KingdomofMorocco

OficeofVocationalTraining
andthePromotionofLabor

ModuleM13:MAINTENANCEOFASYSTEM
DIRECTIONANDTRAINSFORWARD

DRIF
CDC REM APRIL 2017

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DIRECTION OF AUTOMOBILE VEHICLES

Generalities

The direction of travel of a motor vehicle depends on the orientation assumed by its steering wheels.
To ensure that the vehicle stays on the road at every orientation of the wheels, and especially in turns, it is necessary that the
the following conditions are met:
The wheels spin on the ground without slipping.
The wheels travel along concentric arcs.

If the wheels of a vehicle were mounted on a rigid axle with joints at the midpoint,

we would notice, when taking a turn, the following inconveniences:

High-speed overturning, as the resulting weight force and centrifugal force would drop.
easily outside the support range of the four wheels.
High torque couple, long distance (d) between the point of application of the ground reaction and the
articulation center (L).

These disadvantages can be eliminated by mounting the steering wheels on two spindles, articulated at two points.
the axle, which allows to conveniently steer the wheels without reducing the support perimeter.

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Correct detour

The correct detour is the trajectory imposed on the vehicle when turning, the extensions of the axles.
wheels converge at a unique point (C), also called the instantaneous center of rotation, around which
turn the vehicle whose wheels can describe concentric circles.

To make a correct detour, it is necessary that the steering angles 'a' and 'a'', as we...
you can see in the diagram, they are different.

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Articulated quadrilateral of Jeanteaud

In practice, the system that meets these conditions is provided by the articulated quadrilateral.
(Jeanteaud quadrilateral) consisting of the axle M-N, a bar A-B, and two connecting arms M-
A, N-B, arranged so that their extensions converge at the midpoint (Z) of the rear axle.
The Jeanteaud quadrilateral does not, however, achieve the correct detour perfectly due to inevitable
steering errors that result from it.
We can reduce these errors by moving the intersection point (Z) forward.
the rear axle (Z'), and by further tilting the short sides of the quadrilateral.

STEERING SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

The requirements of the steering system are as follows:

Stability
Reversibility
Fixity

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Stability
Stability of direction is achieved when the steering wheels tend to straighten themselves spontaneously to
resume the straight line course, once the steering is completed.
It is achieved by adopting the following precautions:

a) Hunting
b) Camber and inclination

hunting
Direction of march

By mounting ball joints (uprights) at an angle such that the extension of the axis of the ball joint
meet the walking plan at a point before (positive hunt or caster) relative to the center of the
wheel support surface, or by moving the ball joint forward relative to the vertical axis of the wheel and
in the direction of the walk.
By the effect of this angle of attack (2° ÷ 9°), the ground reaction (Rt), due to the presence of a ground offset
transversal (a) forms a stabilizing couple (Ma) that tends to bring the steering wheels back into position
initial and to maintain them in this position.

In fact, from the following diagram, it turns out that by considering the effect of the centrifugal force (Fc), it is distributed
on the steering wheels with forces (F1) and (F2), applied to the joint hinges.

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Influence of hunting on robbery

Due to the existence of a longitudinal ground displacement (b), the couples (M1) and (
M2) that promote the return of the turned wheels to the straight driving position.

Yes, with a positive caster, the vehicle is stable when moving forward; the same negative caster when moving.
AR would confer instability to the vehicle.

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CAMBER AND INCLINATION

By tilting the wheels outward at a certain angle relative to the vertical plane, so that the axis
passing through the rocket axis, meets the walking plane at the same contact point of the wheel.
(See following diagram).

This solution actually allows for the cancellation of the ground offset (a) and therefore the moment (Ma) due to the reaction of the ground.
thus reducing the value of the steering torque.
As the inclination takes values of about 8° to 20°, if this angle were only provided to the wheel, that
would lead to rapid tire wear.
To eliminate this drawback, the inclination is doubled at two angles: β and γ.
The angle β (camber angle) of about 2° is given to the wheel, and its purpose is to facilitate the
road holding in straight motion, but mainly serves to prevent the steering from being sensitive to the inevitable
games that manifest through use.
The angle γ (inclination angle or kingpin inclination) is obtained by tilting the axle inward.
the rocket is used to keep within defined limits the offset of the wheel on the ground (offset necessary for
the bulkiness of the tires and the brake), in order to reduce the steering torque but especially to
allow the wheels to return to the initial position.

ROCKET SHAFT
FUSEE

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In fact, as can be seen in the diagram, by imparting a rotation to the wheel and therefore to the rocket,
the end of the latter will be positioned at a lower height compared to the road surface and as the
wheels cannot be lowered, there will be a lift of the axle and thus of the vehicle.
Then, once the robbery is completed, the weight of the vehicle will bring the axle back to its original position, in
generating a stabilizing moment that promotes the return of the steering wheels.

On rear-wheel drive vehicles, due to the inclination imposed on the steering wheels (accelerations of
vehicle), and by the necessary play that occurs in the joints of the steering, the resistances to
the advancement tends to diverge the wheels, with all the disadvantages that may result (wear
irregular tire wear, poor road holding, etc.

To eliminate this drawback, the steered wheels are mounted with their planes slightly convergent.
(convergence or toe-in) (3 ÷ 7mm) relative to the direction of travel.
Conversely, this occurs if the vehicle is front-wheel drive: In this case, the steering wheels (which are
also engines), which tend to converge because they pull the vehicle, are mounted with their planes
slightly divergent (divergence or toe-out).

Reversibility

To allow the steering wheel to follow the return movement of the turned wheels, it is imposed on the
control organs a certain degree of reversibility, by tilting the threads of the worm screw, mounted on
the end of the steering plan, at an angle that is practically 12° ÷ 16°.
By increasing the slope of the nets, we increase the degree of reversibility until reaching the value
maximum, when the angle is 45°.
In the same way, by decreasing the tilt of the nets, we reduce the reversibility until we obtain a system
irreversible, when the angle reaches 10°.
If the system were completely reversible, the steering wheel would continuously feel the irregularities.
the roadway and the driving would prove tedious.
On the other hand, if the system were completely irreversible, the action of returning the steered wheels would not be
transmitted at the wheel.

