally based on Slackware, is sponsored
currently by the company SUSE (Micro Focus International).
PCLinuxOS, derived from Mandriva, went from being a small project
to a popular distribution with a large community of
developers.
Puppy Linux, version for old or low-resource computers that
It weighs about 130 MiB.
Some of the most used package systems are:

RPM, created by Red Hat and used by a large number of Linux distributions,
it is the package format of the Linux Standard Base. Originally introduced by
Red Hat, but now it is used in many distributions, such as Mandriva.
Deb, Debian packages, originally introduced by Debian, but also
used by others like Knoppix and Ubuntu.
.tgz, used by Slackware, packages software using tar and gzip. But, in addition,
there are some higher-level tools to deal with this format: slapt-get,
slackpkg and swaret.
Ebuilds, a file that contains information about how to obtain, compile and
install a package in the Portage system of Gentoo Linux with the emerge command.
Generally, these installations are based on the compilation of sources, although
Some binary packages can be installed this way.
Pacman, for Arch Linux, uses precompiled binaries distributed in a file.
.[Link] ó .[Link].
PET, used by Puppy Linux, its derivatives, and Quirky, its sibling project.
Linux File Systems
There are different file systems and each operating system supports different systems.
files, some of them are the following:

Ext2 is the first file system specifically designed for Linux.

Improved Ext3 version of Ext2, widely used in Linux distributions
Ext4 is a new filesystem for Linux evolved from Ext3; some of its advantages include
regarding the latter are:
Increase the size of the file system to 1 Exabyte = 2^20 Terabyte and the maximum size per file.
(16 Tb).
Unlimited number of directories compared to the 32,000 of Ext3
Increased speed in file creation and deletion
XFS implemented for Unix systems, fast access for large amounts of data and high
speeds, but slow with small files. It is used in large servers and where handling is done
a lot of information.
ReiserFS is a file system designed and implemented by the company Namesys, led by
Hans Reiser. It is supported by Linux and other operating systems (some through
very unstable implementations).
Nombre - distro Supported computer architecture
alpha, amd64, ARM, PA-RISC, i386, IA-
Debian GNU/Linux
64, m68k, MIPS, Mipsel, PowerPC, zSeries/s390, SPARC
Ubuntu amd64, i386, PowerPC
Linux Mint amd64, i386
Knoppix i486
MEPIS i686, x86-64
i386, IA-64, PowerPC, x86-64, IBM:eServer, zSeries and S390 / i386, PowerPC, PowerPC-
RHEL
64, s390, s390x, x86-64

i386, IA-64, PowerPC, x86-64, IBM:eServer, zSeries and S390 / i386, PowerPC, PowerPC-
Fedora
64, s390, s390x, x86-64
Arch Linux i686, x86-64
alpha, amd64, ARM, PA-RISC, IA-64, m68k, MIPS, PowerPC (32 and
Gentoo Linux
64), s390, SPARC, SuperH, x86
Sabayon Linux IA-32 and x86-64
Slackware i486(x86), alpha, SPARC, s390
openSUSE i586, IA-64, PowerPC, s390, s390x, x86-64 /
Mandriva i586, IA-64
Mageia i586 and x86-64
PCLinuxOS i586
 Format
Nombre - distro Herramientas de actualización/adminstración Package manager
of packages
Debian GNU/Linux aptitude, apt-get, synaptic, dpkg, adept1; [Link] APT .deb

Ubuntu aptitude, apt-get, synaptic, dpkg; [Link] APT .deb

aptitude, apt-
Linux Mint APT .deb
get, synaptic, dpkg; [Link]; MintSoftware

Knoppix aptitude, apt-get, synaptic, dpkg, adept; [Link] APT .deb

MEPIS aptitude, apt-get, synaptic, dpkg, adept; [Link] APT .deb

RHEL up2date, Red Hat Network, autoupdate, apt-rpm ​ RPM, YUM .rpm

Fedora up2date, Red Hat Network, autoupdate4, apt-rpm5-6 ​ RPM, YUM .rpm

Arch Linux Pacman, ABS, AUR Pacman [Link]/sources

Gentoo Linux ebuild. emerge Portage sources/.[Link]
Sabayon Linux Entropy(Equo, Sulfur)/Emerge Entropy(Equo, Sulfur)/Portage .[Link]
Slackware Gslapt, Slackpkg, Swaret Slapt-get .tgz
openSUSE YaST libzypp .rpm
Mandriva urpmi, drakxtools urpmi .rpm
Mageia urpmi/Rpmdrake RPM .rpm
PCLinuxOS apt-get, synaptic APT .rpm
Infographic
Appendix: Linux Distributions. (2018, February 18). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Date of
consulta: 19:58, febrero 27, 2018
since[Link]

GNU/Linux. (2018, February 26). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Date accessed: 19:58, March
1, 2018 since[Link]

Linux Kernel. (2018, February 24). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Date accessed: 19:59,
febrero 27, 2018
since[Link]
.
Micronucleus. (2017, November 10). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Date of consultation: 19:59,
March February 27,
since[Link]