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FIXITE

There is reaction fixity when the orientation of the steering wheels is not altered by deformations.
caused by the suspensions following sudden reactions of the terrain.

GEOMETRY OF WHEELS
Angle
of inclination Rake angle

Axe of
robbery

DEFINITION: The stance of a vehicle is defined as the geometric condition of all the components that
contribute to determining the symmetry, the orthogonality of the axles, and the position of the wheels in motion on
the ground, both in a straight line and in a curve.

BUT: The purpose of a good definition of a vehicle's suspension is to provide the vehicle with good quality.
braking and tire wear a regular wear.

VARIATION OF THE PLATE: when the vehicle is in motion, multiple forces are involved, in the
different loading conditions that may occur, generated by the resistance to advancement, the
weight, the acceleration and deceleration thrust produced by the engine, from the centrifugal force of the brakes
which tend to modify the geometric base.

CONTROL OF THE BASE

It is essential to observe the following conditions when checking the geometric reference plane:
Loaded vehicle
Eliminate any play in the suspension and steering linkage
Place the vehicle on a well-levelled surface.
Carefully adjust the tire pressure
Respect the load distribution
Eliminate any irregularities in the bending of the elastic components of the suspensions, or the
hardening of the joints.

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Camber

DEFINITION: it is, in degrees, the angle formed by the plane passing through the median of the wheel and the vertical.
sun, when observing the vehicle from the front. If the upper part tends outward from the vehicle, the tilt is
say positive, and negative if it tends inward.

EFFECTS ON THE WHEEL HUB: the tilting of the wheels reduces the load on the knuckles and on the
outer wheel hub bearing, that is to say allows transferring the weight onto the inner bearing
of the wheel that is the most resistant.

EFFECTS ON THE TIRE: a bad camber angle leads to uneven wear, with
deep cuts, increasing from one shoulder to the other in the transverse direction to the profile of the strip
excessive camber leads to increased wear on the shoulder of the tread
(external if positive, internal if negative).

EFFECTS ON THE VEHICLE: uneven camber results in a deviation from the direction of travel
towards the part where the wheel is mounted that has a lower camber angle (in the case of camber
negative)

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Pinch

DEFINITION: the wheel pinch is the angle formed by the plane passing through the median of the wheel and
the longitudinal axis of the vehicle. By summing the toe values of each wheel (+) we obtain
the total pinching. When the extensions of the planes passing through the median of the wheels tend to
meeting at the front of the direction of travel of the vehicle, the pinch is said to be positive. If they tend to meet
At the rear of the vehicle's direction of travel, the pinch is said to be negative or, more briefly, divergent.

FUNCTIONS OF THE PINCHING: ensuring the parallelism of the wheels during the movement of the vehicle, contributing
thus to make driving safer, prevent lateral drifting and abnormal tire wear.

PINCH VARIATIONS: the wheel pinch is established by the manufacturer at a value such that,
that while traveling, under average vehicle usage conditions, one reaches a value close to
zero. In fact, under the effect of the load, which deforms the suspension parallelograms, under the effect of the
engine thrust and under the effect of road resistance to advancement, the pinch can undergo
variations of notable importance.

EFFECTS OF PINCHING: the effects of a bad pinch mainly manifest on the

pneumatic, due to irregular and pronounced wear of the tread, measurable in the direction
transversal to that of the rolling, and called 'sawtooth'.
The wheel exhibiting excessive POSITIVE PINCH tends to slip from the inside to the outside. Therefore, to the
Following a short journey, a transversal notch occurs on the tread profile.
The wheel that shows excessive NEGATIVE PINCHING (or divergence) tends to slip from the outside towards
the inside, thus producing on the tread, a notch going in the opposite direction of that
the positive pinch.

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Angles of inclination of the post
Angle
of inclination Aiming angle

Axis of
direction

TRANSVERSE INCLINATION ANGLE OF THE MOUNT

DEFINITION: it is the angle, measured in degrees, formed by the line passing through the post and the vertical at
This angle is considered positive when the extension of the upward axis approaches the wheel.
at the contact point with the ground (movement contrary to the tilt of the wheel).

BUT
The main objectives of the transverse inclination angle of the post are:
Reduce the ground offset
Create a phenomenon of the wheels returning to a straight position after having performed a
robbery, and to keep them in this position if, when encountering an obstacle, they seek to deviate from
their trajectory.
HUNTING ANGLE (LONGITUDINAL INCLINATION OF THE POST)

DEFINITION: it is the angle, measured in degrees, formed by the line passing through the post and the vertical to the ground, in
observing the vehicle from the side. This angle is considered positive or negative depending on the criteria illustrated on the
diagram.

BUT: to create a steering phase, a return moment that tends to bring the wheels back to a straight position.

IMPORTANCE OF HUNTING: the positive hunting angle at the post produces two very important phenomena
regarding the vehicle's motion. The first is the stability in straight-line motion while avoiding phenomena of
wheel fluttering and the possible repercussions on driving and the relative feedback of the steering wheel after taking a
turn. The second is the camber of the wheels that occurs during a turn and manifests as a variation
of wheel inclination during steering. With a negative caster angle, we observe phenomena contrary to those
previously described.

EFFECTS OF HUNTING ON THE PNEUMATIC usually no type of wear manifests

characteristic.

EFFECTS OF HUNTING ON THE VEHICLE: an insufficient hunting value leads to a low return of the
steering and a possible vehicle skid. An excessive value leads to tiring driving (instability in

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turn) and a violent return of the steering. Diversely distributed values generate a pull towards the side of the
vehicle where the angle is lower.

DERIVE OF THE PNEUMATIC

ORIGIN: a moving vehicle is influenced by different constant transverse forces or

occasional, including the slope of the roadway, lateral wind, and centrifugal force. These forces,
by applying on the vehicle's mass, produce lateral forces on the tires that in
they modify the trajectory. This phenomenon is called tire drift.

CAUSE
The drift of a tire is influenced by a series of causes among which are found:
Low inflation pressure
Manufacturing characteristics of the tire prioritizing comfort
Very reinforced tire tread
Position of the vehicle's center of gravity

In general, the greater the forces that a tire transmits to the ground, the more it will be subject to
derive, even if one of these (the weight of load) favors the opposite effect, namely the decrease of the
derive.
POSITION OF THE CENTROID: difficultly, as it would be optimal in the presence of a distribution
balanced weights, the centroid is positioned at the center of the two axles. The position of the engine and the
B.V. frequently move the position of the center of gravity toward the front or rear axle.

EFFECTS ON DRIFT: lateral disturbing forces, such as a gust of wind or the force
centrifugal force due to a load, which acts on the center of gravity, applies a transverse force on the tires
the closest to the barycenter which will therefore have a drift angle higher than the others.

TYPE OF TRACTION: the drift angle increases with the increase of longitudinal forces
traction and braking. In the case of front traction, this will result in a greater drift of the front tire train.
and vice versa, in the case of rear-wheel drive, those of the rear axle. In the case of all-wheel drive,
the increase in the drift angle will be proportional to the percentage of pulling forces distributed over the
two axles.

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Vehicle derivation

The difference in tire drift between two axles is responsible for the behavior of the
vehicle in a turn, determining phenomena of understeering and oversteering.

OVERSTEER: we define oversteer as the tendency of a vehicle in a turn to follow a trajectory with
a steering radius greater than that imposed by the steering. In this situation, the vehicle leans on
a wider trajectory that limits the action of the centrifugal force and the drift angle of the front tires.

OVERSTEER: oversteer is defined as the tendency to tighten the trajectory imposed by the steering wheel. In this case,
the vehicle tends to follow a trajectory with a turning radius smaller than that required. This
leads to an increase in centrifugal force and oversteering.

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DRIVING

CINEMATICALLY CORRECT HEIST

BUT: The steering system allows the driver to change direction and maneuver the vehicle.
vehicle safely.

REQUIRES
The driving system must meet the following requirements:
Handling
Minimum turning radius as small as possible.
Immediate response to the driver's command.
Absence of vibrations on the steering ('shymmy').
Turning angles equal to D and G.
Obtaining a kinematically correct heist.
The parameters that characterize steering, from the handling perspective of a vehicle, are
following:
LOURDEUR: depends on the geometry of the front suspension, the tires (characteristics and parameters), of
the presence or absence of power steering.
REACTIVITY: indicates the speed of the system's response during steering input. It can be defined as
the time that elapses between the action on the steering and the establishment of lateral acceleration.
PRECISION: indicates the vehicle's ability to take a turn with a constant radius without or with limits
of steering correction, even in the presence of bumps on the road.
CENTRING: or precision in straight motion, it is defined as the maintenance of the straight trajectory.
without the need for frequent and/or extensive corrections.
REVERSIBILITY: concerns the automatic return of the wheels to a straight position with a vehicle in
movement. Good reversibility prevents the bumps in the road from affecting the steering wheel,
unacceptable manner.

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Jeantaud quadrilateral

ROBBERY So that there is no slipping of the

tires during turning, it is necessary that the
CINEMATICALLY
instantaneous rotation centers of the four
CORRECT : tires coincide with each other and with the
instantaneous center of rotation of the vehicle.

THE INNER WHEEL MUST AT

A turn has a steering angle
LARGER THAN THE ONE OUTSIDE

The execution of a kinematically correct robbery is achieved through the so-called 'Jeantaud quadrilateral.'
(see the following diagram). In this system, the steering levers, moved by steering rods, are
equipped with a tilt converging towards the rear interior part of the vehicle. This leads to a different
steering angle between one wheel and the other.

CENTER DE ROTATION
INSTANTANEOUS

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STEERING SYSTEM COMPONENTS
flying

column of
direction

arms and levers of

direction

Couplers

Steering box

Case
steering

pulleys
articulation

Steering bar

COMPONENTS FUNCTION CONNECTIONS

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 Command the robbery, in The steering wheel is connected to

FLYING transferring the couple requested by the the column of

steering column conductor direction
Transfer the steering torque
(in direction and intensity) to
steering box: the column of
the direction consists of a part
At the wheel and at
upper, supported by a flange
COLUMN OF steering box to
in steel and by a support in
DIRECTION the help of two
magnesium which allows to eliminate the
cardans.
vibrations of the steering wheel, and of a part
lower than retractable sole
which, in the case of a frontal collision, prevents

the reverse gear

From a gear coupling and
rack, transform it
rotating movement in motion
the translation of the steering arms.
The gear and coupling
rack transforms the To the column of
incoming rotary movement in side
HOUSING OF
translation movement of the pinion) and to the arms
DIRECTION crémaillère. Cet accouplement of direction (side
multiply the couple applied to rack
propeller, in order to reduce the effort of
driver. In the cases of
mechanical directions, we use a
coupling with variable ratio
with the steering angle
They transfer the power of
robbery with solidarity levers of
wheel hubs, like struts of
direction equipped with an element At the housewarming party and

STEERING ARMS branching elastic with the to the levers of

steering levers, in order to dampen the direction
induced vibrations on the struts
cinematism of suspension and
road irregularities
The connection between the steering wheel and the steering column, and
between the steering box and the steering column, is carried out
COUPLERS
by two couplers that allow connecting non-shaft trees
aligned with each other.

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Steering column

5
4

1. Upper steering column

2. Lower steering column
3. Magnesium support
4. Friction ring
3 5. Ring spring

2
1

CONSTITUTION: the steering column consists of an upper part, supported by a flange in

steel and by a support in magnesium that eliminates vibrations from the steering wheel, and a lower part
with a retractable sole that prevents the steering wheel from retracting in the event of a frontal impact. In addition, the column of

The direction is sliding to allow axial adjustment of the steering wheel, and tilting for its vertical adjustment.

ADVANTAGES: this type of steering column enhances walking comfort and safety.
vehicle registration.

STEERING LOCK SYSTEM: the steering lock system is of the friction type.
Its aim is to eliminate the breakdown of the steering locking mechanisms and to ensure safety.
column in case of theft. In fact, this mechanism consists of a ring spring that has its inner part
toothed part that is fixed to the column and is integral with it, and its smooth outer part that is fixed in a ring
clutch. The ring spring can therefore rotate relative to the ring fixed with the mechanism of
blocking, by applying a variable torque of between 10 and 24 daNm to the steering wheel. In case of theft, by turning the
steering wheel to break the steering lock, we will have a rotation of the steering wheel becoming very difficult, and it will be
impossible to break the directional block.

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Steering box
The steering housing has the necessary components to meet the following conditions:
Transform the rotary movement of the steering wheel into linear movement of the linkage.
Achieve a good reduction ratio between the steering wheel and the wheels.
Allow the automatic return to the central position without showing any play.

These conditions, depending on the different characteristics and the various operating conditions, are linked
the possibilities of congestion and the purposes of a motor vehicle can be obtained from
different coupling systems :
Endless screw and toothed sector
Infinite sight and finger
Endless globoidal and roller
Rack and pinion.
In the field of automobiles, the 'rack and pinion' system is the most widely used, and we will limit ourselves
so only deal with this system.

COMPOSITION
The steering box consists of the following components:
A pinion, driven by the wheel, mounted on ball bearings (capable of handling axial thrusts)
equipped with a helical gear that engages with the rack;
Axial movement rack, supported by two low-friction rings, one under the pinion and
the other lateral.
Side struts connected with ball joints, on one side of the rack and on the other directly to the
steering levers.
Rack and pinion support system and sliding load adjustment.

CHARACTERISTICS:The pinion and rack coupling ensures the conversion of

rotary movement entering into the rack's translation mode. This coupling
allows for a multiplication of the torque applied to the steering wheel, in order to reduce the effort of
driver. In a mechanical steering box, the coupling with a ratio is used
variable with the steering angle. In hydraulic directions, on the other hand, we use
more direct couplings, as the development of the necessary power for
braking is provided by the hydraulic pressure, and not by the driver CASE OF
DIRECTION WITH VARIABLE RATIO RACK

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CHARACTERISTICS: It has the innovative characteristic of allowing to reduce the gap between effort
maximum exerted on the steering wheel when the vehicle negotiates a turn or is engaged in maneuvers
demanding high steering angles and the minimum effort exerted when the steering wheel is in position of
straight line or almost.

OPERATION: the variable ratio steering box consists of a rack equipped with
teeth of a particular shape, capable of determining a variable transmission ratio in the coupling
with the pinion. The teeth of the rack are cut with a module and variable pressure angle.
from the center to the end, so that the pinion can engage with teeth of different pitches depending on
the steering angle performed.

TRANSMISSION RATIOS: when the pinion operates in the central part of the rack, we
has a more direct connection. As the pinion engages near the rack,
we have a more amplified report, resulting in a reduction of the effort required for the
driver.

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Steering bearings

1. Steering axis
2 2. Steering lever
3. Steering shaft
4. Amount of the
suspension

4 3

FEATURES: the steering tie rods, connected to the rack, operate the levers of
direction that activates the rotation of the wheels around the steering axis. These steering rods are equipped
of an elastic connecting element with the steering levers, in order to dampen the vibrations generated
on the struts, the dynamism of the suspension and the irregularities of the roadway. This is to improve the
road comfort.

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HYDRAULIC POWER STEERING

Steering column
inferior
2. Steering column
superior
Magnesium support
4. Flying
5. Friction ring
Ring spring
Steering housing
hydraulic
8. Serpent of
cooling
9. Handlebar
10. Elastified element
Power steering pump
assisted
12. Liquid reservoir of
power steering

BUT: on vehicles with a higher weight, the steering operation requires more effort.
important from the driver. In fact, the increase in weight on the wheels leads to a
increase in the pneumatic reaction of the ground which, during steering, results in an increase in
couple to be applied on the steering wheel. In this case, power steering reduces the effort required from the driver by
providing the necessary power to perform the steering.

OPERATION: following the rotation transmitted from the steering wheel to the distribution drawer, the oil from the pump is
sent to one of the two chambers of the steering actuator which is responsible for positioning the wheels,
to transmit at every moment, the position information to the rolling distribution chamber: we
thus obtains a pursuit system in which feedback is obtained through a direct mechanical link
entre l'actionneur et le dispositif de commande.

ADVANTAGES: the hydraulic power steering circuit reduces the effort required from the driver
during parking maneuvers and at low speed in general, while maintaining driving precision
at high speed.

REQUIREMENT: the steering rods and the rack are oversized in relation to the components.
mechanical management representatives to limit the elastic deflections of the chain
direction that could otherwise alter driving accuracy.

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Operation of the hydraulic steering

FLYING
BAR OF
TORSION

DRAWER OF SHIRT OF
DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTOR
ROLLING ROLLING

PUMP

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Components of hydraulic power steering

COMPONENT FUNCTION CONNECTIONS

Transmit the order Mechanically, with drawer of
FLYING from the driver to rolling distribution and bar of
steering distributor. torsion.
Mechanically with the steering wheel
On command of the steering wheel, it
DRAWER OF and hydraulically with the
allows the sending of oil to
DISTRIBUTION pump tank and the
steering cylinders.
steering cylinders.
He manages the flows with the drawer. Mechanically with the bar
SHIRT OF of oil towards the actuator in of torsion and with
DISTRIBUTOR thus producing the the pinion coupling and
mechanical feedback. rack
It is the element that allows the
centering of the drawer of
Mechanically with the
distributor in relation to the
TORSION BAR distributor shirt,
room and allows the return pinion, rack and pinion, and steering wheel.
information about the
position of the wheels at the steering wheel.

Transform energy Mechanically with the

mechanics taken from engine and hydraulically
VANE PUMPS
engine in energy with the distribution drawer and
hydraulic. the tank
Contains the necessary oil Hydraulically with the
RESERVOIR on the operation of the pump and the drawer of
circuit. rolling distribution.
Mechanically, with the
steering levers, with
Element of power that
HOUSING OF the gear coupling and
carry out the robbery of
DIRECTION rack and pinion hydraulically
wheels.
with the distribution drawer
rolling
Transferring the movement Mechanically, with the
PIGNON AND from the steering cylinder to the steering cylinder and with the
rack drawer shirt, for distributor shirt
provide feedback. rolling.
Connection elements
TUAYUX among the different
components.

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 Rolling distributor

1. torsion bar 3. coil

2. shirt 4. rack

CHARACTERISTICS: the rolling dispenser consists of a dispensing drawer, a sleeve, and the
torsion bar.

OPERATING: by turning the steering wheel connected to the distribution drawer via a double universal joint, you obtain a
rotation relative between the drawer and the sleeve that allows feeding one of the two chambers of the cylinder of
The movement resulting from the rack turns the pinion which recenters the sleeve by
report to the drawer.
The steering column is directly connected to the pinion via a torsion bar. During a
steering, this device is kept in torsion. At the end of the steering command, the torsion disappears. The
the presence of a twist on the device indicates an opening of the lights between the rolling distributor and the
shirt. The opening of the lights is linked to the action of the management via the actuator cylinder.

ELECTRIC DIRECTION

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1. Board combination
2. Switching touch in 'City' mode
3. Electric motor of the power plant

DESCRIPTION : la direction assistée EPS (Electrical Power Steering) produit par DELPHI est un dispositif
of power steering, which aims to reduce the effort required at the steering wheel during the phase of
braking, especially during low-speed maneuvers.

WORKING PRINCIPLE: the steering action is achieved by the pinion mechanism

rack and pinion. In the steering phase, in addition to the driver's action on the steering wheel, the action of a motor is added.
electric which, with the help of a worm gear coupling helical wheel that makes it integral with the column of
direction provides a certain torque that reduces the effort of the driver. The management of the control system
the effort is entrusted to a central unit that, by measuring the torque applied to the steering wheel, its angular position and the
vehicle speed, determines the torque that the electric motor must develop, by supplying it with a
proportional electric current.

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Principle diagram

COUPLE AT THE WHEEL VEHICLE SPEED

POSITION OF MANAGEMENT

NGE
(node of driving
electric)

ELECTRIC SERVOMOTOR

+ STEERING COUPLE
ON THE COLUMN
DIRECTION
OF

ACTION
ON THE STEERING WHEEL

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ELECTRIC STEERING COMPONENTS

CONNECTIONS
COMPONENT FUNCTION
MAIN
Mechanically, with the
Send the order of
steering column and with
FLYING driver to the column of
the two sensors of
direction.
position and torque.
Receives the order from
steering wheel. Transmits the torque
COLUMN OF provided by the driver At the steering wheel, at the geared motor

DIRECTION added to that provided by the and at the gable,

reduction motor, to the housing -
rack and pinion
Mechanically, at
It is the power element.
ENGINE mechanical reducer
who provides the couple
ELECTRIC electrically with the
of assistance.
electronic central.
Couple the engine The screw is solid.
electric at the column of from the output tree of the
direction, by operating a electric motor, while
REDUCER
speed reduction (and, the helical wheel is co-
at the same time, a axial with the column of
multiplication of the couple. direction.
Electrically, with the
Manage the power supply of the
CENTRAL electric motor, with the
electric motor in
ELECTRONICS sensors, with the computer
function of the received inputs.
of the board and with the battery.
They are of type
potentiometric. Their They are united.
the function is to raise the mechanically, by means of
angular position of the of a torsion bar,
SENSORS
direction (sensor of with the steering wheel and with the

position) and the couple steering column. They are

applied on the steering wheel connected to the plant.
(torque sensor).
Transfer the movement
receipt from the column of Mechanically, with the
PINE CONE AND
direction, to the levers of steering column and with
rack direction to carry out the the steering levers.
robbery.

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Gearmotor

Electric motor
Wheel
helical

Endless life

Coupler
elastic Column of
direction
CHARACTERISTICS: the reduction motor group mainly consists of an electric motor, of a
worm gear helical wheel with a gearing ratio of 22:1 (the torque developed by the
the electric motor is multiplied 22 times by the reducer) and two torque and position sensors
steering angle.

OPERATION: the input and output shafts of the gearmotor are connected to each other by a bar of
torsion that allows for an angular movement of plus or minus 7 degrees. The driver's control over the
the volant elastically deforms the torsion bar, by phase-shifting the two shafts by a certain angle,
proportional to the torque applied by the driver on the steering wheel. A torque sensor, mounted inside the
The gearmotor raises the angle displacement and provides a signal to the control center that commands, in a manner
opportune, the engine in order to realign the output shaft and the input shaft.
The coupling of the worm screw with the helical wheel is designed to allow for the reversibility of motion. In case
in case of electric motor failure, it is still possible to steer by pulling on the wheel
gears and the electric motor.

MATERIALS: the geared motor group is made of cast aluminum and attached to the chassis of
the car. The gear of the gear motor is made of steel while the outer crown is
in plastic.

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FUNCTIONING LOGICS OF POWER STEERING
ELECTRIC

Variable servo assistance with speed

BUT: modify the percentage of electric power steering assistance based on speed.
vehicle, to avoid an 'excessive lightness' of the steering.

MODE OF ACTION: with the increase in vehicle speed, the force to be applied to the steering wheel decreases,
as the speed of the vehicle increases, the resistance force of the wheels decreases. Therefore,
By exploiting the vehicle's speed signal, the NGE (electric driving node) performs a lesser
driving assistance.

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Choice assistance

OPERATION: using the button located on the control panel, the driver has the choice between
two driving modes:
"normal" for normal assistance at medium and high speeds.
"city" to facilitate driving in parking and at low speed, thanks to superior assistance.

Damping of return direction oscillations

BUT: actively dampen the oscillations generated on the steering wheel by the chassis during the return phase.
the direction.

MODE OF ACTION: after releasing the steering wheel, following a turn, the chassis generates oscillations that,
if they last for a certain time, can be tedious. Under these conditions, the system loads
to dampen these oscillations by acting on the electric motor.

Active return
BUT: make the realignment more active by using the servomotor as an aid to the effect
normal geometric.

MODE OF ACTION: during a mechanical robbery, in the return phase, with the vehicle in motion, the
wheels tend to self-align due to the forces established in the contact area between the wheel -
In an electric power steering system, the electric motor operates during the return phase of the steering.
by contributing to the realignment of the wheels, supporting the normal geometric effect. The return correction
active is maximum at low speed and minimum at high speeds.

ELECTRIC POWER-ASSISTED STEERING CIRCUIT

GENERAL DESCRIPTION (Fiat Sedici application)

The electronic power steering (EPS) system is standard for this model, and manufactured by the company
Mitsubishi. The control center is positioned at the level of the central console, behind the
air ducts for the rear seats
Avec la clé sur marche et le moteur non démarré, la centrale de contrôle de la servo-assistance effectue un
diagnosis of faults that may occur in the system.

Torque sensor
Vehicle speed sensor
Engine rotation sensor (engine RPM)

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 Electric power steering motor
Power steering control module.

When the EPS control center detects a malfunction, it interrupts the operations.
demanded from the electric motor.

The electric power steering (EPS) system consists of a control module (3), a torque sensor (4), and
of an electric power steering motor (5).

In this system, the power steering control unit (3) manages the electric motor in order to
assist the steering wheel movements or else, they determine the level and direction of the servo force
command for the steering wheel (1) based on the signal transmitted by the torque sensor and the speed signal
transmitted to the motor control node (8) (NCM).

1. Volant. 2. Colonne de direction avec capteur de couple. 3. Module de contrôle de la direction assistée. 4.
Reduction gear unit. 5. Power steering motor. 6. Power steering gear case (7).
Battery. 8. Motor Control Node (MCN).

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PRACTICAL WORK

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TP1 - REPLACE A TIRE (AT THE MOUNTING TABLE)

Objective:
Replace a tire while avoiding any damage to the bead.

MATERIALS, SUPPLIES AND NECESSARY DOCUMENTS

A mounting table
Two tire levers
A shell extractor
The special tire lubricant
A pressure inflating gauge
The new tire.

ORGANIZING YOUR WORKPLACE

Refer to the vehicle's technical review
The tire dimensions recommended by the manufacturer for the type of vehicle in question.
The recommended inflation pressure.
Prepare
All the checks from the previous sheet must be carried out.

CARRY OUT THE INTERVENTION

Dismantle
1. Locate the balancing weights on the tire on each side of the wheel (with chalk) if we
mount the same tire.
In the case of tire replacement, remove the balancing weights.
2. Place the shell inside the valve.
3. Detach the outer edge with successive pressure applied at intervals of about 10 cm and avoiding
to act on the valve. Lubricate as you go. Position the wheel on the support, position
tilted, valve up.
4. Push the bottom of the bead into the rim's groove. Use the flat side of the tire levers.
start near the valve. While tilting the lever, press on the opposite side of the shell
to place the bead at the bottom of the rim groove. Then engage the second lever on the flat side at 10 cm
around to the right of the valve and then tilt it.

5. Place it vertically. Clear the inner side, bottom of the bead in the rim groove.
using the curved tire levers to hook the edge of the rim. Ensure that the
the bead of the tire is well seated at the bottom of the rim's throat. Flip the lever without forcing it towards
the outside. Engage a second lever on the curved side along the rim seat, between the rim bead of
the tire and the rim edge. Tilt this lever and the tire detaches from the rim.

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Control (see previous sheet)

Tread: wear and depth of grooves, minimum 1.6 mm.

2. Flancs :déchirures, coupures.
3. Interior (calendering): metallic foreign bodies, tears, blisters.
4. Wheel: shocks, oxidation, valve.
5. Clean the rim as necessary.

Climb
Change the valve.
Place the wheel on the inclined support.
3. Identify the outer side of the tire if it does not have a marked side or an arrow indicating the direction.
of rolling, raise to the inscription 'DOT' on the outer side.
4. Lubricate the two lips. Engage the first lip (inside) by hand until its
start then finish the assembly with a lever using the curved side while pressing with the
left hand on the outer shoulder of the envelope.
5. Preferably lift the outer rim without tools.
6. Remove the wheel from the support. Inflate above the recommended pressure to promote centering.
(3.5 bars).
7. Let the pressure drop a little, set up the shell, and bring it back to the recommended pressure.
8. Check the sealing of the assembly in a water tank.
Note: If the same tire is remounted (in case of a puncture for example) and that the
the positions of the balancing masses relative to the flank have been identified, it is not necessary to
rebalance the wheel.

NOTE
The machine assembly/disassembly uses the same principle of entering from one side.
in the rim's groove to offset the tire and thus prevent the breaking of the beads.

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TP2- REPLACE A TIRE (AT THE TIRE MACHINE)
Objective:
Replace a tire while avoiding any damage to the bead.
MATERIALS, CONSUMABLES AND DOCUMENTS REQUIRED
A mounting table
Two tire changers
A shell extractor
The special tire lubricant
A pressure inflating manometer
The new tire.
ORGANIZING ONE'S WORKPLACE
Record in the vehicle's technical review
The tire dimensions recommended by the manufacturer for the type of vehicle concerned.
The recommended inflation pressure.
Prepare
All checks from the previous sheet must be performed.
CARRY OUT THE INTERVENTION
Record in the vehicle's technical review
The tire dimensions recommended by the manufacturer for the type of vehicle concerned.
The recommended inflation pressure.
Prepare
All checks from the previous form must be performed.
CARRY OUT THE INTERVENTION
Dismantle
1. Peel the tire from one side and the other (do not peel facing the valve).
Place the wheel on the horizontal support and secure it with the device's claws.
Lower the tool holder until the inner face of the tool comes into contact with the edge
eat and raise the bulge on the guide.

4. Push the tire down on the side of the rim opposite the tool to facilitate the seating of the bead.
Rotate the plate clockwise.
5. Repeat the operation on the second heel.

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Control
Tread: wear and depth of grooves, minimum 1.6 mm.
2. Flanks: tears, cuts.
3. Interior (calendering): metallic foreign bodies, tears, blisters.
4. Wheel: shocks, oxidation, valve.
5. Clean the rim if necessary.
Monitor
Clean the rim and replace the valve (if the tire is new).
2. Identify the direction of assembly of the envelope
(DOT outside or direction of travel → arrow).
3. Lubricate the heels of the envelope.

Place the envelope on the rim and set the tool holder as during disassembly.
the envelope.
Place the valve 10 cm in front of the tool in a clockwise direction.
6. Place the heel under the tool's beak and above the roller, then manually engage the sleeve.
on the rim in a clockwise direction until a resistance is obtained.
7. Then rotate the plate clockwise to position the first heel.
the envelope.
8. Repeat the same operation for the second heel by properly engaging the heel in the rim's groove.
otherwise destruction of the envelope.
9. Release the rim of the wheel and inflate the tire to a pressure of 3.5 bars. Let the pressure drop and
put the shell. Inflate the tire to the recommended pressure.
NOTE
It is necessary to properly adjust the machine to avoid any deterioration of the tire or the rim.

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TP3 - BALANCING A WHEEL
Objective:
Compensate for the heavy parts of the tire with weights, which tend to cause reactions.
in the direction (vibrations) and the suspension.
MATERIALS, SUPPLIES, AND REQUIRED DOCUMENTS
The vehicle technical review
A wheel balancer
Pliers for installation - removal of components
Common tools
ORGANIZING ONE'S WORKPLACE
Lift in the vehicle technical review
The tire dimensions recommended by the manufacturer for the type of vehicle concerned.
The recommended tire pressure for the front and rear.
Prepare
The wheel
Clean the wheel to remove any trace of mud, especially on the inside.
2. It will dry the compressed air.
3. Remove the stones stuck in the sculptures.

The machine
Adjust the plate to the wheel mounting system:
So it is a universal platter with latches:
Measure the center-to-center distance of the fixing holes and position the knobs on the plate (number and spacing)
axe).
First, you need to place a crank in hole 0 of the plate and the tab of the crank into the notch.
zero of the notched disk.
Then attach the number of spacers according to the number of mounting holes of the wheel to be balanced.
positioning them.
Hand-tighten the fastening nuts of the levers and then clamp with a wrench.
s
 oitc’est uncône de centrage par le trou central:
Tighten the screw of the spindle onto the axis of the universal table.
Position the spring and the cone against the plate.
Mount the wheel onto the cone.
Tighten the wheel using the quick-release nut.
2. Calibrate the machine by displaying the width of the tire or rim (using the caliper), the
wheel diameter (value taken from the tire) and offset (using the offset gauge). Press
on the corresponding button.
Principle
Dynamic balancing:
It is the part of the weight located offset from the pivot axis and causing a
oscillations.
The weight must be placed on the outer edge of the rim diametrically opposite to the defect.
2. Static balancing:
It is the part of the hub located in the plane of the pivoting axis (neutral plane).
The weight must be placed on the inner edge of the rim diametrically opposite to the defect.

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Control
1. Abaisserle carter de protection et entraîner la roue en rotation.
2. Read the values indicated in static and dynamic. The value read on the left gives the unbalance.
inside and on the right that of the outside
3. Balance if there is more than 10 g of defect.
Balance
This procedure is an example. In all cases, refer to the instructions of the balancer used.
Remove the old weights.
2. Train the wheel to rotate.
3. Stop the wheel.
4. Identify the positions of the masses indicated by the machine.
5. Inner clumsiness: turn the wheel so that the 2 ends of the arrows, located on the left,
the display should be in opposite positions. Lock the wheel and place the weight inside the rim at noon.
Outer idiot: proceed in the same way as before with the arrows located on the right
of the display
6. Fix the masses.
7. After setting up the balancing weights, proceed to a new launch of the wheel.
to check the balancing. The display should indicate 0 0.
NOTE
It is necessary to take the masses of the right value and adapted to the rim edge (rim
Otherwise, they risk rolling over, which will cause vibrations in the
flying.
Some machines allow you to balance the wheels without removing them. They feature
the advantage of balancing all the rotating elements (discs, hubs) at the same time. But we
You cannot swap a balanced wheel like that without completely rebalancing it.

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TP4 - PREPARE FOR THE CONTROL OF THE GEOMETRY OF
VEHICLE
Objective:
Perform a pre-check of the train before it is required by a vehicle whose road handling or wear
the tires are abnormal.

MATERIALS, CONSUMABLES AND NECESSARY DOCUMENTS

The vehicle technical review
A tape measure
A control report sheet
Common tooling

ORGANIZING ONE'S WORKSPACE

Refer to the vehicle's technical review
The tire dimensions recommended by the manufacturer for the type of vehicle concerned.
The recommended inflation pressure.
The track and the wheelbase of the vehicle.
The value in mm of parallelism, whether it is pinching or opening.
Préparer (contrôles préliminaires)
1. Check the compliance of tire dimensions, condition, pressure, etc. (see sheet 41).
2. Check the suspension (see sheet 38).
3. Control the games:
in the bearings,
in the kneecaps,
in the direction.
Place the vehicle on a flat surface.
5. Release the handbrake.
CONTROL - MEASURE
Check the midpoint
Turn the steering wheel all the way to the right and then turn it all the way to the left while counting the turns and the
fraction of turns.
2. Divide the found number by 2.
3. Going back to the right of this number, the steering wheel must then be in a straight line position, the
Wheels must be aligned with the vehicle.

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4. Place the steering wheel and center it on the steering column (follow the recommendations of the
Manufacturer for airbag removal if the steering wheel is not centered.

Measure
Do not lift the vehicle.
2. Measure the front axle using a measuring tape, from the center of the left tire to the center of the right tire.
3. Take two measurements: A at the front of the wheels, B at the back of the wheels:
The difference between the two sides A - B must be equal to the value specified by the manufacturer (parallelism).
if dimension A is greater than dimension B, the parallelism is in opening,
if the B level is higher than the A level, the parallelism is pinched,
If a pinch is found, while an opening is requested, a check will need to be carried out.
summary of parallelism.
4. Measure the left and right wheelbases of the vehicle in a straight position.
Note: If there is a difference in measurement compared to the manufacturer's values, it is necessary
to carry out a complete measurement of the trains at the front and rear using a train measuring device
rolling.

NOTE
For a complete check of the front train with the device, refer to the following sheet.

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TP5 - CONTROL THE GEOMETRY OF THE FRONT TRAIN
Objective:
Detect the causes of poor handling, of abnormal tire wear.
Control the rolling stock and adjust the parallelism in the case, for example, of a replacement of
steering knuckle.
MATERIALS, CONSUMABLES AND NECESSARY DOCUMENTS
The vehicle technical review
A control report form
Common tools
A bridge
A rolling stock control bank.
ORGANIZING ONE'S WORKSPACE
Refer to the vehicle's technical review
The values of the angles:
of camber,
of hunting,
• pivot inclination, and note them on the recording sheet.
The possible adjustment points for the alignment and angles of the front axle, if they are adjustable.
Prepare
Place the vehicle on the bridge and position the asset centrally.
2. Perform the preliminary checks (see previous sheet).
3. Control the position of the midpoint (see previous sheet).
4. Check the under-hull heights (box heights).
5. Assemble the measuring heads and rotating platforms:
• Assemble and connect the measuring heads. Check by pulling on the heads that they cannot fall off.
Set up the anti-fall systems if they exist. Power on the rolling stock bench.
• Lift the vehicle and place the swivel plates under the front wheels. Place shims for adjustment.
of height under the rear wheels if necessary or release the rear ball plates.
6. Perform the compensation of the warp: Using the manual of the rolling stock bench, perform
the operation of compensating the veil. That is to say, to cancel the veil of each wheel (sometimes
called, neutralization of the veil or improperly "unveiling".

Rolling stock control device

CONTROL - MEASURE
1. Perform a complete diagnosis: Using the manual of the rolling stock test bench, carry out all the
necessary operations for complete diagnosis.
Note: For the installation of the brake pedal press, start the engine to benefit from
the braking assistance. During steering, ensure that the heads do not touch the wings, the bumper
jokers or a part of the bridge.
2. Record the vehicle values and note them in the attached table.
3. Search for the manufacturer values (to be noted in the table) and the adjustable angles on this vehicle.

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 Example of adjustment: The alignment adjustment
is done by turning the linkage at (A) after loosening the screw at (B).
4. Compare the different values.
5. Rule for parallelism: Position the direction at the midpoint, place the flywheel block and adjust the
Parallelism. Tighten the adjustment screws or nuts to the specified torque. Center the steering wheel if necessary.
6. Check all the angles of the trains.
Adjust all adjustable angles.
8. Completely arrange the rolling train bench. Remove the flywheel block, the pedal press, the decks.
before and the wedges under the rear wheels.
NOTE
Compare the values found with those from the manufacturer to perfect the diagnosis. Some
let the control bench used to perform the same operations in the same order
chronological.
In any case, strictly follow the instructions provided with the test bench.

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TP6 - REPLACEMENT OF A WHEEL BEARING
Objectifs:
Control and replace a wheel bearing while adhering to safety rules.
Properly use a hydraulic press.

MATERIALS, CONSUMABLES AND REQUIRED DOCUMENTS

The vehicle technical review
A new bearing
A hydraulic press
A circlip pliers
A guillotine
A bearing puller and standard tools.

ORGANIZING ONE'S WORKSPACE

Refer to the vehicle's technical manual
The method of removal relies on the pivot.
The tightening couples.
Prepare
1. Check the noise and the play of the wheel bearings of all 4 wheels without any disassembly. For the check of
play, place your hands vertically on each side of the wheel, then move the wheel to estimate the play.
2. Place the pivot on the affected side of the vehicle TO INITIATE THE INTERVENTION
Dismantle
The pivot has been deposited.
1. Extraction of the bearing hub:
Place the guillotine between the pivot and the hub,
• immobilize the guillotine in the press with the hub facing down,
place a push rod with a diameter slightly smaller than the inner diameter of the bearing between
the cylinder and the hub,
• pump to lower the cylinder and extract the hub (do not drop the hub).

2. Removal of the inner ring of the bearing left on the hub:

• Using a fine chisel, detach the inner ring of the hub,
Using the guillotine and two screws, extract the inner ring of the hub.
• to limit the burrs that may have been caused by the chisel.
3. Extraction of the wheel bearing:
• remove the retaining circlip of the bearing on the pivot,

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• place the pivot on a spacer with a diameter larger than the bearing placed on the press.
The spacer must rest on the pivot as close to the bearing as possible.
• place a push rod resting on the inner ring of the bearing,
• pump to lower the cylinder and extract the bearing.

Go up
1. Preparation of the parts:
• carefully clean all parts. Use fine sandpaper if necessary to remove
rust stains,
lightly oil all the bearing pads,
Carefully remove the bearing from its packaging. The inner rings must remain well in place.
If the inner rings are equipped with a retaining plastic ring, it must be left in place.
place.
2. Reassembly of the bearing on the pivot:
• place the pivot on the press,
• use a push rod that matches the outer diameter of the bearing,
Pump to lower the cylinder and fit the bearing. Monitor the end of the bearing insertion.
(the pressure from the press is increasing sharply). Release the press,
install a new snap ring.
3. Reassembly of the hub on the wheel bearing:
Place a hollow spacer on the press corresponding to the diameter of the inner ring.
bearing
Place the pivot with its bearing well centered on the spacer.
• place the hub on the bearing,
• pump to lower the cylinder and fit the hub. Monitor the end of the hub insertion (the
the pressure of the press rises sharply). Release the press,
• check the free rotation of the hub in the pivot.
NOTE
It is necessary to take all safety precautions when using the press.
To identify a bearing noise while driving, you need to put the vehicle in neutral when it is moving.
is launched and listen to the characteristic 'rumble' of the noise to define the concerned side.

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